This dissertation explores partnership-based urban residential development processes which aim to... more This dissertation explores partnership-based urban residential development processes which aim towards achieving greater sustainability. Urban development is a complex phenomenon and involves a multitude of participants. Also, sustainability is a complex concept. The problem field, combining the two, is a real-life challenge which the research approaches with a pragmatic view. The primary investigation method of the study has been a multiple case study using both an action research case study approach and observatory case study approach. The study suggests that Public-Private-People Partnership, a framework developed during the research, is a social innovation that improves the viability of technical and economical solutions in urban development, and it is these solutions that contribute to greater sustainability, especially lowcarbon solutions that are considered a most urgent sustainability issue within the built environment. During the research, examples of these solutions were a viable developmentwide geothermal energy solution and economical scenarios which enabled low-carbon refurbishments by redevelopment. The evidence has been gathered from two complementary residential development cases in the Helsinki region, Finland. The data includes both qualitative and quantitative data. As the carbon challenge and the operating environment in urban development are rather similar in western market economies, the findings can be generalized elsewhere. Theoretically, the study places the urban development process between urban planning and property development theories and introduces urban development as an open social system according to systems theory. This allows research to examine not only the parties present in urban development but also the relationships between them and the sustainability aims. The research suggests that a concept of customership emerged in the research that can be useful in explaining the relationships between Public, Private, and People parties. Besides the findings, the study presents an emerging theory for considering urban development. The theory holds that Public, Private, and People parties enter urban development processes under different rationalities in order to reach their own various targets.
This paper aims to increase understanding of partnership-based urban residential development as a... more This paper aims to increase understanding of partnership-based urban residential development as a system by taking the first steps towards a hypothesis pointing to that direction. Design and methodology The data used was collected from two in-depth residential development case studies in Helsinki region, Finland. The general analytic strategy of this study was continuous coding of the data throughout the research phase and also afterwards. As a framework in urban residential development this study used Public-Private-People Partnership (4P), which connects all the relevant parties of urban residential development process. Findings It is suggested that a system is a relevant construct with which partnership-based urban residential development processes can be examined. Research limitations As the results are based on just two cases under Finnish development legislation and their framework, only analytical generalisations can be made. Practical implications Seeing urban residential development process as a system can help to communicate urban development process with other kinds of complexity, such as complexity found in sustainability, and to enhance discussion on systems thinking and complex systems in urban residential development. Originality/value So far urban planning and commercial development have been suggested to be systems. This paper contributes to non-linear approach to urban residential development process, which is in contrast with more traditional event-sequence models of development.
Strengthening the university’s impact is reflected in LUT’s strategy and action plans that guide ... more Strengthening the university’s impact is reflected in LUT’s strategy and action plans that guide the strategy implementation. The strategy slogan ‘science with a purpose’ expresses that the strategy aims for strong effectiveness. Strategic success is monitored through impact indicators, e.g. business and industry cooperation, the employment of graduates and the carbon negativity of the university. The university’s internal funding model supports the implementation of strategic goals in the schools, and the performance agreement between the university and the Ministry of Education and Culture (MoEC) contains the same objectives.
Yhdyskuntarakentaminen on muuttunut sotien jälkeisestä asuttamisesta 1960- ja 1970- lukujen tehok... more Yhdyskuntarakentaminen on muuttunut sotien jälkeisestä asuttamisesta 1960- ja 1970- lukujen tehokkaan aluerakentamisen kautta nykyiseen muotoonsa. Ekologisesti kestävää se ei kuitenkaan vielä ole ja ympäristönäkökohtiakin otetaan huomioon vain yksittäisissä ratkaisuissa. Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena oli tutkia, miten seuraavan sukupolven ympäristöajattelua, kehdosta kehtoon -mallia, voitaisiin soveltaa yhdyskuntarakentamisessa sekä yleisellä tasolla että Histan alueella Espoossa. Kehdosta kehtoon -suunnittelun lähtökohdat ovat ekologia, talous ja oikeudenmukaisuus. Siinä pyritään sekä teollisen että biologisen metabolian täydellisen kierron kautta ekologiseen kestävyyteen ja käyttämään uusiutuvia energiamuotoja. YIT Rakennus Oy voi käyttää tuloksia yhdyskuntarakentamisensa konseptissa. Asukkaiden osallistaminen on tässä konseptissa erityisen tärkeää. Työssä luotiin teollisekologinen malli yhdyskuntarakentamisen toimijoista sekä virroista ja sovellettiin kehdosta kehtoon -mallia sii...
Built environment carbon reduction strategies materialize predominantly in city-level greenhouse ... more Built environment carbon reduction strategies materialize predominantly in city-level greenhouse gas (GHG) management, where new residential development appears as one of the key instruments. However, city-level assessments are often incapable of producing data at a community or neighborhood level and thus they may heavily underestimate the emissions from new construction. This paper explores the implications of low-energy residential construction as an instrument of climate change mitigation in the built environment and demonstrates why city-level approaches easily fail to identify the significance of the emissions from construction. We employ a hybrid life cycle assessment (LCA) approach to demonstrate that, when the temporal allocation of emissions from the construction and use phases is taken into account, construction phase emissions come to have a central role in finding effective GHG mitigation strategies-even when the emissions from all consumption activities during the use phase are included in the assessment. In fact, their role would seem to be so central that new residential construction cannot be utilized as an instrument of city carbon management, even over a relatively long period. While we analyze a case study from Finland, the analysis intends to highlight the situation throughout the globe.
Urban development process can be considered as a system with its stakeholders falling under categ... more Urban development process can be considered as a system with its stakeholders falling under categories of Public, Private and People. This approach is called Public-Private-People Partnership (4P) and it has been successfully used in housing development. Between the stakeholders there are several kinds of relationships already recognised, but the field is by no means studied thoroughly. This paper discusses “customerships”, that is, customer relations from customer’s viewpoint, in the field of urban housing development. The issue is approached theoretically from systems theory and from the concept of customership in context of built environment. Moreover, a case study based on key stakeholder interviews of an urban housing redevelopment process aiming to low-energy retrofitting of a suburban housing area is presented. The paper does not delimit its view to the traditional end customer’s (home buyer or owner of refurbished home) role only, but evaluates all the relationships as eithe...
This paper aims to increase understanding of partnership-based urban residential development as a... more This paper aims to increase understanding of partnership-based urban residential development as a system by taking the first steps towards a hypothesis pointing to that direction. Design and methodology The data used was collected from two in-depth residential development case studies in Helsinki region, Finland. The general analytic strategy of this study was continuous coding of the data throughout the research phase and also afterwards. As a framework in urban residential development this study used Public-Private-People Partnership (4P), which connects all the relevant parties of urban residential development process. Findings It is suggested that a system is a relevant construct with which partnership-based urban residential development processes can be examined. Research limitations As the results are based on just two cases under Finnish development legislation and their framework, only analytical generalisations can be made. Practical implications Seeing urban residential de...
Aalto University, P.O. Box 11000, FI-00076 Aalto www.aalto.fi Author Matti Kuronen Name of the do... more Aalto University, P.O. Box 11000, FI-00076 Aalto www.aalto.fi Author Matti Kuronen Name of the doctoral dissertation The role of partnerships in sustainable urban residential development Publisher School of Engineering Unit Department of Surveying Series Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS 63/2011 Field of research Real Estate Economics Manuscript submitted 18 February 2011 Manuscript revised 27 June 2011 Date of the defence 9 September 2011 Language English Monograph Article dissertation (summary + original articles) Abstract This dissertation explores partnership-based urban residential development processes which aim towards achieving greater sustainability. Urban development is a complex phenomenon and involves a multitude of participants. Also, sustainability is a complex concept. The problem field, combining the two, is a real-life challenge which the research approaches with a pragmatic view. The primary investigation method of the study has been a mult...
Proceedings of the 19th Annual European Real Estate Society Conference - Edinburgh, Scotland, 2012
The aim of this paper is to present a concept of "Purchasing clinics", which have been used in co... more The aim of this paper is to present a concept of "Purchasing clinics", which have been used in complex property and urban development related procurement processes in Finland, and evaluate the benefits of aforementioned concept. Purchasing clinics are a systematized form of market dialogue under Finnish Act of public procurement, which again derives from EU Procurement directive. Design/methodology/approach: The data used has been acquired from a database maintained by RAKLI (The Finnish Association of Building Owners and Construction Clients) and consisting of sixteen cases, and by the authors' participation in various clinics. Findings: As a major finding, the paper presents a successful way of improving property and urban development related procurement processes, especially when using competitive dialogue, and ways of implementing a Purchasing clinic as by-product. Research limitations/implications: The study has been conducted in Finland only, which poses some limitations when applying the findings elsewhere. However, in EU countries the public procurement processes follow the aforementioned directive and should be rather similar.
... International Journal of Strategic Property Management , 14 (3), 200-216. Kuronen, M., Majama... more ... International Journal of Strategic Property Management , 14 (3), 200-216. Kuronen, M., Majamaa, W., Heywood, C., & Raisbeck, P. (2012). ... Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing. Pedersen, AR, Sehested, K., & Sørensen, E. (2011). ...
Europe faces a huge challenge in renovating the energy hungry concrete suburbs constructed during... more Europe faces a huge challenge in renovating the energy hungry concrete suburbs constructed during the periods of urbanization. Especially, in the Nordic countries these concrete suburbs represent large housing stock, which is now facing extensive renovations. Deficiencies of the traditional sequential construction and planning to cope with this major challenge are becoming more and more evident, and new approaches for improving the dialogue between all actors for low-energy urban redevelopment are becoming crucial. Similarly, the studies in the field of real estate and construction economics have mainly concerned the feasibility of low-energy design options from the construction cost and process perspective. However, hardly any studies have approached the issue from the opportunity, i.e. value creation perspective in a suburban context. The purpose of this research is to rethink the "suburban challenge" and to innovate a value creation strategy for the concrete suburbs. The study presents an Urban Redevelopment Concept (URC), which tries to maximize the value of redevelopment to the users and owners of the buildings. URC recognizes the multi stakeholder environment of urban innovations and presents a new urban redevelopment framework based on urban-design-management thinking. The new concepts test the role and requirements of an external urban manager, as well as a new financing approach based on the logics of investment markets instead of solely traditional loan markets. The URC concept was tested in one major neighbourhood redevelopment project. The first results of the framework show a significant change in the direction of the suggested urban planning and design solutions. Instead of adding costs to the owners and tenants, the framework has produced a solution where urban planning supports urban design innovations and value creation for both the internal (tenants and owners) and the external (investors, authorities, customers) stakeholders.
Life cycle assessment (LCA) method has been in focus for the present decade in search for reliabl... more Life cycle assessment (LCA) method has been in focus for the present decade in search for reliable and easy-to-use tools that could provide the information to support the decision making. Input-output life cycle assessment method (IO-LCA) seems to offer a way to create useful platform for strategic decision making. The method is fast and rather easy to use, and it relies mostly on existing data from existing administrative systems.
Urban development process can be considered as a system with its stakeholders falling under categ... more Urban development process can be considered as a system with its stakeholders falling under categories of Public, Private and People. This approach is called Public-Private-People Partnership (4P) and it has been successfully used in housing development. Between the stakeholders there are several kinds of relationships already recognised, but the field is by no means studied thoroughly. This paper discusses “customerships”, that is, customer relations from customer’s viewpoint, in the field of urban housing development. The issue is approached theoretically from systems theory and from the concept of customership in context of built environment. Moreover, a case study based on key stakeholder interviews of an urban housing redevelopment process aiming to low-energy retrofitting of a suburban housing area is presented. The paper does not delimit its view to the traditional end customer’s (home buyer or owner of refurbished home) role only, but evaluates all the relationships as eithe...
This paper compares public-led urban development processes in Victoria, Australia and in Sweden a... more This paper compares public-led urban development processes in Victoria, Australia and in Sweden and Finland, both located in Scandinavia. Despite the long distance between Victoria and Scandinavia, the areas have a lot in common in urban development processes and legislation; and share also characters of New Public Management (NPM). Both Victoria and Scandinavian countries seek actively ecological sustainability in urban development, but lean mostly on private companies to deliver the development.
Urban development process can be considered as a system with its stakeholders falling under categ... more Urban development process can be considered as a system with its stakeholders falling under categories of Public, Private and People. This approach is called Public-Private-People Partnership (4P) and it has been successfully used in housing development. Between the stakeholders there are several kinds of relationships already recognised, but the field is by no means studied thoroughly. This paper discusses "customerships", that is, customer relations from customer's viewpoint, in the field of urban housing development. The issue is approached theoretically from systems theory and from the concept of customership in context of built environment. Moreover, a case study based on key stakeholder interviews of an urban housing redevelopment process aiming to low-energy retrofitting of a suburban housing area is presented.
This dissertation explores partnership-based urban residential development processes which aim to... more This dissertation explores partnership-based urban residential development processes which aim towards achieving greater sustainability. Urban development is a complex phenomenon and involves a multitude of participants. Also, sustainability is a complex concept. The problem field, combining the two, is a real-life challenge which the research approaches with a pragmatic view. The primary investigation method of the study has been a multiple case study using both an action research case study approach and observatory case study approach. The study suggests that Public-Private-People Partnership, a framework developed during the research, is a social innovation that improves the viability of technical and economical solutions in urban development, and it is these solutions that contribute to greater sustainability, especially lowcarbon solutions that are considered a most urgent sustainability issue within the built environment. During the research, examples of these solutions were a viable developmentwide geothermal energy solution and economical scenarios which enabled low-carbon refurbishments by redevelopment. The evidence has been gathered from two complementary residential development cases in the Helsinki region, Finland. The data includes both qualitative and quantitative data. As the carbon challenge and the operating environment in urban development are rather similar in western market economies, the findings can be generalized elsewhere. Theoretically, the study places the urban development process between urban planning and property development theories and introduces urban development as an open social system according to systems theory. This allows research to examine not only the parties present in urban development but also the relationships between them and the sustainability aims. The research suggests that a concept of customership emerged in the research that can be useful in explaining the relationships between Public, Private, and People parties. Besides the findings, the study presents an emerging theory for considering urban development. The theory holds that Public, Private, and People parties enter urban development processes under different rationalities in order to reach their own various targets.
This paper aims to increase understanding of partnership-based urban residential development as a... more This paper aims to increase understanding of partnership-based urban residential development as a system by taking the first steps towards a hypothesis pointing to that direction. Design and methodology The data used was collected from two in-depth residential development case studies in Helsinki region, Finland. The general analytic strategy of this study was continuous coding of the data throughout the research phase and also afterwards. As a framework in urban residential development this study used Public-Private-People Partnership (4P), which connects all the relevant parties of urban residential development process. Findings It is suggested that a system is a relevant construct with which partnership-based urban residential development processes can be examined. Research limitations As the results are based on just two cases under Finnish development legislation and their framework, only analytical generalisations can be made. Practical implications Seeing urban residential development process as a system can help to communicate urban development process with other kinds of complexity, such as complexity found in sustainability, and to enhance discussion on systems thinking and complex systems in urban residential development. Originality/value So far urban planning and commercial development have been suggested to be systems. This paper contributes to non-linear approach to urban residential development process, which is in contrast with more traditional event-sequence models of development.
Strengthening the university’s impact is reflected in LUT’s strategy and action plans that guide ... more Strengthening the university’s impact is reflected in LUT’s strategy and action plans that guide the strategy implementation. The strategy slogan ‘science with a purpose’ expresses that the strategy aims for strong effectiveness. Strategic success is monitored through impact indicators, e.g. business and industry cooperation, the employment of graduates and the carbon negativity of the university. The university’s internal funding model supports the implementation of strategic goals in the schools, and the performance agreement between the university and the Ministry of Education and Culture (MoEC) contains the same objectives.
Yhdyskuntarakentaminen on muuttunut sotien jälkeisestä asuttamisesta 1960- ja 1970- lukujen tehok... more Yhdyskuntarakentaminen on muuttunut sotien jälkeisestä asuttamisesta 1960- ja 1970- lukujen tehokkaan aluerakentamisen kautta nykyiseen muotoonsa. Ekologisesti kestävää se ei kuitenkaan vielä ole ja ympäristönäkökohtiakin otetaan huomioon vain yksittäisissä ratkaisuissa. Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena oli tutkia, miten seuraavan sukupolven ympäristöajattelua, kehdosta kehtoon -mallia, voitaisiin soveltaa yhdyskuntarakentamisessa sekä yleisellä tasolla että Histan alueella Espoossa. Kehdosta kehtoon -suunnittelun lähtökohdat ovat ekologia, talous ja oikeudenmukaisuus. Siinä pyritään sekä teollisen että biologisen metabolian täydellisen kierron kautta ekologiseen kestävyyteen ja käyttämään uusiutuvia energiamuotoja. YIT Rakennus Oy voi käyttää tuloksia yhdyskuntarakentamisensa konseptissa. Asukkaiden osallistaminen on tässä konseptissa erityisen tärkeää. Työssä luotiin teollisekologinen malli yhdyskuntarakentamisen toimijoista sekä virroista ja sovellettiin kehdosta kehtoon -mallia sii...
Built environment carbon reduction strategies materialize predominantly in city-level greenhouse ... more Built environment carbon reduction strategies materialize predominantly in city-level greenhouse gas (GHG) management, where new residential development appears as one of the key instruments. However, city-level assessments are often incapable of producing data at a community or neighborhood level and thus they may heavily underestimate the emissions from new construction. This paper explores the implications of low-energy residential construction as an instrument of climate change mitigation in the built environment and demonstrates why city-level approaches easily fail to identify the significance of the emissions from construction. We employ a hybrid life cycle assessment (LCA) approach to demonstrate that, when the temporal allocation of emissions from the construction and use phases is taken into account, construction phase emissions come to have a central role in finding effective GHG mitigation strategies-even when the emissions from all consumption activities during the use phase are included in the assessment. In fact, their role would seem to be so central that new residential construction cannot be utilized as an instrument of city carbon management, even over a relatively long period. While we analyze a case study from Finland, the analysis intends to highlight the situation throughout the globe.
Urban development process can be considered as a system with its stakeholders falling under categ... more Urban development process can be considered as a system with its stakeholders falling under categories of Public, Private and People. This approach is called Public-Private-People Partnership (4P) and it has been successfully used in housing development. Between the stakeholders there are several kinds of relationships already recognised, but the field is by no means studied thoroughly. This paper discusses “customerships”, that is, customer relations from customer’s viewpoint, in the field of urban housing development. The issue is approached theoretically from systems theory and from the concept of customership in context of built environment. Moreover, a case study based on key stakeholder interviews of an urban housing redevelopment process aiming to low-energy retrofitting of a suburban housing area is presented. The paper does not delimit its view to the traditional end customer’s (home buyer or owner of refurbished home) role only, but evaluates all the relationships as eithe...
This paper aims to increase understanding of partnership-based urban residential development as a... more This paper aims to increase understanding of partnership-based urban residential development as a system by taking the first steps towards a hypothesis pointing to that direction. Design and methodology The data used was collected from two in-depth residential development case studies in Helsinki region, Finland. The general analytic strategy of this study was continuous coding of the data throughout the research phase and also afterwards. As a framework in urban residential development this study used Public-Private-People Partnership (4P), which connects all the relevant parties of urban residential development process. Findings It is suggested that a system is a relevant construct with which partnership-based urban residential development processes can be examined. Research limitations As the results are based on just two cases under Finnish development legislation and their framework, only analytical generalisations can be made. Practical implications Seeing urban residential de...
Aalto University, P.O. Box 11000, FI-00076 Aalto www.aalto.fi Author Matti Kuronen Name of the do... more Aalto University, P.O. Box 11000, FI-00076 Aalto www.aalto.fi Author Matti Kuronen Name of the doctoral dissertation The role of partnerships in sustainable urban residential development Publisher School of Engineering Unit Department of Surveying Series Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS 63/2011 Field of research Real Estate Economics Manuscript submitted 18 February 2011 Manuscript revised 27 June 2011 Date of the defence 9 September 2011 Language English Monograph Article dissertation (summary + original articles) Abstract This dissertation explores partnership-based urban residential development processes which aim towards achieving greater sustainability. Urban development is a complex phenomenon and involves a multitude of participants. Also, sustainability is a complex concept. The problem field, combining the two, is a real-life challenge which the research approaches with a pragmatic view. The primary investigation method of the study has been a mult...
Proceedings of the 19th Annual European Real Estate Society Conference - Edinburgh, Scotland, 2012
The aim of this paper is to present a concept of "Purchasing clinics", which have been used in co... more The aim of this paper is to present a concept of "Purchasing clinics", which have been used in complex property and urban development related procurement processes in Finland, and evaluate the benefits of aforementioned concept. Purchasing clinics are a systematized form of market dialogue under Finnish Act of public procurement, which again derives from EU Procurement directive. Design/methodology/approach: The data used has been acquired from a database maintained by RAKLI (The Finnish Association of Building Owners and Construction Clients) and consisting of sixteen cases, and by the authors' participation in various clinics. Findings: As a major finding, the paper presents a successful way of improving property and urban development related procurement processes, especially when using competitive dialogue, and ways of implementing a Purchasing clinic as by-product. Research limitations/implications: The study has been conducted in Finland only, which poses some limitations when applying the findings elsewhere. However, in EU countries the public procurement processes follow the aforementioned directive and should be rather similar.
... International Journal of Strategic Property Management , 14 (3), 200-216. Kuronen, M., Majama... more ... International Journal of Strategic Property Management , 14 (3), 200-216. Kuronen, M., Majamaa, W., Heywood, C., & Raisbeck, P. (2012). ... Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing. Pedersen, AR, Sehested, K., & Sørensen, E. (2011). ...
Europe faces a huge challenge in renovating the energy hungry concrete suburbs constructed during... more Europe faces a huge challenge in renovating the energy hungry concrete suburbs constructed during the periods of urbanization. Especially, in the Nordic countries these concrete suburbs represent large housing stock, which is now facing extensive renovations. Deficiencies of the traditional sequential construction and planning to cope with this major challenge are becoming more and more evident, and new approaches for improving the dialogue between all actors for low-energy urban redevelopment are becoming crucial. Similarly, the studies in the field of real estate and construction economics have mainly concerned the feasibility of low-energy design options from the construction cost and process perspective. However, hardly any studies have approached the issue from the opportunity, i.e. value creation perspective in a suburban context. The purpose of this research is to rethink the "suburban challenge" and to innovate a value creation strategy for the concrete suburbs. The study presents an Urban Redevelopment Concept (URC), which tries to maximize the value of redevelopment to the users and owners of the buildings. URC recognizes the multi stakeholder environment of urban innovations and presents a new urban redevelopment framework based on urban-design-management thinking. The new concepts test the role and requirements of an external urban manager, as well as a new financing approach based on the logics of investment markets instead of solely traditional loan markets. The URC concept was tested in one major neighbourhood redevelopment project. The first results of the framework show a significant change in the direction of the suggested urban planning and design solutions. Instead of adding costs to the owners and tenants, the framework has produced a solution where urban planning supports urban design innovations and value creation for both the internal (tenants and owners) and the external (investors, authorities, customers) stakeholders.
Life cycle assessment (LCA) method has been in focus for the present decade in search for reliabl... more Life cycle assessment (LCA) method has been in focus for the present decade in search for reliable and easy-to-use tools that could provide the information to support the decision making. Input-output life cycle assessment method (IO-LCA) seems to offer a way to create useful platform for strategic decision making. The method is fast and rather easy to use, and it relies mostly on existing data from existing administrative systems.
Urban development process can be considered as a system with its stakeholders falling under categ... more Urban development process can be considered as a system with its stakeholders falling under categories of Public, Private and People. This approach is called Public-Private-People Partnership (4P) and it has been successfully used in housing development. Between the stakeholders there are several kinds of relationships already recognised, but the field is by no means studied thoroughly. This paper discusses “customerships”, that is, customer relations from customer’s viewpoint, in the field of urban housing development. The issue is approached theoretically from systems theory and from the concept of customership in context of built environment. Moreover, a case study based on key stakeholder interviews of an urban housing redevelopment process aiming to low-energy retrofitting of a suburban housing area is presented. The paper does not delimit its view to the traditional end customer’s (home buyer or owner of refurbished home) role only, but evaluates all the relationships as eithe...
This paper compares public-led urban development processes in Victoria, Australia and in Sweden a... more This paper compares public-led urban development processes in Victoria, Australia and in Sweden and Finland, both located in Scandinavia. Despite the long distance between Victoria and Scandinavia, the areas have a lot in common in urban development processes and legislation; and share also characters of New Public Management (NPM). Both Victoria and Scandinavian countries seek actively ecological sustainability in urban development, but lean mostly on private companies to deliver the development.
Urban development process can be considered as a system with its stakeholders falling under categ... more Urban development process can be considered as a system with its stakeholders falling under categories of Public, Private and People. This approach is called Public-Private-People Partnership (4P) and it has been successfully used in housing development. Between the stakeholders there are several kinds of relationships already recognised, but the field is by no means studied thoroughly. This paper discusses "customerships", that is, customer relations from customer's viewpoint, in the field of urban housing development. The issue is approached theoretically from systems theory and from the concept of customership in context of built environment. Moreover, a case study based on key stakeholder interviews of an urban housing redevelopment process aiming to low-energy retrofitting of a suburban housing area is presented.
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