Caffeinium‐based surface‐active ionic liquids (SAILs), (1‐(2‐alkanoyl oxy) ethylcaffeinium bromid... more Caffeinium‐based surface‐active ionic liquids (SAILs), (1‐(2‐alkanoyl oxy) ethylcaffeinium bromide), [CnEcaf]Br with variable chain length (n=12, 14, 16) were synthesized and their molecular structures were explored by multiple spectral techniques. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of pure SAILs and their mixtures with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SAIL‐DS) in aqueous solution was determined by employing various techniques at 298 K. The tensiometry and dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques have been employed to gain insight about the interfacial behavior and aggregate size of cat‐anionic mixtures in aqueous solution. Interestingly, the interaction parameters ( ) showed strong synergism between these two oppositely charged molecules. Further, it was found that SAIL‐DS cat‐anionic mixtures exhibit excellent adsorption efficacy and are more effective in lowering the surface tension of water as compared to pure SAILs. The DLS results showed the formation of mixed‐size aggregates in...
The purpose of developing intelligence test is to enhance teachers' capacity to deal with the... more The purpose of developing intelligence test is to enhance teachers' capacity to deal with the growing needs of slow learner and gifted children. What distinguishes intelligence test from the teacher made test is its highly valid and reliable. The items were constructed on the base of Thurstone Model. Students' score on intelligence will provide teacher about the learning preferences of the student, which can be utilized for better lesson planning. The sample included 9645 students from 335 schools including boys and girls from four divisions of Punjab, Pakistan. Finally, 60 items were selected through item analysis, reliability and validity standards. Each of the tests contains 12 items. Strong correlation between each test and total test confirmed the overall coherence of the test. The reliability of the test was established by using the Kudar and Richardson's formula KR#20 and KR#21.
Objective: This study is aimed at examining the rela-tionship of emotional intelligence (EI) and ... more Objective: This study is aimed at examining the rela-tionship of emotional intelligence (EI) and intelligence quotient (IQ) with academic performance (AP) among postgraduate students. Study Design: Survey type with convenient sampl-ing.
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2021
In the present work, highly porous, pH-responsive, and biocompatible chitosan-based hydrogel bead... more In the present work, highly porous, pH-responsive, and biocompatible chitosan-based hydrogel beads were prepared through gamma-irradiated graft copolymerization technique using L-glutamic acid as the monomer. The glutamic acid grafted chitosan (CH-g-GA) hydrogel beads, loaded with the anti-cancer drug (Doxorubicin, Dox), were exploited for their potential application as anti-cancer drug delivery system. The grafting conditions were optimized by varying irradiation dose (kGy) and monomer concentration. Further, the hydrogel beads were analysed using FTIR, XRD, SEM, TGA/DSC, Zeta potential studies, BET analysis and their strength was determined using rheological analysis. The swelling characteristics of the beads were studied at various simulated body pH (2.1, 5.8, and 7.4) to study their pH-responsive behaviour. The in-vitro drug release from the beads was thus evaluated at pH 5.8, 7.4 using UV-visible spectroscopy. The highest swelling ratio (426%) and drug release (81.33% in 144 h) was observed at the pH of 5.8. The MTT assay was performed on HEK-293 cell-line to check their cytocompatibilty and the cell proliferation of Dox-loaded beads was studied on MCF-7 cell-line. A significant cytotoxicity against the cancer-cells was observed which further established their promising use in the controlled delivery of anti-cancer agents for local therapy of the cancers.
The main aim of present study is to test the associations between Financial stress, Student’s pos... more The main aim of present study is to test the associations between Financial stress, Student’s positivity and their academic achievement and family conflicts. Moreover, it also aimed to test the role of family conflicts as a mediator between financial stress and student’s positivity and their academic achievement. Our sample comprised of 259 students using purposive convenient sampling technique. For data collection we used Financial Stress Scale, Positivity Scale, Brief Family Relationship Scale and Academic Achievement was measured by their Grades in School, College and University. Findings indicate that there is significant and negative relationship between financial stress and student’s positivity and their academic achievement. Whereas results also show that there is significant relationship between financial stress and family conflict but there is negative relationship between family conflict and student’s positivity. Furthermore, family conflicts act as a partial mediator betw...
Disability has a substantial impact on a person's Quality of Life (QoL). Rehabilitation, a pr... more Disability has a substantial impact on a person's Quality of Life (QoL). Rehabilitation, a process where measures are taken to improve the QoL of people with disabilities, uses a variety of techniques. Community-based rehabilitation (CBR) is one such technique. It was developed in response to the region's serious QoL as well as its poor accessibility to and availability of rehabilitation services. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to address the concerns facing impaired children and to create a reliable intervention (CBR) for handling those problems. A quantitative research method was applied in this study. Data was collected from 256 participants who were with mild disability i.e., Hearing Impaired, Visually Impaired, Mentally Retarded and Physically Handicapped along with their immediate families, concerned trained volunteers from five different schools. In-depth research was conducted on them by using instrument i.e., World Health Organization Quality of Life (WH...
The present study investigated attitudes of children, parents,and teachers towards bullying, 100 ... more The present study investigated attitudes of children, parents,and teachers towards bullying, 100 children (50 male; 50 female), 100 parents (59 fathers; 41 mothers )and 100 teachers (43 male; 57 female ) responded on questionnaire i.e., Parental Attitudes to Bullying Scale and the Children’s Attitudes to Bullying Scale. Findings depicted that children were largely sympathetic towards victims; most of the parents were found to be largely sympathetic towards victims, supportive of intervention, but less understanding towards bullies; whereas teachers showed best understanding of all three dimensions. There was little association between parental and children’s attitudes, although there was significant association between teachers’ and parents attitudes on victim and bullies subscales. Gender-wise significant differences were also found on some subscales. Mothers were more sympathetic than fathers towards victims, but there were no gender differences among sample of children and teachers.
Journal of Professional & Applied Psychology, 2021
Historically, creativity has been linked to mad geniuses. Different research studies explored the... more Historically, creativity has been linked to mad geniuses. Different research studies explored the relationship between personality traits and creativity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine that whether there is a relationship between psychoticism and creativity. A cross sectional quantitative research design was employed to recruit online 200 university students from June 2020 to July 2020. Psychoticism sub scale of Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-revised short version (EPQRS) and Kaufman Domains of Creativity Scale (K-DOCS) were introduced to participants after obtaining an informed consent via Google Docx. Data were analyzed by using SPSS v.23. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and independent sample t-test were the main statistical tools used in this study. There was found a non-significant negative correlation between psychoticism and creativity. The level of psychoticism and creativity was significantly different in married and non-married participants....
Abstract???Juvenile delinquency is, now a day, becoming a global problem in developing countries ... more Abstract???Juvenile delinquency is, now a day, becoming a global problem in developing countries which slows down economic growth of any country. Criminal's behavior is influenced by various personal traits. The current research focused to investigate the ...
This study explores the link between academic resilience, academic self-concept and academic achi... more This study explores the link between academic resilience, academic self-concept and academic achievement among school students. This study utilizes cross-sectional survey research design, by employing a sample of 340 students conveniently approached from different schools of Multan, Pakistan. Data is collected through Academic Resilience Scale-Urdu version (Fatima, 2021), Academic Self-Concept Questionnaire-Urdu version (Fatima, 2021) and grade/percentage obtained in a test for academic achievement. The result of the correlation coefficient shows academic resilience, academic achievement and academic self-concept are positively as well as significantly correlated. The findings of the linear regression depict that academic achievement is significantly predicted by academic resilience and academic self-concept. The outcome of the independent t-test reveals insignificant gender differences in academic resilience and academic achievement while significant in academic self-concept at sch...
Al-Aijaz Research Journal of Islamic Studies & Humanities, 2021
Religion plays a fundamental role in our life. Therefore, a religious approach is known as a piv... more Religion plays a fundamental role in our life. Therefore, a religious approach is known as a pivotal to be incorporated in counseling session with the clients. Researchers and religious scholars emphases that there is a crucial need to integrate the religious aspects during counseling process. This qualitative study was carried out to develop the Islamic Counseling Protocol (Counselor/Client Worksheet) for Pakistani Muslims adults in the light of Holy Quran, Al-Sunnah and the relevant literature available in the realm of Islamic Counseling. In this connection, firstly all the methods used in Islamic counseling available in literature review were identified. Secondly, the Quranic Versus were identified in relation to the treatment of mental health problems (stress, anxiety and depression). On the basis of selected versus and methods from the Holy Quran as well as from Al-Sunnah, the Islamic Counseling protocol (counselor client worksheet) was developed for Pakistani Muslim adults t...
The present study aimed at finding out work-family enrichment as predictors of work outcomes (job... more The present study aimed at finding out work-family enrichment as predictors of work outcomes (job satisfaction, affective commitment and turnover intentions). The sample comprised of 225 individuals involved in teaching profession was selected from the public and private colleges of Sargodha. Work-Family Enrichment Scale (Carlson, Kacmar, Wayne, & Grzywacz, 2006), Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (Johnson & Weiss, 1971), Affective Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (Allen & Mayer, 1990) and Turnover Intentions Scale (Vigoda-Gadot & Kapun, 2005) were used for data collection. Work-family enrichment was found as positive predictor of affective commitment and job satisfaction but negative predictor of turnover intentions. Results also showed significant differences in affective commitment and turnover intentions among employees of private and public sectors.
Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 2011
The present study was conducted to find out role of personal and job related variables in teacher... more The present study was conducted to find out role of personal and job related variables in teacher stress and job performance of school teachers. Furthermore, levels and sources of stress and their relationship with job performance among teachers were also explored. The measures used in this study were indigenously developed i.e., Teacher Stress Inventory (TSI-Urdu), Teachers Job Performance Scale and personal and job related Information sheet. Two independent samples were selected from Government and Private Schools of Islamabad (Pakistan). Sample I was comprised of 400 teachers (men and women) from Primary and secondary schools. For the evaluation of teachers’ job performance another sample of 1200 students from the classes of teachers of sample I was selected. Three students were randomly selected from each teacher’s class. The students were requested to evaluate their respective teachers’ job performance. The findings revealed that negative significant relationship exists between...
Parental stress is a factor experienced by parents of children both normal and those with a disab... more Parental stress is a factor experienced by parents of children both normal and those with a disability while parenting. Parental stress affects the psychological well-being of parents. This study compared the parental stress among parents of disabled and non-disabled children. A differential research design was applied in the study. The sample (n=200) was drawn by using convenient sampling technique and consists of (i) parents (n=100) having disabled children with sensory impairment deaf, dumb, blindness and with physical disability and (ii) parents (n=100) having normal children. The sample was collected from special education and private sector schools of Bahawalpur. Parental Stress Scale was administered for measuring the stress level of parents. The findings revealed that parental stress is significantly higher among parents of children with disability as compared to parents of normal healthy children.
Asian journal of social sciences and humanities, 2013
The research work has been done on the Representation of Science in Curriculum Related Primary Sc... more The research work has been done on the Representation of Science in Curriculum Related Primary School Textbooks. For this purpose the primary textbooks of the Punjab Govt were analyzed. Content Analysis was employed for data interpretation and to draw the inferences. It was explored that to what extent our primary syllabus provided the science concepts and the textbooks material is enough for the proper understanding. The qualitative analysis revealed that textbooks of primary level and the representation of science at that level, is that our textbooks not fulfills the actual requirement. Low quality illustrations, improper information and less quantity of the science teaching did not develop the proper understanding of any phenomenon. That mistake could develop the misconception or improper concepts regarding the science.
The IEEE 802.22 is the first worldwide standard for wireless regional area network (WRAN) based o... more The IEEE 802.22 is the first worldwide standard for wireless regional area network (WRAN) based on cognitive radio techniques. It provides access to use unused TV band without causing any harmful interference to the incumbents. This paper aims to elaborate the significance of the Spectrum Manager (SM) in WRAN Base Station (BS). It is responsible to maintain spectrum availability information of the cell. Using incumbent database, geolocation and spectrum sensing results, the SM defines the status of the channels with respect to incumbent detection. On the basis of channel status, the SM classifies the channel into different categories. A pseudocode has been proposed for the SM to perform channel decision process in two steps. Spectrum etiquette procedure is activated due to incumbent detection, neighboring WRAN cell detection/update, operating channel switching request and contention request obtained from neighboring WRAN cells. An example is given to demonstrate this procedure in a ...
Objective: This study is aimed at examining the rela-tionship of emotional intelligence (EI) an... more Objective: This study is aimed at examining the rela-tionship of emotional intelligence (EI) and intelligence quotient (IQ) with academic performance (AP) among postgraduate students. Study Design: Survey type with convenient sampl-ing. Place and Duration of Study: Shakoor Mind Care Institute Bahawalpur and the department of applied psychology Islamia University of Bahawalpur during 1 st February 2012 to 31 st May 2012. Subjects and Methods: For this purpose 50 postgra-duate students (n = 50) were selected from different departments of the Islamia University of Bahawalpur. After taking informed consent from each student, Wechsler Adults Intelligence Scale - III (WAIS - III) and Self Report Measure of Emotional Intelligence (SRMEI) was administered and the score for each stu-dent calculated. As a measure of the academic perfor-mance (AP), the cumulative grade point average (CG-PA) of each participant was obtained and confirmed from their respective departments. The data collec...
Caffeinium‐based surface‐active ionic liquids (SAILs), (1‐(2‐alkanoyl oxy) ethylcaffeinium bromid... more Caffeinium‐based surface‐active ionic liquids (SAILs), (1‐(2‐alkanoyl oxy) ethylcaffeinium bromide), [CnEcaf]Br with variable chain length (n=12, 14, 16) were synthesized and their molecular structures were explored by multiple spectral techniques. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of pure SAILs and their mixtures with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SAIL‐DS) in aqueous solution was determined by employing various techniques at 298 K. The tensiometry and dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques have been employed to gain insight about the interfacial behavior and aggregate size of cat‐anionic mixtures in aqueous solution. Interestingly, the interaction parameters ( ) showed strong synergism between these two oppositely charged molecules. Further, it was found that SAIL‐DS cat‐anionic mixtures exhibit excellent adsorption efficacy and are more effective in lowering the surface tension of water as compared to pure SAILs. The DLS results showed the formation of mixed‐size aggregates in...
The purpose of developing intelligence test is to enhance teachers' capacity to deal with the... more The purpose of developing intelligence test is to enhance teachers' capacity to deal with the growing needs of slow learner and gifted children. What distinguishes intelligence test from the teacher made test is its highly valid and reliable. The items were constructed on the base of Thurstone Model. Students' score on intelligence will provide teacher about the learning preferences of the student, which can be utilized for better lesson planning. The sample included 9645 students from 335 schools including boys and girls from four divisions of Punjab, Pakistan. Finally, 60 items were selected through item analysis, reliability and validity standards. Each of the tests contains 12 items. Strong correlation between each test and total test confirmed the overall coherence of the test. The reliability of the test was established by using the Kudar and Richardson's formula KR#20 and KR#21.
Objective: This study is aimed at examining the rela-tionship of emotional intelligence (EI) and ... more Objective: This study is aimed at examining the rela-tionship of emotional intelligence (EI) and intelligence quotient (IQ) with academic performance (AP) among postgraduate students. Study Design: Survey type with convenient sampl-ing.
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2021
In the present work, highly porous, pH-responsive, and biocompatible chitosan-based hydrogel bead... more In the present work, highly porous, pH-responsive, and biocompatible chitosan-based hydrogel beads were prepared through gamma-irradiated graft copolymerization technique using L-glutamic acid as the monomer. The glutamic acid grafted chitosan (CH-g-GA) hydrogel beads, loaded with the anti-cancer drug (Doxorubicin, Dox), were exploited for their potential application as anti-cancer drug delivery system. The grafting conditions were optimized by varying irradiation dose (kGy) and monomer concentration. Further, the hydrogel beads were analysed using FTIR, XRD, SEM, TGA/DSC, Zeta potential studies, BET analysis and their strength was determined using rheological analysis. The swelling characteristics of the beads were studied at various simulated body pH (2.1, 5.8, and 7.4) to study their pH-responsive behaviour. The in-vitro drug release from the beads was thus evaluated at pH 5.8, 7.4 using UV-visible spectroscopy. The highest swelling ratio (426%) and drug release (81.33% in 144 h) was observed at the pH of 5.8. The MTT assay was performed on HEK-293 cell-line to check their cytocompatibilty and the cell proliferation of Dox-loaded beads was studied on MCF-7 cell-line. A significant cytotoxicity against the cancer-cells was observed which further established their promising use in the controlled delivery of anti-cancer agents for local therapy of the cancers.
The main aim of present study is to test the associations between Financial stress, Student’s pos... more The main aim of present study is to test the associations between Financial stress, Student’s positivity and their academic achievement and family conflicts. Moreover, it also aimed to test the role of family conflicts as a mediator between financial stress and student’s positivity and their academic achievement. Our sample comprised of 259 students using purposive convenient sampling technique. For data collection we used Financial Stress Scale, Positivity Scale, Brief Family Relationship Scale and Academic Achievement was measured by their Grades in School, College and University. Findings indicate that there is significant and negative relationship between financial stress and student’s positivity and their academic achievement. Whereas results also show that there is significant relationship between financial stress and family conflict but there is negative relationship between family conflict and student’s positivity. Furthermore, family conflicts act as a partial mediator betw...
Disability has a substantial impact on a person's Quality of Life (QoL). Rehabilitation, a pr... more Disability has a substantial impact on a person's Quality of Life (QoL). Rehabilitation, a process where measures are taken to improve the QoL of people with disabilities, uses a variety of techniques. Community-based rehabilitation (CBR) is one such technique. It was developed in response to the region's serious QoL as well as its poor accessibility to and availability of rehabilitation services. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to address the concerns facing impaired children and to create a reliable intervention (CBR) for handling those problems. A quantitative research method was applied in this study. Data was collected from 256 participants who were with mild disability i.e., Hearing Impaired, Visually Impaired, Mentally Retarded and Physically Handicapped along with their immediate families, concerned trained volunteers from five different schools. In-depth research was conducted on them by using instrument i.e., World Health Organization Quality of Life (WH...
The present study investigated attitudes of children, parents,and teachers towards bullying, 100 ... more The present study investigated attitudes of children, parents,and teachers towards bullying, 100 children (50 male; 50 female), 100 parents (59 fathers; 41 mothers )and 100 teachers (43 male; 57 female ) responded on questionnaire i.e., Parental Attitudes to Bullying Scale and the Children’s Attitudes to Bullying Scale. Findings depicted that children were largely sympathetic towards victims; most of the parents were found to be largely sympathetic towards victims, supportive of intervention, but less understanding towards bullies; whereas teachers showed best understanding of all three dimensions. There was little association between parental and children’s attitudes, although there was significant association between teachers’ and parents attitudes on victim and bullies subscales. Gender-wise significant differences were also found on some subscales. Mothers were more sympathetic than fathers towards victims, but there were no gender differences among sample of children and teachers.
Journal of Professional & Applied Psychology, 2021
Historically, creativity has been linked to mad geniuses. Different research studies explored the... more Historically, creativity has been linked to mad geniuses. Different research studies explored the relationship between personality traits and creativity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine that whether there is a relationship between psychoticism and creativity. A cross sectional quantitative research design was employed to recruit online 200 university students from June 2020 to July 2020. Psychoticism sub scale of Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-revised short version (EPQRS) and Kaufman Domains of Creativity Scale (K-DOCS) were introduced to participants after obtaining an informed consent via Google Docx. Data were analyzed by using SPSS v.23. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and independent sample t-test were the main statistical tools used in this study. There was found a non-significant negative correlation between psychoticism and creativity. The level of psychoticism and creativity was significantly different in married and non-married participants....
Abstract???Juvenile delinquency is, now a day, becoming a global problem in developing countries ... more Abstract???Juvenile delinquency is, now a day, becoming a global problem in developing countries which slows down economic growth of any country. Criminal's behavior is influenced by various personal traits. The current research focused to investigate the ...
This study explores the link between academic resilience, academic self-concept and academic achi... more This study explores the link between academic resilience, academic self-concept and academic achievement among school students. This study utilizes cross-sectional survey research design, by employing a sample of 340 students conveniently approached from different schools of Multan, Pakistan. Data is collected through Academic Resilience Scale-Urdu version (Fatima, 2021), Academic Self-Concept Questionnaire-Urdu version (Fatima, 2021) and grade/percentage obtained in a test for academic achievement. The result of the correlation coefficient shows academic resilience, academic achievement and academic self-concept are positively as well as significantly correlated. The findings of the linear regression depict that academic achievement is significantly predicted by academic resilience and academic self-concept. The outcome of the independent t-test reveals insignificant gender differences in academic resilience and academic achievement while significant in academic self-concept at sch...
Al-Aijaz Research Journal of Islamic Studies & Humanities, 2021
Religion plays a fundamental role in our life. Therefore, a religious approach is known as a piv... more Religion plays a fundamental role in our life. Therefore, a religious approach is known as a pivotal to be incorporated in counseling session with the clients. Researchers and religious scholars emphases that there is a crucial need to integrate the religious aspects during counseling process. This qualitative study was carried out to develop the Islamic Counseling Protocol (Counselor/Client Worksheet) for Pakistani Muslims adults in the light of Holy Quran, Al-Sunnah and the relevant literature available in the realm of Islamic Counseling. In this connection, firstly all the methods used in Islamic counseling available in literature review were identified. Secondly, the Quranic Versus were identified in relation to the treatment of mental health problems (stress, anxiety and depression). On the basis of selected versus and methods from the Holy Quran as well as from Al-Sunnah, the Islamic Counseling protocol (counselor client worksheet) was developed for Pakistani Muslim adults t...
The present study aimed at finding out work-family enrichment as predictors of work outcomes (job... more The present study aimed at finding out work-family enrichment as predictors of work outcomes (job satisfaction, affective commitment and turnover intentions). The sample comprised of 225 individuals involved in teaching profession was selected from the public and private colleges of Sargodha. Work-Family Enrichment Scale (Carlson, Kacmar, Wayne, & Grzywacz, 2006), Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (Johnson & Weiss, 1971), Affective Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (Allen & Mayer, 1990) and Turnover Intentions Scale (Vigoda-Gadot & Kapun, 2005) were used for data collection. Work-family enrichment was found as positive predictor of affective commitment and job satisfaction but negative predictor of turnover intentions. Results also showed significant differences in affective commitment and turnover intentions among employees of private and public sectors.
Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 2011
The present study was conducted to find out role of personal and job related variables in teacher... more The present study was conducted to find out role of personal and job related variables in teacher stress and job performance of school teachers. Furthermore, levels and sources of stress and their relationship with job performance among teachers were also explored. The measures used in this study were indigenously developed i.e., Teacher Stress Inventory (TSI-Urdu), Teachers Job Performance Scale and personal and job related Information sheet. Two independent samples were selected from Government and Private Schools of Islamabad (Pakistan). Sample I was comprised of 400 teachers (men and women) from Primary and secondary schools. For the evaluation of teachers’ job performance another sample of 1200 students from the classes of teachers of sample I was selected. Three students were randomly selected from each teacher’s class. The students were requested to evaluate their respective teachers’ job performance. The findings revealed that negative significant relationship exists between...
Parental stress is a factor experienced by parents of children both normal and those with a disab... more Parental stress is a factor experienced by parents of children both normal and those with a disability while parenting. Parental stress affects the psychological well-being of parents. This study compared the parental stress among parents of disabled and non-disabled children. A differential research design was applied in the study. The sample (n=200) was drawn by using convenient sampling technique and consists of (i) parents (n=100) having disabled children with sensory impairment deaf, dumb, blindness and with physical disability and (ii) parents (n=100) having normal children. The sample was collected from special education and private sector schools of Bahawalpur. Parental Stress Scale was administered for measuring the stress level of parents. The findings revealed that parental stress is significantly higher among parents of children with disability as compared to parents of normal healthy children.
Asian journal of social sciences and humanities, 2013
The research work has been done on the Representation of Science in Curriculum Related Primary Sc... more The research work has been done on the Representation of Science in Curriculum Related Primary School Textbooks. For this purpose the primary textbooks of the Punjab Govt were analyzed. Content Analysis was employed for data interpretation and to draw the inferences. It was explored that to what extent our primary syllabus provided the science concepts and the textbooks material is enough for the proper understanding. The qualitative analysis revealed that textbooks of primary level and the representation of science at that level, is that our textbooks not fulfills the actual requirement. Low quality illustrations, improper information and less quantity of the science teaching did not develop the proper understanding of any phenomenon. That mistake could develop the misconception or improper concepts regarding the science.
The IEEE 802.22 is the first worldwide standard for wireless regional area network (WRAN) based o... more The IEEE 802.22 is the first worldwide standard for wireless regional area network (WRAN) based on cognitive radio techniques. It provides access to use unused TV band without causing any harmful interference to the incumbents. This paper aims to elaborate the significance of the Spectrum Manager (SM) in WRAN Base Station (BS). It is responsible to maintain spectrum availability information of the cell. Using incumbent database, geolocation and spectrum sensing results, the SM defines the status of the channels with respect to incumbent detection. On the basis of channel status, the SM classifies the channel into different categories. A pseudocode has been proposed for the SM to perform channel decision process in two steps. Spectrum etiquette procedure is activated due to incumbent detection, neighboring WRAN cell detection/update, operating channel switching request and contention request obtained from neighboring WRAN cells. An example is given to demonstrate this procedure in a ...
Objective: This study is aimed at examining the rela-tionship of emotional intelligence (EI) an... more Objective: This study is aimed at examining the rela-tionship of emotional intelligence (EI) and intelligence quotient (IQ) with academic performance (AP) among postgraduate students. Study Design: Survey type with convenient sampl-ing. Place and Duration of Study: Shakoor Mind Care Institute Bahawalpur and the department of applied psychology Islamia University of Bahawalpur during 1 st February 2012 to 31 st May 2012. Subjects and Methods: For this purpose 50 postgra-duate students (n = 50) were selected from different departments of the Islamia University of Bahawalpur. After taking informed consent from each student, Wechsler Adults Intelligence Scale - III (WAIS - III) and Self Report Measure of Emotional Intelligence (SRMEI) was administered and the score for each stu-dent calculated. As a measure of the academic perfor-mance (AP), the cumulative grade point average (CG-PA) of each participant was obtained and confirmed from their respective departments. The data collec...
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