Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-gpi-10.1177_1368430220987606 for No country for old gay men: Age ... more Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-gpi-10.1177_1368430220987606 for No country for old gay men: Age and sexuality category intersection renders older gay men invisible by Andrea Carnaghi, Patrice Rusconi, Mauro Bianchi, Fabio Fasoli, Rosandra Coladonato and Peter Hegarty in Group Processes & Intergroup Relations
Based on previous studies showing that Black men are conflated with masculinity more than Asian m... more Based on previous studies showing that Black men are conflated with masculinity more than Asian men, we hypothesized that Black men were processed as more heterosexual than Asian men. In Study 1, we found that Black men, compared to Asian men, were rated as more masculine and more heterosexual. In Study 2, by using an implicit paradigm (paper-and-pencil IAT), we showed that Black men were more strongly associated with heterosexuals than Asian men. These studies contribute to the debate on how different categories intersect, suggesting that intervention aimed at enhancing the visibility of racial groups within sexual minorities is needed
Preference for one's own group is a widespread phenomenon. Results with dominant and minority... more Preference for one's own group is a widespread phenomenon. Results with dominant and minority group participants, however, are not consistent about whether the ingroup is always implicitly favored. The majority of these findings is related mostly to the northern-American context. Also, these findings are from studies that relied on a single implicit assessment. We compared Black and White participants in Portugal on their spontaneous reactions using two types of implicit measures: A semantic priming paradigm and an automatic approach/avoidance task. Results showed immediate outgroup-avoidance and ingroup-approach responses for dominant and minority participants, respectively. Moreover, both dominant and minority participants associated their ingroup with positive characteristics, more so than the outgroup. Results are discussed within the theoretical frame of Social Identity Theory and System Justification Theory
In Italy, the number of sexual harassments against women is steadily increasing (ISTAT 2007, 2010... more In Italy, the number of sexual harassments against women is steadily increasing (ISTAT 2007, 2010 [1]). Moreover, Italy is one of the countries with the lowest levels of gender equality among EU countries [2]. This evidence is also reflected in the Italian media, as women more than men are portrayed in a objectified fashion (i.e., focus on physical appearance; [3]). The present research investigates, in a sample of Italian students, whether Google-retrieved images of women and men differ in terms of objectification, with women’s images more objectified than men’s (i.e., objectification gap). Moreover, considering that Google outputs are shaped by previous users' search behavior, we analyzed whether the users’ levels of sexism was associated with the objectification gap. Participants rated the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (i.e., hostile and benevolent; [4]) and then downloaded from Google Images the first twenty pictures of women and of men that appeared on their computer screen. ...
Bullying and homophobic bullying are a widespread problem in the European and NorthAmerican schoo... more Bullying and homophobic bullying are a widespread problem in the European and NorthAmerican school context [1,2]. Despite the relevant role played by teachers regarding bullying within the school context as well as in influencing student reactions to the bully, the majority of research on this theme has mainly addressed student attitudes and behaviors from the perspective of the victim, actor and bystanders, for a review see [3], leaving the teachers’ attitudes towards and reactions to bullying episodes partially unexplored [4, 5]. Importantly, the underrepresentation of research addressing the way teachers appraise and react to bullying is even more pronounced when homophobic bullying is taken into account.
Prejudice reduction has been a core issue in social psychology for many decades. Indeed, research... more Prejudice reduction has been a core issue in social psychology for many decades. Indeed, research aimed at understanding and defining the ingredients which ameliorate intergroup relations and weaken social exclusion are still under investigation. According to the contact hypothesis [1] positive encounters with out-group members increase in-group favorable attitudes towards those members which further generalize to the out-group as a whole [2]. Unfortunately, direct contact is not always straightforward as different groups tend to ignore each other [3]. Indirect contact strategies (e.g., imagined contact, vicarious contact) have been suggested, to overcome this limitation and ultimately promote positive attitudes towards the out-group [4,5]. Given the major lack of intergroup direct contact, and the encouraging results obtained from indirect forms of contact, investment in new forms of indirect contact is strongly needed.
Four studies analyzed how sexual orientation (heterosexual vs. gay) and age categories (young vs.... more Four studies analyzed how sexual orientation (heterosexual vs. gay) and age categories (young vs. elderly) referring to men are cognitively combined. In Study 1, young gay men were judged as more prototypical of gay men than adult or elderly gay men, while young, adult, and elderly heterosexual men were perceived as equally prototypical of heterosexual men. In Study 2, gay men were stereotyped more by young rather than elderly stereotypical traits, while heterosexual men were not stereotyped in terms of age. In Study 3, elderly men were stereotyped more by heterosexual than gay-stereotypical traits, while young men were not stereotyped in terms of sexual orientation. In Study 4, gay men were judged to be young rather than elderly, while elderly men were judged to be heterosexual rather than gay. Overall, elderly gay men were overlooked when processing their constituent categories, “gay” and “elderly” men. Implications for models of intersectionality are discussed.
In this set of research, we investigated the effects of intergroup physical contact on intergroup... more In this set of research, we investigated the effects of intergroup physical contact on intergroup attitudes by relying on indirect contact strategies, namely the imagined contact paradigm. We implemented the imagined contact paradigm by leading participants to shape the mental imagery upon pictorial information. Specifically, in Study 1 participants saw a picture of a white hand touching a black hand [i.e., intergroup physical contact condition (InterPC)] or a picture of an outdoor scene (i.e., control condition), and were asked to imagine being either the toucher or in the outdoor scene, respectively. Results demonstrated that InterPC compared to control condition reduced intergroup bias. In Study 2 we compared the InterPC condition to a condition in which participants saw a white hand touching another white hand [i.e., intragroup physical contact (IntraPC)], and imagined to be the toucher. Again, we found that participants in the InterPC condition showed reduced intergroup bias compared to the IntraPC. Study 3 replicated results of Studies 1 and 2 by using an implicit measure of prejudice. Also, Study 3 further showed that asking participants to merely look at the picture of a white hand touching a black hand, without imagining being the toucher was not effective in reducing implicit prejudice. Results were discussed with respect to the literature on physical contact and prejudice reduction processes.
This study investigates whether homophobic labels and category-neutral terms are differently appr... more This study investigates whether homophobic labels and category-neutral terms are differently appraised as a function of levels of coming-out. After reporting their coming-out status, participants were exposed to either homophobic or category labels and reported their semantic associations, level of internalized homophobia, and body perceptions. Results show that labels were more positively evaluated as participants’ coming-out increased. High–coming-out individuals reported higher internalized homophobia and body concerns in the homophobic rather than category labels condition. Low–coming-out individuals displayed the reverse pattern.
In the current study we address the role of hormonal fluctuations across menstrual cycle in femal... more In the current study we address the role of hormonal fluctuations across menstrual cycle in female dehumanization of women and men. Using a sequential priming procedure in a lexical decision task, we test whether increased levels of conception risk lead to dehumanization of other women and men on both animal and human dimensions. Results showed that for word woman as the prime, animal words were more accessible in the high than in the low conception risk of the menstrual cycle; whereas human words were more inhibited in the high compared to the low conception risk. As for word man prime, no difference in terms of accessibility was found between the high and the low conception risk on both animaland human-words. This study demonstrates that dehumanization of women is automatically elicited by menstrual cycle-related processes and associated with women's mate-attraction goals.
Homophobic epithets have become commonly-used insults among adolescents. However, evidence sugges... more Homophobic epithets have become commonly-used insults among adolescents. However, evidence suggests that there are differences in how these homophobic epithets are evaluated based on beliefs held by the observer, and by the context in which they are used. In order to examine this, Italian high school students were asked to rate the offensiveness of homophic epithets, as well as to consider how they or others would react to homophobic epithets across various situations. Homophobic beliefs and beliefs about the social acceptability of homophobic epithets were also examined. It was found that greater perceived social acceptability of homophobic epithets was related to dismissive reactions to their use, whereas homophobic beliefs were predictive of negative emotional reactions, but in varying ways depending on the specific context. The results indicate that homophobic epithets may not always be perceived as homophobic by adolescents, and that attempts to alter the social acceptability o...
The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with p... more The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2008
Six studies (N ϭ 491) investigated the inductive potential of nouns versus adjectives in person p... more Six studies (N ϭ 491) investigated the inductive potential of nouns versus adjectives in person perception. In the first 5 studies, targets were either described by an adjective (e.g., Mark is homosexual) or by the corresponding noun (e.g., Mark is a homosexual) or by both (Study 3). The authors predicted and found that nouns, more so than adjectives, (a) facilitate descriptor-congruent inferences but inhibit incongruent inferences (Studies 1-3), (b) inhibit alternative classifications (Study 4), and (c) imply essentialism of congruent but not of incongruent preferences (Study 5). This was supported for different group memberships and inclinations (athletics, arts, religion, sexual preference, drinking behavior, etc.), languages (Italian and German), and response formats, suggesting that despite the surface similarity of nouns and adjectives, nouns have a more powerful impact on person perception. Study 6 investigated the inverse relationship, showing that more essentialist beliefs (in terms of a genetic predisposition rather than training) lead speakers to use more nouns and fewer adjectives. Possible extensions of G. R. Semin and K. Fiedler's (1988) linguistic category model and potential applications for language use in intergroup contexts are discussed.
Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-gpi-10.1177_1368430220987606 for No country for old gay men: Age ... more Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-gpi-10.1177_1368430220987606 for No country for old gay men: Age and sexuality category intersection renders older gay men invisible by Andrea Carnaghi, Patrice Rusconi, Mauro Bianchi, Fabio Fasoli, Rosandra Coladonato and Peter Hegarty in Group Processes & Intergroup Relations
Based on previous studies showing that Black men are conflated with masculinity more than Asian m... more Based on previous studies showing that Black men are conflated with masculinity more than Asian men, we hypothesized that Black men were processed as more heterosexual than Asian men. In Study 1, we found that Black men, compared to Asian men, were rated as more masculine and more heterosexual. In Study 2, by using an implicit paradigm (paper-and-pencil IAT), we showed that Black men were more strongly associated with heterosexuals than Asian men. These studies contribute to the debate on how different categories intersect, suggesting that intervention aimed at enhancing the visibility of racial groups within sexual minorities is needed
Preference for one's own group is a widespread phenomenon. Results with dominant and minority... more Preference for one's own group is a widespread phenomenon. Results with dominant and minority group participants, however, are not consistent about whether the ingroup is always implicitly favored. The majority of these findings is related mostly to the northern-American context. Also, these findings are from studies that relied on a single implicit assessment. We compared Black and White participants in Portugal on their spontaneous reactions using two types of implicit measures: A semantic priming paradigm and an automatic approach/avoidance task. Results showed immediate outgroup-avoidance and ingroup-approach responses for dominant and minority participants, respectively. Moreover, both dominant and minority participants associated their ingroup with positive characteristics, more so than the outgroup. Results are discussed within the theoretical frame of Social Identity Theory and System Justification Theory
In Italy, the number of sexual harassments against women is steadily increasing (ISTAT 2007, 2010... more In Italy, the number of sexual harassments against women is steadily increasing (ISTAT 2007, 2010 [1]). Moreover, Italy is one of the countries with the lowest levels of gender equality among EU countries [2]. This evidence is also reflected in the Italian media, as women more than men are portrayed in a objectified fashion (i.e., focus on physical appearance; [3]). The present research investigates, in a sample of Italian students, whether Google-retrieved images of women and men differ in terms of objectification, with women’s images more objectified than men’s (i.e., objectification gap). Moreover, considering that Google outputs are shaped by previous users' search behavior, we analyzed whether the users’ levels of sexism was associated with the objectification gap. Participants rated the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (i.e., hostile and benevolent; [4]) and then downloaded from Google Images the first twenty pictures of women and of men that appeared on their computer screen. ...
Bullying and homophobic bullying are a widespread problem in the European and NorthAmerican schoo... more Bullying and homophobic bullying are a widespread problem in the European and NorthAmerican school context [1,2]. Despite the relevant role played by teachers regarding bullying within the school context as well as in influencing student reactions to the bully, the majority of research on this theme has mainly addressed student attitudes and behaviors from the perspective of the victim, actor and bystanders, for a review see [3], leaving the teachers’ attitudes towards and reactions to bullying episodes partially unexplored [4, 5]. Importantly, the underrepresentation of research addressing the way teachers appraise and react to bullying is even more pronounced when homophobic bullying is taken into account.
Prejudice reduction has been a core issue in social psychology for many decades. Indeed, research... more Prejudice reduction has been a core issue in social psychology for many decades. Indeed, research aimed at understanding and defining the ingredients which ameliorate intergroup relations and weaken social exclusion are still under investigation. According to the contact hypothesis [1] positive encounters with out-group members increase in-group favorable attitudes towards those members which further generalize to the out-group as a whole [2]. Unfortunately, direct contact is not always straightforward as different groups tend to ignore each other [3]. Indirect contact strategies (e.g., imagined contact, vicarious contact) have been suggested, to overcome this limitation and ultimately promote positive attitudes towards the out-group [4,5]. Given the major lack of intergroup direct contact, and the encouraging results obtained from indirect forms of contact, investment in new forms of indirect contact is strongly needed.
Four studies analyzed how sexual orientation (heterosexual vs. gay) and age categories (young vs.... more Four studies analyzed how sexual orientation (heterosexual vs. gay) and age categories (young vs. elderly) referring to men are cognitively combined. In Study 1, young gay men were judged as more prototypical of gay men than adult or elderly gay men, while young, adult, and elderly heterosexual men were perceived as equally prototypical of heterosexual men. In Study 2, gay men were stereotyped more by young rather than elderly stereotypical traits, while heterosexual men were not stereotyped in terms of age. In Study 3, elderly men were stereotyped more by heterosexual than gay-stereotypical traits, while young men were not stereotyped in terms of sexual orientation. In Study 4, gay men were judged to be young rather than elderly, while elderly men were judged to be heterosexual rather than gay. Overall, elderly gay men were overlooked when processing their constituent categories, “gay” and “elderly” men. Implications for models of intersectionality are discussed.
In this set of research, we investigated the effects of intergroup physical contact on intergroup... more In this set of research, we investigated the effects of intergroup physical contact on intergroup attitudes by relying on indirect contact strategies, namely the imagined contact paradigm. We implemented the imagined contact paradigm by leading participants to shape the mental imagery upon pictorial information. Specifically, in Study 1 participants saw a picture of a white hand touching a black hand [i.e., intergroup physical contact condition (InterPC)] or a picture of an outdoor scene (i.e., control condition), and were asked to imagine being either the toucher or in the outdoor scene, respectively. Results demonstrated that InterPC compared to control condition reduced intergroup bias. In Study 2 we compared the InterPC condition to a condition in which participants saw a white hand touching another white hand [i.e., intragroup physical contact (IntraPC)], and imagined to be the toucher. Again, we found that participants in the InterPC condition showed reduced intergroup bias compared to the IntraPC. Study 3 replicated results of Studies 1 and 2 by using an implicit measure of prejudice. Also, Study 3 further showed that asking participants to merely look at the picture of a white hand touching a black hand, without imagining being the toucher was not effective in reducing implicit prejudice. Results were discussed with respect to the literature on physical contact and prejudice reduction processes.
This study investigates whether homophobic labels and category-neutral terms are differently appr... more This study investigates whether homophobic labels and category-neutral terms are differently appraised as a function of levels of coming-out. After reporting their coming-out status, participants were exposed to either homophobic or category labels and reported their semantic associations, level of internalized homophobia, and body perceptions. Results show that labels were more positively evaluated as participants’ coming-out increased. High–coming-out individuals reported higher internalized homophobia and body concerns in the homophobic rather than category labels condition. Low–coming-out individuals displayed the reverse pattern.
In the current study we address the role of hormonal fluctuations across menstrual cycle in femal... more In the current study we address the role of hormonal fluctuations across menstrual cycle in female dehumanization of women and men. Using a sequential priming procedure in a lexical decision task, we test whether increased levels of conception risk lead to dehumanization of other women and men on both animal and human dimensions. Results showed that for word woman as the prime, animal words were more accessible in the high than in the low conception risk of the menstrual cycle; whereas human words were more inhibited in the high compared to the low conception risk. As for word man prime, no difference in terms of accessibility was found between the high and the low conception risk on both animaland human-words. This study demonstrates that dehumanization of women is automatically elicited by menstrual cycle-related processes and associated with women's mate-attraction goals.
Homophobic epithets have become commonly-used insults among adolescents. However, evidence sugges... more Homophobic epithets have become commonly-used insults among adolescents. However, evidence suggests that there are differences in how these homophobic epithets are evaluated based on beliefs held by the observer, and by the context in which they are used. In order to examine this, Italian high school students were asked to rate the offensiveness of homophic epithets, as well as to consider how they or others would react to homophobic epithets across various situations. Homophobic beliefs and beliefs about the social acceptability of homophobic epithets were also examined. It was found that greater perceived social acceptability of homophobic epithets was related to dismissive reactions to their use, whereas homophobic beliefs were predictive of negative emotional reactions, but in varying ways depending on the specific context. The results indicate that homophobic epithets may not always be perceived as homophobic by adolescents, and that attempts to alter the social acceptability o...
The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with p... more The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2008
Six studies (N ϭ 491) investigated the inductive potential of nouns versus adjectives in person p... more Six studies (N ϭ 491) investigated the inductive potential of nouns versus adjectives in person perception. In the first 5 studies, targets were either described by an adjective (e.g., Mark is homosexual) or by the corresponding noun (e.g., Mark is a homosexual) or by both (Study 3). The authors predicted and found that nouns, more so than adjectives, (a) facilitate descriptor-congruent inferences but inhibit incongruent inferences (Studies 1-3), (b) inhibit alternative classifications (Study 4), and (c) imply essentialism of congruent but not of incongruent preferences (Study 5). This was supported for different group memberships and inclinations (athletics, arts, religion, sexual preference, drinking behavior, etc.), languages (Italian and German), and response formats, suggesting that despite the surface similarity of nouns and adjectives, nouns have a more powerful impact on person perception. Study 6 investigated the inverse relationship, showing that more essentialist beliefs (in terms of a genetic predisposition rather than training) lead speakers to use more nouns and fewer adjectives. Possible extensions of G. R. Semin and K. Fiedler's (1988) linguistic category model and potential applications for language use in intergroup contexts are discussed.
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