Purpose Proposed sustainable diets often deviate dramatically from currently consumed diets, excl... more Purpose Proposed sustainable diets often deviate dramatically from currently consumed diets, excluding or drastically reducing entire food groups. Moreover, their environmental sustainability tends to be measured only in terms of greenhouse gases emissions. The aim of this study was to overcome these limitations and identify a cluster of already adopted, relatively healthy diets with substantially lower environmental impacts than the average diet. We also aimed to estimate the reduction in multiple environmental impacts that could be achieved by shifting to this diet cluster and highlight possible tradeoffs among environmental impacts. Methods The diet clusters were identified by applying energy-adjusted multiple factor analysis and hierarchical clustering to the dietary data of the National FinHealth 2017 Study (n = 5125) harmonized with life cycle assessment data on food products from Agribalyse 3.0 and Agri-Footprint using nutrient intakes and global warming potential, land use, and eutrophication of marine and freshwater systems as the active variables. We identified five diet clusters, none of which had the highest overall diet quality and lowest impact for all four environmental indicators. One cluster, including twenty percent of the individuals in the sample was identified as a "best compromise" diet with the highest diet quality and the second lowest environmental impacts of all clusters, except for freshwater eutrophication. The cluster did not exclude any food groups, but included more fruits, vegetables, and fish and less of all other animal-source foods than average. Shifting to this cluster diet could raise diet quality while achieving significant reductions in most but not all environmental impacts. Conclusion There are tradeoffs among the environmental impacts of diets. Thus, future dietary analyses should consider multiple sustainability indicators simultaneously. Cluster analysis is a useful tool to help design tailored, socio-culturally acceptable dietary transition paths towards high diet quality and lower environmental impact.
We examine the evolution of European net sinks towards 2030 and the European Union’s (EU) climate... more We examine the evolution of European net sinks towards 2030 and the European Union’s (EU) climate neutrality target by 2050. The EU’s current land use policy for 2021–2030 is divided into two periods: 2021–2025 and 2026–2030. The national inventory data from several databases and statistical analyses are used to examine the trends and drivers and to forecast future forest sinks and the net sinks of the land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector. Our forecasts suggest that national forest sinks will be short of the agreed forest reference levels in most member states in 2021–2025, with a total of 128 MtCO2eq. For 2026–2030, the net sink for the whole EU LULUCF sector will be short of the EU target by 298 MtCO2eq. Thus, most member states must design more efficient LULUCF policies to fulfil their national targets. Furthermore, the decreasing trends in the LULUCF sinks also emphasize the need to reduce emissions and to increase the sinks in most member states so that the EU...
Selvityksessä on tarkasteltu laajasti Suomen tukijärjestelmiä ympäristönäkökulmasta. Tuki määrite... more Selvityksessä on tarkasteltu laajasti Suomen tukijärjestelmiä ympäristönäkökulmasta. Tuki määritellään toimeksi, joka vähentää kuluttajien tai tuottajien kustannuksia. Ympäristön kannalta haitalliseksi tuki luokitellaan OECD:n (2005) määritelmän mukaan mikäli ”kaikkien muiden tekijöiden pysyessä ennallaan, tuki kohottaa tuotannon tasoa tai luonnonvarojen käyttöä ja siten kohottaa jätteen, saasteen ja luonnon hyväksikäytön tasoa”. Tämän kaltaisia tukia on Suomessa lähinnä energia-, liikenne ja maataloussektorilla. Tarkasteltujen potentiaalisesti ympäristön kannalta haitallisten tukien yhteenlaskettu summa on välillä 3-4 mrd. euroa. Suurin osa näistä on verotukia. Vuonna 2011 energiateollisuuden, teollisuuden ja rakentamisen sekä teollisuusprosessien yhteenlaskettujen kasvihuonekaasupäästöjen osuus Suomen kasvihuonekaasupäästöistä oli noin 59 %. Tarkastellut energiasektorin ympäristörasitusta lisäävät tuet ovat verotukia. Näistä suurimmat ovat teollisuuden ja kasvihuoneiden alempi säh...
Purpose Proposed sustainable diets often deviate dramatically from currently consumed diets, excl... more Purpose Proposed sustainable diets often deviate dramatically from currently consumed diets, excluding or drastically reducing entire food groups. Moreover, their environmental sustainability tends to be measured only in terms of greenhouse gases emissions. The aim of this study was to overcome these limitations and identify a cluster of already adopted, relatively healthy diets with substantially lower environmental impacts than the average diet. We also aimed to estimate the reduction in multiple environmental impacts that could be achieved by shifting to this diet cluster and highlight possible tradeoffs among environmental impacts. Methods The diet clusters were identified by applying energy-adjusted multiple factor analysis and hierarchical clustering to the dietary data of the National FinHealth 2017 Study (n = 5125) harmonized with life cycle assessment data on food products from Agribalyse 3.0 and Agri-Footprint using nutrient intakes and global warming potential, land use, and eutrophication of marine and freshwater systems as the active variables. We identified five diet clusters, none of which had the highest overall diet quality and lowest impact for all four environmental indicators. One cluster, including twenty percent of the individuals in the sample was identified as a "best compromise" diet with the highest diet quality and the second lowest environmental impacts of all clusters, except for freshwater eutrophication. The cluster did not exclude any food groups, but included more fruits, vegetables, and fish and less of all other animal-source foods than average. Shifting to this cluster diet could raise diet quality while achieving significant reductions in most but not all environmental impacts. Conclusion There are tradeoffs among the environmental impacts of diets. Thus, future dietary analyses should consider multiple sustainability indicators simultaneously. Cluster analysis is a useful tool to help design tailored, socio-culturally acceptable dietary transition paths towards high diet quality and lower environmental impact.
We examine the evolution of European net sinks towards 2030 and the European Union’s (EU) climate... more We examine the evolution of European net sinks towards 2030 and the European Union’s (EU) climate neutrality target by 2050. The EU’s current land use policy for 2021–2030 is divided into two periods: 2021–2025 and 2026–2030. The national inventory data from several databases and statistical analyses are used to examine the trends and drivers and to forecast future forest sinks and the net sinks of the land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector. Our forecasts suggest that national forest sinks will be short of the agreed forest reference levels in most member states in 2021–2025, with a total of 128 MtCO2eq. For 2026–2030, the net sink for the whole EU LULUCF sector will be short of the EU target by 298 MtCO2eq. Thus, most member states must design more efficient LULUCF policies to fulfil their national targets. Furthermore, the decreasing trends in the LULUCF sinks also emphasize the need to reduce emissions and to increase the sinks in most member states so that the EU...
Selvityksessä on tarkasteltu laajasti Suomen tukijärjestelmiä ympäristönäkökulmasta. Tuki määrite... more Selvityksessä on tarkasteltu laajasti Suomen tukijärjestelmiä ympäristönäkökulmasta. Tuki määritellään toimeksi, joka vähentää kuluttajien tai tuottajien kustannuksia. Ympäristön kannalta haitalliseksi tuki luokitellaan OECD:n (2005) määritelmän mukaan mikäli ”kaikkien muiden tekijöiden pysyessä ennallaan, tuki kohottaa tuotannon tasoa tai luonnonvarojen käyttöä ja siten kohottaa jätteen, saasteen ja luonnon hyväksikäytön tasoa”. Tämän kaltaisia tukia on Suomessa lähinnä energia-, liikenne ja maataloussektorilla. Tarkasteltujen potentiaalisesti ympäristön kannalta haitallisten tukien yhteenlaskettu summa on välillä 3-4 mrd. euroa. Suurin osa näistä on verotukia. Vuonna 2011 energiateollisuuden, teollisuuden ja rakentamisen sekä teollisuusprosessien yhteenlaskettujen kasvihuonekaasupäästöjen osuus Suomen kasvihuonekaasupäästöistä oli noin 59 %. Tarkastellut energiasektorin ympäristörasitusta lisäävät tuet ovat verotukia. Näistä suurimmat ovat teollisuuden ja kasvihuoneiden alempi säh...
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