Chapter I: Theoretical and historical background of hip-hop 1.1 Hip-hop in theory and context 1.1... more Chapter I: Theoretical and historical background of hip-hop 1.1 Hip-hop in theory and context 1.1.1 Notion of subculture and subcultural identity To establish the proper meaning of subculture it is crucial to define its primary element which is culture itself. The term culture is commonly known to be both complex and specific, and there are numerous ways and aspects in which the essence and the mechanism of culture can be understood. According to American Psychological Association (APA), culture can be defined as "[t]he values, beliefs, language, rituals, traditions, and other behaviors that are passed from one generation to another within any social group" ("Culture"). Another concept of culture given by APA is connected to "[t]he characteristic attitudes and behaviors of a particular group within society, such as a profession, social class, or age group" ("Culture"). Consequently, according to these definitions we can define culture as a pattern which is connected to certain features which expand with a specific type of lifestyle or behavior of a given social group. According to Hall and Jefferson, culture by itself can be referred to as the "level at which social groups develop distinct patterns of life and give expressive form to their social and material life-experience" (10). Membership within cultural communities emerges as a crucial aspect when it comes to exploring the notion of culture. Culture is usually associated with values which build a strong sense of belonging to a particular community. As Hall and Jefferson claim: "The 'culture' of a group or class is the peculiar and distinctive 'way of life' of the group or class, the meanings, values, and ideas embodied in institutions, in social relations, in systems of beliefs, in mores and customs, in the uses of objects and material life" (10). Consequently, as a member of a society everyone is born into a specific configuration of institutions which expose us to a culture. However, as a member of a particular culture we are easily exposed to several conflicts in which the main dispute is related to the aspects of domination and dependency: Groups which exist within the same society and share some of the same material and historical conditions no doubt also understand, and to a certain extent share each others' 'culture'. But just as different groups and classes are unequally ranked in relation to one another, in terms of their productive relations, wealth and power, so cultures are differently ranked, and stand in opposition to one another, in relations of domination and subordination, along the scale of 'cultural power'. (11) By identifying the concept of culture, we can establish the meaning of subculture and how the term came into usage. The definition of subculture is usually associated with an individual and
Eating disorders are a serious medical and social problems. The most commonly recognized eating d... more Eating disorders are a serious medical and social problems. The most commonly recognized eating disorders are anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa, now classified as a behavioral disorders. Anorexia nervosa is a disease involving intentional body weight reduction, distorted body image and the dysmorphophobia, often with concomitant depression and social withdrawal. Understanding anorexia is not only limited to a food or a body weight. Underlying disorders include: emotional issues, undetermined identity, a negative self-image, etc. AN has a reported prevalence in woman of 0,5-1%, and 0.05-0.1% in men. Prevalence rate among polish girls under 18 years old is 0.8%-1.8%. 113 The etiology of this disorder is multifactorial and unclear. The predisposing factors include: genetic factors, personality disorders, specific family patterns (overprotection, avoiding conflicts) and high economic status. Diagnosis of AN is a challenge. Symptomatology is variable, including: behavior changes, psychological and somatic symptoms, specific biochemical and hormonal abnormalities. A treatment is multidisciplinary and multi-stage, comprising: (1) the life saving therapy (prevention of dehydration, electrolyte imbalance and cachexia), (2) restoration of normal body weight, (3) adjuvant pharmacotherapy, (4) psychotherapy. The efficacy of treatment is unsatisfactory. Anorexia has the highest mortality rate of all mental disorders: after 15-20 years the mortality prevalence rate is 19-20%, mainly as a result of cardiovascular complications and suicides.
Chapter I: Theoretical and historical background of hip-hop 1.1 Hip-hop in theory and context 1.1... more Chapter I: Theoretical and historical background of hip-hop 1.1 Hip-hop in theory and context 1.1.1 Notion of subculture and subcultural identity To establish the proper meaning of subculture it is crucial to define its primary element which is culture itself. The term culture is commonly known to be both complex and specific, and there are numerous ways and aspects in which the essence and the mechanism of culture can be understood. According to American Psychological Association (APA), culture can be defined as "[t]he values, beliefs, language, rituals, traditions, and other behaviors that are passed from one generation to another within any social group" ("Culture"). Another concept of culture given by APA is connected to "[t]he characteristic attitudes and behaviors of a particular group within society, such as a profession, social class, or age group" ("Culture"). Consequently, according to these definitions we can define culture as a pattern which is connected to certain features which expand with a specific type of lifestyle or behavior of a given social group. According to Hall and Jefferson, culture by itself can be referred to as the "level at which social groups develop distinct patterns of life and give expressive form to their social and material life-experience" (10). Membership within cultural communities emerges as a crucial aspect when it comes to exploring the notion of culture. Culture is usually associated with values which build a strong sense of belonging to a particular community. As Hall and Jefferson claim: "The 'culture' of a group or class is the peculiar and distinctive 'way of life' of the group or class, the meanings, values, and ideas embodied in institutions, in social relations, in systems of beliefs, in mores and customs, in the uses of objects and material life" (10). Consequently, as a member of a society everyone is born into a specific configuration of institutions which expose us to a culture. However, as a member of a particular culture we are easily exposed to several conflicts in which the main dispute is related to the aspects of domination and dependency: Groups which exist within the same society and share some of the same material and historical conditions no doubt also understand, and to a certain extent share each others' 'culture'. But just as different groups and classes are unequally ranked in relation to one another, in terms of their productive relations, wealth and power, so cultures are differently ranked, and stand in opposition to one another, in relations of domination and subordination, along the scale of 'cultural power'. (11) By identifying the concept of culture, we can establish the meaning of subculture and how the term came into usage. The definition of subculture is usually associated with an individual and
Eating disorders are a serious medical and social problems. The most commonly recognized eating d... more Eating disorders are a serious medical and social problems. The most commonly recognized eating disorders are anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa, now classified as a behavioral disorders. Anorexia nervosa is a disease involving intentional body weight reduction, distorted body image and the dysmorphophobia, often with concomitant depression and social withdrawal. Understanding anorexia is not only limited to a food or a body weight. Underlying disorders include: emotional issues, undetermined identity, a negative self-image, etc. AN has a reported prevalence in woman of 0,5-1%, and 0.05-0.1% in men. Prevalence rate among polish girls under 18 years old is 0.8%-1.8%. 113 The etiology of this disorder is multifactorial and unclear. The predisposing factors include: genetic factors, personality disorders, specific family patterns (overprotection, avoiding conflicts) and high economic status. Diagnosis of AN is a challenge. Symptomatology is variable, including: behavior changes, psychological and somatic symptoms, specific biochemical and hormonal abnormalities. A treatment is multidisciplinary and multi-stage, comprising: (1) the life saving therapy (prevention of dehydration, electrolyte imbalance and cachexia), (2) restoration of normal body weight, (3) adjuvant pharmacotherapy, (4) psychotherapy. The efficacy of treatment is unsatisfactory. Anorexia has the highest mortality rate of all mental disorders: after 15-20 years the mortality prevalence rate is 19-20%, mainly as a result of cardiovascular complications and suicides.
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