Papers by Maximiliano Antonelli
Elektron
Gran parte de las aplicaciones electrónicas requieren de números pseudoaleatorios, en general, pa... more Gran parte de las aplicaciones electrónicas requieren de números pseudoaleatorios, en general, para mejorar su funcionamiento. Tal es el caso de los sistemas de encriptación, codificación y modulación digital. Si, además, los números pseudoaleatorios varían dinámicamente su función densidad de probabilidad (PDF) es posible potenciar el efecto causado. En este trabajo se presenta el diseño e implementación de un circuito capaz de entregar números pseudoaleatorios que varían su PDF en el tiempo. Para ello, se utilizan como base mapas caóticos, los que son diseñados según las PDF deseadas. Luego, la implementación se realiza mediante Reconfiguración Parcial Dinámica (RPD) la cual permite modificar, en tiempo de ejecución, parte del circuito para variar la PDF de la salida generada.
Abstract—This paper deals with the use of Ring Oscillators (ROs) as pseudo random number generato... more Abstract—This paper deals with the use of Ring Oscillators (ROs) as pseudo random number generators (PRNG). The design, made for ALTERA Cyclone III c©, using low level primitives is explained. Two relevant characteristics of a PRNG are considered to validate the design: 1) the equiprobability of all possible outcomes and 2) the statistical independence of consecutive values. In this work these properties are measured via Information Theory Quantifiers. A dual entropy plane is used to represent the time series and easily visualize the results obtained with different configurations. The quality is also compared with other available PRNGs by means of the dual entropy plane. Our method constitutes an effective reduction of the complete analysis made with test suites like DIEHARD or NIST. I.
Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 2017
Ring oscillators (RO's) are elementary blocks widely used in digital design. Jitter is unavoidabl... more Ring oscillators (RO's) are elementary blocks widely used in digital design. Jitter is unavoidable in ROs, its presence is an undesired behavior in many applications, as clock generators. On the contrary, jitter may be used as the noise source in RO-based pseudo-random numbers generators (PRNG). Consequently, jitter measure is a relevant issue to characterize a RO, and it is the subject of this paper. The main contribution is the use of Information Theory Quantifiers (ITQ) as measures of ROs jitter. It is shown that among several ITQ evaluated, two of them emerge as good measures because they are independent of parameters used for their statistical determination. They turned out to be robust and may be implemented experimentally. We encountered that a dual entropy plane allows a visual comparison of results.
Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 2017
This paper deals with a family of interesting 2 D-quadratic maps proposed by Sprott, in his semin... more This paper deals with a family of interesting 2 D-quadratic maps proposed by Sprott, in his seminal paper [1], related to "chaotic art". Our main interest about these maps is their great potential for using them in digital electronic applications because they present multiple chaotic attractors depending on the selected point in the parameter's space. Only results for the analytical representation of these maps have been published in the open literature. Consequently, the objective of this paper is to extend the analysis to the digital version, to make possible the hardware implementation in a digital medium, like field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) in fixed-point arithmetic. Our main contributions are: (a) the study of the domains of attraction in fixed-point arithmetic, in terms of period lengths and statistical properties; (b) the determination of the threshold of the bus width that preserves the integrity of the domain of attraction and (c) the comparison between two quantifiers based on respective probability distribution functions (PDFs) and the well known maximum Lyapunov exponent (MLE) to detect the above mentioned threshold.
2014 IX Southern Conference on Programmable Logic (SPL), 2014
This paper deals with the use of Ring Oscillators (ROs) as pseudo random number generators (PRNG)... more This paper deals with the use of Ring Oscillators (ROs) as pseudo random number generators (PRNG). The design, made for ALTERA Cyclone III c , using low level primitives is explained. Two relevant characteristics of a PRNG are considered to validate the design: 1) the equiprobability of all possible outcomes and 2) the statistical independence of consecutive values. In this work these properties are measured via Information Theory Quantifiers. A dual entropy plane is used to represent the time series and easily visualize the results obtained with different configurations. The quality is also compared with other available PRNGs by means of the dual entropy plane. Our method constitutes an effective reduction of the complete analysis made with test suites like DIEHARD or NIST.
Spectrum sensing in cognitive radio using recurrence diagrams
International Journal of Embedded Systems, 2021
Entropy, 2021
The use of chaotic systems in electronics, such as Pseudo-Random Number Generators (PRNGs), is ve... more The use of chaotic systems in electronics, such as Pseudo-Random Number Generators (PRNGs), is very appealing. Among them, continuous-time ones are used less because, in addition to having strong temporal correlations, they require further computations to obtain the discrete solutions. Here, the time step and discretization method selection are first studied by conducting a detailed analysis of their effect on the systems’ statistical and chaotic behavior. We employ an approach based on interpreting the time step as a parameter of the new “maps”. From our analysis, it follows that to use them as PRNGs, two actions should be achieved (i) to keep the chaotic oscillation and (ii) to destroy the inner and temporal correlations. We then propose a simple methodology to achieve chaos-based PRNGs with good statistical characteristics and high throughput, which can be applied to any continuous-time chaotic system. We analyze the generated sequences by means of quantifiers based on informatio...
HW/SW codesign of maximum Lyapunov exponent estimator
2017 IEEE 8th Latin American Symposium on Circuits & Systems (LASCAS), 2017
The maximum Lyapunov exponent (MLE) of a dynamic system is a quantity that characterizes the degr... more The maximum Lyapunov exponent (MLE) of a dynamic system is a quantity that characterizes the degree of separation of two infinitesimally close paths, it gives a measure of the average rate of exponential divergence of nearby orbits. It is known as a general indicator of the presence of chaos in a dynamic system. This quantifier has been applied in diverse fields, such as biomedicine and finance, in many of these applications, the system is inaccessible and also a real-time measurement is required. In this work, Kantz's estimator of the MLE [1] was implemented in a PSoC (Programmable System-on-Chip), Zedboard FPGA, that supports both software and hardware design. This algorithm is calculated over a stream of data already generated, does not need access to the system and presents a high level of immunity to noise. The algorithm requires calculation in parallel, and also sequential development so that the used platform presents optimal characteristics for its implementation.
An annotated guide to utilize ring-oscillators as thermal sensor in FPGA technology
2020 Argentine Conference on Electronics (CAE), 2020
Ring Oscillators (ROs) are established as practical thermal sensors in Field Programmable Gate Ar... more Ring Oscillators (ROs) are established as practical thermal sensors in Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) devices. Despite its proven technical usefulness in low-power design and thermal aspects of integrated circuit, a detailed standard procedure is not found in the literature. In this paper we present an optimized scheme including a detailed description of all elements and considerations, so those interested can quickly incorporate these ideas. Also, we show implementation, calibration and resources performing a characterization of a Xilinx Spartan 6 device.
Entropy, Feb 20, 2018
In this paper we investigate the degradation of the statistic properties of chaotic maps as conse... more In this paper we investigate the degradation of the statistic properties of chaotic maps as consequence of their implementation in a digital media such as Digital Signal Processors (DSP), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) or Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC). In these systems, binary floating-and fixed-point are the numerical representations available. Fixed-point representation is preferred over floating-point when speed, low power and/or small circuit area are necessary. Then, in this paper we compare the degradation of fixed-point binary precision version of chaotic maps with the one obtained by using floating point 754-IEEE standard, to evaluate the feasibility of their FPGA implementation. The specific period that every fixed-point precision produces was investigated in previous reports. Statistical characteristics are also relevant, it has been recently shown that it is convenient to describe the statistical characteristic using both, causal and non-causal quantifiers. In this paper we complement the period analysis by characterizing the behavior of these maps from an statistical point of view using cuantifiers from information theory. Here, rather than reproducing an exact replica of the real system, the aim is to meet certain conditions related to the statistics of systems.
Hybrid sorting algorithm implemented by High Level Synthesis
IEEE Latin America Transactions
This paper proposes a hybrid data ordering algorithm which executes serial and parallel instructi... more This paper proposes a hybrid data ordering algorithm which executes serial and parallel instructions. The implementation of the system is presented in the Zedboard development board of Xilinx that includes a SoC (System on Chip). The design was done in high level language HLS (High Level Synthesis). It receives a vector of N elements and delivers the set of indexes of the L major elements ordered. The complexity of the algorithm is analyzed in a generic way. The required times and resources are evaluated and compared with well known sorting algorithms.
This paper deals with the use of Ring Oscillators (ROs) as pseudo random number generators (PRNG)... more This paper deals with the use of Ring Oscillators (ROs) as pseudo random number generators (PRNG). The design, made for ALTERA Cyclone III c , using low level primitives is explained. Two relevant characteristics of a PRNG are considered to validate the design: 1) the equiprobability of all possible outcomes and 2) the statistical independence of consecutive values. In this work these properties are measured via Information Theory Quantifiers. A dual entropy plane is used to represent the time series and easily visualize the results obtained with different configurations. The quality is also compared with other available PRNGs by means of the dual entropy plane. Our method constitutes an effective reduction of the complete analysis made with test suites like DIEHARD or NIST.
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Papers by Maximiliano Antonelli