Zbiory specjalne w bibliotekach polskich – między tradycją a nowoczesnością, cz. 1-2, red. A. Borysowska, M. Gierke, Szczecin, 2020
Publikacja pokonferencyjna. Składa się z dwóch tomów. Artykuły pierwszego z nich opisują przede w... more Publikacja pokonferencyjna. Składa się z dwóch tomów. Artykuły pierwszego z nich opisują przede wszystkim tradycyjne zbiory specjalne – stare druki, rękopisy, dokumenty życia społecznego – i ich rolę w badaniach naukowych i szeroko pojętej edukacji. To właśnie tego rodzaju dokumenty stanowią o wartości materialnej i potencjale badawczym zbiorów poszczególnych bibliotek, wyróżniają je spośród innych i przyciągają do nich zainteresowanych czytelników. Drugi tom publikacji gromadzi z kolei artykuły podejmujące wyłącznie tematykę związaną z cyfryzacją zbiorów specjalnych. Różnorodność problematyki, która znalazła odbicie w treści artykułów składających się na prezentowaną książkę, w pełni uzasadnia podtytuł: „między tradycją a nowoczesnością”.
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Books by Michał Gierke
The book is an attempt to present a new approach to the genesis and early development of the towns of Neumark (Brandenburg), taking into account the topics that have been overlooked or marginalized in previous studies, which fall into the three subject areas highlighted in the subtitle. The most important problems that were analyzed and interpreted, included: the issue of initiators and the chronology of location, spatial and chronological relations of new centers to the earlier Slavic settlement, the composition of the original urban layouts, especially the main elements of public and private space, the ethnic structure of the burghers, the characteristics of selected elements of so-called everyday cultures, the system of local governments and the development of their independence from the royal authority.
Only those towns were examined, whose functioning was regulated by municipal law and in which local government bodies had been developed. The geographical scope of the work determines the boundaries of the medieval Neumark: the Oder in the west, the Warta and Noteć in the south, Drawa in the east, and the Pomeranian boundary in the north. The chronological terms are marked by the beginnings of the colonization under German law initiated by the Pomeranian duke Barnim I (1230s) and the mid-14th century, when a stable urban network was crystalized.
The book consists of five parts: Introduction, Parts A–C and Conclusion. The Introduction, apart from the purpose, subject, scope and structure of the book, also presents the current state of research on the medieval towns of Neumark.
Part A presents the genesis of towns and characterizes their spatial relations with the Slavic settlement landscape. The towns can be divided into three groups in terms of chronology and initiators of their location,. The first of them includes the oldest centers: Chojna, Trzcińsko, Moryń and Lipiany. These towns were organized by the Pomeranian duke Barnim I and the bishop of Kamień Hermann von Gleichen until the mid-50’s of the 13th century. The largest group consists of eleven towns (Gorzów, Barnówko, Nowogródek, Myślibórz, Kostrzyn, Mieszkowice, Barlinek, Czelin, Strzelce, Choszczno and Recz) founded in the years 1255–1281 by the margraves of Brandenburg: John I and Otto III and their descendants. The third group includes towns founded by margraves from the older lineage of Ascanians at the end of the 13th century: Świdwin, Drawsko, Ińsko, Dobiegniew, Kalisz and Pełczyce. None of the towns were built strictly in the place of an early urban settlement or a gord (burgwall). Only in the case of Moryń and Lipiany possible connections with Slavic settlements outside the boroughs walls can be indicated. Market settlements gave rise to the organization new type of towns based on German law – six of them (Chojna, Dobiegniew, Kostrzyn, Myślibórz, Recz and possibly Barlinek) have connections with such centers. There are also three towns that were organized near German defensive settlements (Pełczyce, Strzelce, Świdwin). According to the analysis of the available source data, the most numerous group are towns located on previously undeveloped sites (Barnówko, Choszczno, Czelin, Drawsko, Gorzów, Ińsko, Kalisz, Mieszkowice, Nowogródek and Trzcińsko).
Part B contains considerations on urban planning. It was proved that the rule was to organize the town on an area of approx. 16 ha, which roughly corresponds to the size of the unit of field (łan) used in Pomerania and Brandenburg. The layout with the main compositional axis in the form of an artery, next to which a market square and a parish church with a cemetery were situated was the most common way of planning the surface. It was accompanied by two parallel and several perpendicular streets. A different composition on a circular plan was used only in Strzelce. In two towns – Moryń and Lipiany – an urban model emerged spontaneously without any prior design. The market square with a market hall was the most important component of the infra muros public space – this was the place where commercial, administrative and judicial functions of the municipal commune accumulated. Market squares had an average area of 50–100 ares and were organized along the main artery without exception. Parish churches surrounded by cemeteries were directly adjacent to them. Some institutions – like mendicant monasteries or hospitals of St. Spirit – were most often located in the extreme quarters of buildings. The private space includes plots forming quarters of buildings, thus occupying the largest part of the town’s area. The infra muros zone was separated – as the name suggests – by the town walls. The original fortifications were built in the form of earth ramparts, palisades and moats. Usually, after a few decades, they were replaced with brick structures.
Part C contains an analysis of selected issues concerning the society. The attempt to estimate the number of inhabitants showed that the population of the discussed towns did not exceed 2000 people. It was found that the core of the community were newcomers from Altmark and Mittelmark. Representatives of the native population were also included in the urban communities, as evidenced by specific settlements called Kietz (chyża), and Jews whose presence is confirmed in written sources. Selected elements of material culture fit into the current characteristic of the North German area, situating the towns of Neumark next to the urban centers of other parts of Brandenburg, Pomerania and Mecklenburg. Magdeburg rights was applied in all centers, and most often it was given in the Brandenburg variant. Only the towns of Pomeranian origin (Chojna, Trzcińsko and Moryń) used the ‘pure’ version of the Magdeburg rights. According to this division, there were also differences in the organization of self-government authorities. Around the mid-fourteenth century, especially in the course of the civil war caused by the False Waldemar, a group of the most resilient communities in Neumark crystalized. These include certainly Chojna, Myślibórz, Choszczno and Gorzów, and perhaps also Trzcińsko, Mieszkowice and Strzelce.
The end of the book presents reflections on the changes in the cultural landscape of the area in question caused by urbanization. An attempt was made to capture the specificity of towns of Neumark against the background of neighbouring lands, and the perspectives for further research were presented.
The book is supplemented by illustrative maps, representations of the oldest town plans, and plans of some buildings, as well as a bibliography containing a list of all sources and studies cited in the text.
Papers by Michał Gierke
Duke’s Pedagogium in Szczecin was a college which provided education between 1543 and 1666. It was established by Pomeranian Dukes: Barnim IX and Philip I. The college offered liberal arts education simultaneously emphasising the importance of theology. Later Pedagogium also taught law and medicine. The school had distinguished teachers headed by Daniel Cramer and Johannes Micraelius. After leaving college graduates usually continued education at other German universities. Most students of Duke’s Pedagogium came from Szczecin (about 700); students from Stargard (194) came next. On the basis of information included in the 17th century admissions register and other archival documents which survived down to our times it was possible to follow their earlier and later education as well as career path.
Eine Vorlaufforschung
Im Beitrag stellt der Autor die Biographie und das Werk des hervorragenden Königsberger Geistlichen und Theologen Johann Pontanus (1550–1613) dar. Der Artikel ist ein Ergebnis der Forschungen, die der Verfasser in polnischen und deutschen Bibliotheken und Archiven durchgeführt hat. Als Anhang ist ein Verzeichnis aller bekannten Veröffentlichungen von Pontanus angefügt.
aus Leidenschaft und wissenschaftliche Interesse – Orientalist. Ziel dieser Vortrag ist die wissenschaftliche Entwicklung Müllers, der besonders als Sinologe berühmt wurde, darzustellen. Seine Laufbahn erlaubte ihm die Beziehungen mit tüchtigsten Wissenschaftler seiner Zeitalter aufzunehmen. Sie beendete jedoch in einem schlichten Stettiner Haus. Die materielle Spuren seiner wissenschaftlicher Tätigkeit sind sowohl seine Veröffentlichtungen, als auch seine – noch teilweise erhaltene – private Bibliothek. In der Vortrag werden die bisher unbekannte Quellen und Nachrichten ausgenutzt, um die Müllers Biographie zu ergänzen.
The book is an attempt to present a new approach to the genesis and early development of the towns of Neumark (Brandenburg), taking into account the topics that have been overlooked or marginalized in previous studies, which fall into the three subject areas highlighted in the subtitle. The most important problems that were analyzed and interpreted, included: the issue of initiators and the chronology of location, spatial and chronological relations of new centers to the earlier Slavic settlement, the composition of the original urban layouts, especially the main elements of public and private space, the ethnic structure of the burghers, the characteristics of selected elements of so-called everyday cultures, the system of local governments and the development of their independence from the royal authority.
Only those towns were examined, whose functioning was regulated by municipal law and in which local government bodies had been developed. The geographical scope of the work determines the boundaries of the medieval Neumark: the Oder in the west, the Warta and Noteć in the south, Drawa in the east, and the Pomeranian boundary in the north. The chronological terms are marked by the beginnings of the colonization under German law initiated by the Pomeranian duke Barnim I (1230s) and the mid-14th century, when a stable urban network was crystalized.
The book consists of five parts: Introduction, Parts A–C and Conclusion. The Introduction, apart from the purpose, subject, scope and structure of the book, also presents the current state of research on the medieval towns of Neumark.
Part A presents the genesis of towns and characterizes their spatial relations with the Slavic settlement landscape. The towns can be divided into three groups in terms of chronology and initiators of their location,. The first of them includes the oldest centers: Chojna, Trzcińsko, Moryń and Lipiany. These towns were organized by the Pomeranian duke Barnim I and the bishop of Kamień Hermann von Gleichen until the mid-50’s of the 13th century. The largest group consists of eleven towns (Gorzów, Barnówko, Nowogródek, Myślibórz, Kostrzyn, Mieszkowice, Barlinek, Czelin, Strzelce, Choszczno and Recz) founded in the years 1255–1281 by the margraves of Brandenburg: John I and Otto III and their descendants. The third group includes towns founded by margraves from the older lineage of Ascanians at the end of the 13th century: Świdwin, Drawsko, Ińsko, Dobiegniew, Kalisz and Pełczyce. None of the towns were built strictly in the place of an early urban settlement or a gord (burgwall). Only in the case of Moryń and Lipiany possible connections with Slavic settlements outside the boroughs walls can be indicated. Market settlements gave rise to the organization new type of towns based on German law – six of them (Chojna, Dobiegniew, Kostrzyn, Myślibórz, Recz and possibly Barlinek) have connections with such centers. There are also three towns that were organized near German defensive settlements (Pełczyce, Strzelce, Świdwin). According to the analysis of the available source data, the most numerous group are towns located on previously undeveloped sites (Barnówko, Choszczno, Czelin, Drawsko, Gorzów, Ińsko, Kalisz, Mieszkowice, Nowogródek and Trzcińsko).
Part B contains considerations on urban planning. It was proved that the rule was to organize the town on an area of approx. 16 ha, which roughly corresponds to the size of the unit of field (łan) used in Pomerania and Brandenburg. The layout with the main compositional axis in the form of an artery, next to which a market square and a parish church with a cemetery were situated was the most common way of planning the surface. It was accompanied by two parallel and several perpendicular streets. A different composition on a circular plan was used only in Strzelce. In two towns – Moryń and Lipiany – an urban model emerged spontaneously without any prior design. The market square with a market hall was the most important component of the infra muros public space – this was the place where commercial, administrative and judicial functions of the municipal commune accumulated. Market squares had an average area of 50–100 ares and were organized along the main artery without exception. Parish churches surrounded by cemeteries were directly adjacent to them. Some institutions – like mendicant monasteries or hospitals of St. Spirit – were most often located in the extreme quarters of buildings. The private space includes plots forming quarters of buildings, thus occupying the largest part of the town’s area. The infra muros zone was separated – as the name suggests – by the town walls. The original fortifications were built in the form of earth ramparts, palisades and moats. Usually, after a few decades, they were replaced with brick structures.
Part C contains an analysis of selected issues concerning the society. The attempt to estimate the number of inhabitants showed that the population of the discussed towns did not exceed 2000 people. It was found that the core of the community were newcomers from Altmark and Mittelmark. Representatives of the native population were also included in the urban communities, as evidenced by specific settlements called Kietz (chyża), and Jews whose presence is confirmed in written sources. Selected elements of material culture fit into the current characteristic of the North German area, situating the towns of Neumark next to the urban centers of other parts of Brandenburg, Pomerania and Mecklenburg. Magdeburg rights was applied in all centers, and most often it was given in the Brandenburg variant. Only the towns of Pomeranian origin (Chojna, Trzcińsko and Moryń) used the ‘pure’ version of the Magdeburg rights. According to this division, there were also differences in the organization of self-government authorities. Around the mid-fourteenth century, especially in the course of the civil war caused by the False Waldemar, a group of the most resilient communities in Neumark crystalized. These include certainly Chojna, Myślibórz, Choszczno and Gorzów, and perhaps also Trzcińsko, Mieszkowice and Strzelce.
The end of the book presents reflections on the changes in the cultural landscape of the area in question caused by urbanization. An attempt was made to capture the specificity of towns of Neumark against the background of neighbouring lands, and the perspectives for further research were presented.
The book is supplemented by illustrative maps, representations of the oldest town plans, and plans of some buildings, as well as a bibliography containing a list of all sources and studies cited in the text.
Duke’s Pedagogium in Szczecin was a college which provided education between 1543 and 1666. It was established by Pomeranian Dukes: Barnim IX and Philip I. The college offered liberal arts education simultaneously emphasising the importance of theology. Later Pedagogium also taught law and medicine. The school had distinguished teachers headed by Daniel Cramer and Johannes Micraelius. After leaving college graduates usually continued education at other German universities. Most students of Duke’s Pedagogium came from Szczecin (about 700); students from Stargard (194) came next. On the basis of information included in the 17th century admissions register and other archival documents which survived down to our times it was possible to follow their earlier and later education as well as career path.
Eine Vorlaufforschung
Im Beitrag stellt der Autor die Biographie und das Werk des hervorragenden Königsberger Geistlichen und Theologen Johann Pontanus (1550–1613) dar. Der Artikel ist ein Ergebnis der Forschungen, die der Verfasser in polnischen und deutschen Bibliotheken und Archiven durchgeführt hat. Als Anhang ist ein Verzeichnis aller bekannten Veröffentlichungen von Pontanus angefügt.
aus Leidenschaft und wissenschaftliche Interesse – Orientalist. Ziel dieser Vortrag ist die wissenschaftliche Entwicklung Müllers, der besonders als Sinologe berühmt wurde, darzustellen. Seine Laufbahn erlaubte ihm die Beziehungen mit tüchtigsten Wissenschaftler seiner Zeitalter aufzunehmen. Sie beendete jedoch in einem schlichten Stettiner Haus. Die materielle Spuren seiner wissenschaftlicher Tätigkeit sind sowohl seine Veröffentlichtungen, als auch seine – noch teilweise erhaltene – private Bibliothek. In der Vortrag werden die bisher unbekannte Quellen und Nachrichten ausgenutzt, um die Müllers Biographie zu ergänzen.