The study focuses on the observation of the number, typological composition and location of objec... more The study focuses on the observation of the number, typological composition and location of objects in the complexes of village settlements. Information of this kind forms an opportunity to approach the expected changes that were to occur in the agrarian environment. The data obtained by the analysis did not fulfil this assumption. Existing changes did not translate into different construction and furnishings of the dwellings. Accordingly, the housing requirements of the inhabitants have not changed. There is a lack of model examples between small and large farmsteads. The reasons for the current state of affairs stem from the fragmentary nature and low information value of the available evidence. Accordingly, the current knowledge from the territory of Slovakia is not able to approximate the structural changes in the village environment.
The Cemetery from 10 th to 11 th Century in Nitra-Horné Krškany. The cemetery lies on the edge of... more The Cemetery from 10 th to 11 th Century in Nitra-Horné Krškany. The cemetery lies on the edge of historical core of Nitra. There were found 101 graves. Their number is not complete, part of graves was destroyed by ground works and the oldest parts of cemetery were not excavated. The structure of cemetery consists of nine groups of graves localised in three parallel lines. Manifestations of burial customs are homogenous. Only three unusual positions of upper extremities and four graves with manifestation of pre-Christian defensive practices make an exception. Typological analysis of artefacts contributed to chronological specification of burial limited by the beginning of 10 th c. and turn of 10 th and 11 th c. Information about local community was significantly restricted by absent results of professionally evaluated anthropological material. Intensity of burying gradually descended according to demographic analysis. It is possible that the end of cemetery was connected with removal of settlement to other locality. Observation of social stratification of individuals was restricted to seven graves with excessive measurements of grave pits. Deceased with higher rank could have been laid in them. Cemetery was created by members of local Slavic population in the end of Great Moravian period. Their ethnicity was not changed when they started to use limited amount of artefacts of Hungarian origin or later when using material filling of Bijelo Brdo culture. We cannot exclude, despite this fact, that individuals of Hungarian origin could have been exceptionally included in the community. Proofs of acceptation of Christianity are absent in grave material.
Circumstances, which could have decided about placing of dead into the settlement features, are e... more Circumstances, which could have decided about placing of dead into the settlement features, are evaluated in the study. Their assessment is based on the sites with greater amount of features, with several individuals in their filling and with preserved proofs of violent downfall of this settlement. It is possible to ascribe main portion of untraditional inhumation to various manifestations of unusual death recalled by violence which accompanied fighting actions according to this. These circumstances contributed to the considerable marginalisation of original social status of individuals. Proscribed individuals were laid into the inferior space of settlement features as a consequence of this events. Their bodies were arranged in the flexed position, prone position, their anatomical position was disturbed by intentional intervention on behalf of protection of local community from their negative influence.
This study brings information about the structure, importance and development of the settlement i... more This study brings information about the structure, importance and development of the settlement in the locality Mužla-Čenkov from the 9th to the 10th century situated on the left bank of the Danube River. The finds fund helped to sort out the members of elite from the population, to determine their dwellings and to elucidate their relation to the construction built on the edge of their burial ground. It turned out that the fortification was built later, when the centre was threatened by external enemies. Only at that time the settlement with important economic potential changed into a Great Moravian fortified settlement.
Na veľkomoravských lokalitách nie sú neobvyklé prípady porušených telesných zvyškov zomrelých. Ic... more Na veľkomoravských lokalitách nie sú neobvyklé prípady porušených telesných zvyškov zomrelých. Ich skeletový materiál býva pritom rozlomený či presunutý z anatomickej polohy alebo niektoré kosti v hrobovej jame chýbajú. Na osvetlenie jej príčin bol vytvorený materiálový súbor. Skladá sa z 253 hrobov a sídliskových objektov umiestnených na 61 lokalitách. Najbližšie interpretačné možnosti k porušovaniu tiel zomrelých pochádzajú z etnologických prameňov. Podľa nich boli popisované zákroky vykonávané u jedincov – revenantov, ktorí mohli po smrti rôznym spôsobom poškodzovať zdravie, úspešnosť v hospodárskej činnosti a ďalšie významné sféry života pozostalých. Dôvody k takýmto zákrokom mohli prameniť nielen z nedostatkov, ku ktorým došlo pri pohrebných obradoch, ale aj nesplnením záväzkov zomrelých či neobvyklým spôsobom úmrtia.
Die Graber in den Siedlungen des 9. und 10. Jahrhunderts reprasentieren eine seltene Bestattungsa... more Die Graber in den Siedlungen des 9. und 10. Jahrhunderts reprasentieren eine seltene Bestattungsart. Eine Analyse der Graberfunde wies auf alle Elemente des Bestattungsritus hin. Allerdings lassen sich erst nach Einbeziehung der Geschichtsquellen in die Analyse die Grunde fur die Bestattung innerhalb der Siedlung erkennen, die mit dem auserordentlichen gesellschaftlichen Status der Verstorbenen verbunden waren. Diese Einzelpersonen erlangten einen Sonderstatus, nachdem sie gegen das Gesetz verstosen hatten, und der Tod sie daran gehindert hat, ihren Fehler wieder gut zu machen. Ein ahnlicher zweitrangiger gesellschaftlicher Status kam Einzelpersonen, die einen ungewohnlichen Tod erlitten hatten oder unter unklaren Verhaltnissen gestorben waren, zu. Diese Bestattungsmethode zeugt nicht von einer Krise, sondern eher von einer Starkung des Gerechtigkeitsbewusstseins unter den Mitgliedern der grosmahrischen Gesellschaft.
The study focuses on the observation of the number, typological composition and location of objec... more The study focuses on the observation of the number, typological composition and location of objects in the complexes of village settlements. Information of this kind forms an opportunity to approach the expected changes that were to occur in the agrarian environment. The data obtained by the analysis did not fulfil this assumption. Existing changes did not translate into different construction and furnishings of the dwellings. Accordingly, the housing requirements of the inhabitants have not changed. There is a lack of model examples between small and large farmsteads. The reasons for the current state of affairs stem from the fragmentary nature and low information value of the available evidence. Accordingly, the current knowledge from the territory of Slovakia is not able to approximate the structural changes in the village environment.
The Cemetery from 10 th to 11 th Century in Nitra-Horné Krškany. The cemetery lies on the edge of... more The Cemetery from 10 th to 11 th Century in Nitra-Horné Krškany. The cemetery lies on the edge of historical core of Nitra. There were found 101 graves. Their number is not complete, part of graves was destroyed by ground works and the oldest parts of cemetery were not excavated. The structure of cemetery consists of nine groups of graves localised in three parallel lines. Manifestations of burial customs are homogenous. Only three unusual positions of upper extremities and four graves with manifestation of pre-Christian defensive practices make an exception. Typological analysis of artefacts contributed to chronological specification of burial limited by the beginning of 10 th c. and turn of 10 th and 11 th c. Information about local community was significantly restricted by absent results of professionally evaluated anthropological material. Intensity of burying gradually descended according to demographic analysis. It is possible that the end of cemetery was connected with removal of settlement to other locality. Observation of social stratification of individuals was restricted to seven graves with excessive measurements of grave pits. Deceased with higher rank could have been laid in them. Cemetery was created by members of local Slavic population in the end of Great Moravian period. Their ethnicity was not changed when they started to use limited amount of artefacts of Hungarian origin or later when using material filling of Bijelo Brdo culture. We cannot exclude, despite this fact, that individuals of Hungarian origin could have been exceptionally included in the community. Proofs of acceptation of Christianity are absent in grave material.
Circumstances, which could have decided about placing of dead into the settlement features, are e... more Circumstances, which could have decided about placing of dead into the settlement features, are evaluated in the study. Their assessment is based on the sites with greater amount of features, with several individuals in their filling and with preserved proofs of violent downfall of this settlement. It is possible to ascribe main portion of untraditional inhumation to various manifestations of unusual death recalled by violence which accompanied fighting actions according to this. These circumstances contributed to the considerable marginalisation of original social status of individuals. Proscribed individuals were laid into the inferior space of settlement features as a consequence of this events. Their bodies were arranged in the flexed position, prone position, their anatomical position was disturbed by intentional intervention on behalf of protection of local community from their negative influence.
This study brings information about the structure, importance and development of the settlement i... more This study brings information about the structure, importance and development of the settlement in the locality Mužla-Čenkov from the 9th to the 10th century situated on the left bank of the Danube River. The finds fund helped to sort out the members of elite from the population, to determine their dwellings and to elucidate their relation to the construction built on the edge of their burial ground. It turned out that the fortification was built later, when the centre was threatened by external enemies. Only at that time the settlement with important economic potential changed into a Great Moravian fortified settlement.
Na veľkomoravských lokalitách nie sú neobvyklé prípady porušených telesných zvyškov zomrelých. Ic... more Na veľkomoravských lokalitách nie sú neobvyklé prípady porušených telesných zvyškov zomrelých. Ich skeletový materiál býva pritom rozlomený či presunutý z anatomickej polohy alebo niektoré kosti v hrobovej jame chýbajú. Na osvetlenie jej príčin bol vytvorený materiálový súbor. Skladá sa z 253 hrobov a sídliskových objektov umiestnených na 61 lokalitách. Najbližšie interpretačné možnosti k porušovaniu tiel zomrelých pochádzajú z etnologických prameňov. Podľa nich boli popisované zákroky vykonávané u jedincov – revenantov, ktorí mohli po smrti rôznym spôsobom poškodzovať zdravie, úspešnosť v hospodárskej činnosti a ďalšie významné sféry života pozostalých. Dôvody k takýmto zákrokom mohli prameniť nielen z nedostatkov, ku ktorým došlo pri pohrebných obradoch, ale aj nesplnením záväzkov zomrelých či neobvyklým spôsobom úmrtia.
Die Graber in den Siedlungen des 9. und 10. Jahrhunderts reprasentieren eine seltene Bestattungsa... more Die Graber in den Siedlungen des 9. und 10. Jahrhunderts reprasentieren eine seltene Bestattungsart. Eine Analyse der Graberfunde wies auf alle Elemente des Bestattungsritus hin. Allerdings lassen sich erst nach Einbeziehung der Geschichtsquellen in die Analyse die Grunde fur die Bestattung innerhalb der Siedlung erkennen, die mit dem auserordentlichen gesellschaftlichen Status der Verstorbenen verbunden waren. Diese Einzelpersonen erlangten einen Sonderstatus, nachdem sie gegen das Gesetz verstosen hatten, und der Tod sie daran gehindert hat, ihren Fehler wieder gut zu machen. Ein ahnlicher zweitrangiger gesellschaftlicher Status kam Einzelpersonen, die einen ungewohnlichen Tod erlitten hatten oder unter unklaren Verhaltnissen gestorben waren, zu. Diese Bestattungsmethode zeugt nicht von einer Krise, sondern eher von einer Starkung des Gerechtigkeitsbewusstseins unter den Mitgliedern der grosmahrischen Gesellschaft.
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