A limited number of attempts have been made to develop a questionnaire that assesses the experien... more A limited number of attempts have been made to develop a questionnaire that assesses the experience of motion sickness. Further, many available questionnaires quantify motion sickness as a unidimensional construct. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of motion sickness descriptors were used to derive and verify four dimensions of motion sickness, which were defined as gastrointestinal, central, peripheral, and sopite-related. These dimensions of motion sickness were then used to construct a motion sickness assessment questionnaire (MSAQ) that was administered to individuals who were exposed to a rotating optokinetic drum. Total scores from the MSAQ correlated strongly with overall scores from the Pensacola Diagnostic Index (r = 0.81, p < 0.001) and the Nausea Profile (r = 0.92, p < 0.001). The MSAQ is a valid instrument for the assessment of motion sickness. In addition, the MSAQ may be used to assess motion sickness as a multidimensional rather than unidimensional co...
The menstrual cycle has long-been viewed to influence the experience of nausea and motion sicknes... more The menstrual cycle has long-been viewed to influence the experience of nausea and motion sickness, but empirical support for this view is mixed. Retrospective self-report surveys indicate that women are more susceptible to dizziness, fatigue, and vomiting (i.e., motion sickness) than men during situations that create a mismatch between visually-perceived movement and vestibular encoding of movement (Collins & Lentz, 1977). This sex difference has been reported for real-life situations, including air travel (Lindseth & Lindseth, 1995), travel across water (Grunfeld & Gresty, 1998; Lawther & Griffin, 1988), and terrestrial coach travel (Turner & Griffin, 1999). Post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV), which is more severe in patients with a history of motion sickness (Rita, Goodarzi, & Seleny, 1981), is also more common in women than men (Janhumen & Tammisto, 1972; Palazzo & Strunin, 1984). Although results from studies that experimentally induce acute motion sickness are somewhat more ambiguous as they relate to sex differences, women generally report more motion sickness symptoms than men (Clemes & Howarth, 2005; Flanagan, May, & Dobie, 2005; Jokerst et al., 1999). Notably, a comparable sex difference has even been observed in nonhuman animals: female musk shrews (Suncus suncus) express more emesis (vomiting) and exhibit shorter latencies to emesis after exposure to a horizontal motion stimulus (Javid & Naylor, 1999; but see Ordy & Brizzee, 1980 for contrary results with squirrel monkeys). Explanations for sex differences in nausea and motion sickness susceptibility, which are arguably untenable in light of recent empirical evidence, have included: i.) different exposure histories to various forms of transit, ii.) developmental differences in the engagement of physical, "rough and tumble" activities, and iii.) a reporting bias wherein women are more likely to express or report their symptoms of malaise (Dobie et al., 2001). More plausibly, such sex differences may be more closely linked to cyclic variations in reproductive hormones during the menstrual cycle, which have been shown to moderate autonomic and cardiovascular reactivity, gastrointestinal motility, and visceral perception (
Page 1. King, H. (2002, July). Success in intermediate theory: One-semester or two-semester princ... more Page 1. King, H. (2002, July). Success in intermediate theory: One-semester or two-semester principles?Paper presented at the Western Economics Association International Conference, Seattle, WA. Klos, JJ, &amp; Trenton, RW (1969). One semester or two. ...
A limited number of attempts have been made to develop a questionnaire that assesses the experien... more A limited number of attempts have been made to develop a questionnaire that assesses the experience of motion sickness. Further, many available questionnaires quantify motion sickness as a unidimensional construct. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of motion sickness descriptors were used to derive and verify four dimensions of motion sickness, which were defined as gastrointestinal, central, peripheral, and sopite-related. These dimensions of motion sickness were then used to construct a motion sickness assessment questionnaire (MSAQ) that was administered to individuals who were exposed to a rotating optokinetic drum. Total scores from the MSAQ correlated strongly with overall scores from the Pensacola Diagnostic Index (r = 0.81, p < 0.001) and the Nausea Profile (r = 0.92, p < 0.001). The MSAQ is a valid instrument for the assessment of motion sickness. In addition, the MSAQ may be used to assess motion sickness as a multidimensional rather than unidimensional co...
The menstrual cycle has long-been viewed to influence the experience of nausea and motion sicknes... more The menstrual cycle has long-been viewed to influence the experience of nausea and motion sickness, but empirical support for this view is mixed. Retrospective self-report surveys indicate that women are more susceptible to dizziness, fatigue, and vomiting (i.e., motion sickness) than men during situations that create a mismatch between visually-perceived movement and vestibular encoding of movement (Collins & Lentz, 1977). This sex difference has been reported for real-life situations, including air travel (Lindseth & Lindseth, 1995), travel across water (Grunfeld & Gresty, 1998; Lawther & Griffin, 1988), and terrestrial coach travel (Turner & Griffin, 1999). Post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV), which is more severe in patients with a history of motion sickness (Rita, Goodarzi, & Seleny, 1981), is also more common in women than men (Janhumen & Tammisto, 1972; Palazzo & Strunin, 1984). Although results from studies that experimentally induce acute motion sickness are somewhat more ambiguous as they relate to sex differences, women generally report more motion sickness symptoms than men (Clemes & Howarth, 2005; Flanagan, May, & Dobie, 2005; Jokerst et al., 1999). Notably, a comparable sex difference has even been observed in nonhuman animals: female musk shrews (Suncus suncus) express more emesis (vomiting) and exhibit shorter latencies to emesis after exposure to a horizontal motion stimulus (Javid & Naylor, 1999; but see Ordy & Brizzee, 1980 for contrary results with squirrel monkeys). Explanations for sex differences in nausea and motion sickness susceptibility, which are arguably untenable in light of recent empirical evidence, have included: i.) different exposure histories to various forms of transit, ii.) developmental differences in the engagement of physical, "rough and tumble" activities, and iii.) a reporting bias wherein women are more likely to express or report their symptoms of malaise (Dobie et al., 2001). More plausibly, such sex differences may be more closely linked to cyclic variations in reproductive hormones during the menstrual cycle, which have been shown to moderate autonomic and cardiovascular reactivity, gastrointestinal motility, and visceral perception (
Page 1. King, H. (2002, July). Success in intermediate theory: One-semester or two-semester princ... more Page 1. King, H. (2002, July). Success in intermediate theory: One-semester or two-semester principles?Paper presented at the Western Economics Association International Conference, Seattle, WA. Klos, JJ, &amp; Trenton, RW (1969). One semester or two. ...
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