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Martin Glavin

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University of Leeds

American International University-Bangladesh

Evangelos Dermatas

University of Patras

Institute of Chartered Accountants of India(ICAI)

Anna University

UCSD

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Papers by Martin Glavin

Vehicle Detection at Night Based on Tail-Light Detection

Automated detection of vehicles in front can be used as a component of systems for forward collis... more Automated detection of vehicles in front can be used as a component of systems for forward collision avoidance and mitigation. When driving in dark conditions, vehicles in front are generally visible by their tail and brake lights. We present an algorithm that detects vehicles at night using a camera by searching for tail lights. Knowledge of colour, size, symmetry and position of rear facing vehicle lights, taken from relevant legislation, is exploited. We develop an image processing system that can reliably detect vehicles at different distances and in different weather and lighting conditions.

Validation of polynomial-based equidistance fish-eye models

The majority of computer vision applications assume that the camera adheres to the pin-hole camer... more The majority of computer vision applications assume that the camera adheres to the pin-hole camera model. However, most real optical systems will introduce some undesirable effects, rendering the assumption of the pin-hole camera model invalid. By far the most evident of these effects is radial distortion, particularly in fish-eye camera systems where the level of this distortion is relatively extreme. The aim of fish-eye distortion correction is, therefore, to transform the distorted view of fish-eye cameras to the desired rectilinear pin-hole perspective view. To perform this distortion correction, several authors have developed models of fish-eye distortion. It is the aim of this paper to examine the accuracy of several of the polynomial-based models against the equidistance mapping function, which is the most common mapping function that fish-eye lenses are designed to follow. __________________________________________________________________________________________

A Technique for Lung Nodule Candidate Detection in CT Using Global Minimization Methods

Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2015

The first stage in computer aided pulmonary nodule detection schemes is a candidate detection ste... more The first stage in computer aided pulmonary nodule detection schemes is a candidate detection step designed to provide a simplified representation of the lung anatomy, such that features like the lung wall, and large airways are removed leaving only data which has greater potential to be a nodule. Nodules which are connected to blood vessels tend to be characterized by irregular geometrical features which can result in their remaining undetected by rule-based classifiers relying only local image metrics. In the current paper a novel approach for lung nodule candidate detection is proposed based on the application of global segmentation methods combined with mean curvature minimization and simple rule-based filtering. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method can accurately detect nodules displaying a diverse range of geometrical features.

Automatic calibration of fish-eye cameras from automotive video sequences

Iet Intelligent Transport Systems, 2010

A technique for calibrating a lens in the automotive environment to compensate for radial distort... more A technique for calibrating a lens in the automotive environment to compensate for radial distortion introduced by wide-angle or fish-eye lenses, without the need for a dedicated calibration environment, is proposed. At present, car manufacturers are endeavouring to introduce systems that provide the driver with views of the car's surroundings that are not directly visible (blind zones). To achieve this, wide-angle/fish-eye lens cameras are fitted to many modern vehicles to maximise the field of view. However, fish-eye lenses introduce undesirable radial distortion to the resulting images that can be compensated for by postprocessing the images. Calibration of the camera is important for fish-eye compensation, because each camera has different intrinsic properties. However, in some situations, calibration via specific calibration setup can be undesirable. For example, in automotive mass production, where time and space on a production line have a direct impact on cost, even minutes spent on calibration is costly. In these situations, automatic calibration can reduce production time and alleviate the associated costs. It is proposed that the radial distortion introduced by fish-eye lenses can be calibrated using video normally captured by the camera on a vehicle. Here, it is proposed to heuristically extract real-world straight lines from image frames captured in an automotive environment and use these to calibrate the fish-eye camera for radial distortion. The two primary types of distortion introduced by wideangle cameras are radial distortion and tangential distortion. By far, the most obvious form of distortion is radial distortion, with tangential distortion commonly considered to be negligible [6-9]. It can be seen that although the fish-eye image shows a far larger portion of the 136

E-Scooter Rider detection and classification in dense urban environments

Results in Engineering

Accurate detection and classification of vulnerable road users is a safety critical requirement f... more Accurate detection and classification of vulnerable road users is a safety critical requirement for the deployment of autonomous vehicles in heterogeneous traffic. Although similar in physical appearance to pedestrians, e-scooter riders follow distinctly different characteristics of movement and can reach speeds of up to 45kmph. The challenge of detecting e-scooter riders is exacerbated in urban environments where the frequency of partial occlusion is increased as riders navigate between vehicles, traffic infrastructure and other road users. This can lead to the non-detection or mis-classification of e-scooter riders as pedestrians, providing inaccurate information for accident mitigation and path planning in autonomous vehicle applications. This research introduces a novel benchmark for partially occluded e-scooter rider detection to facilitate the objective characterization of detection models. A novel, occlusion-aware method of e-scooter rider detection is presented that achieves a 15.93% improvement in detection performance over the current state of the art.

Microwave Breast Imaging: experimental tumour phantoms for the evaluation of new breast cancer diagnosis systems

Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express, 2018

In this paper, a new set of tumour phantoms for the experimental evaluation of Microwave Breast I... more In this paper, a new set of tumour phantoms for the experimental evaluation of Microwave Breast Imaging (MBI) as a method to diagnose breast cancer is presented. The phantoms were based on previously developed numerical models that had been clinically validated, supporting the appropriateness of the phantoms for the development of experimental systems. The proposed tumour phantom set was developed using polyurethane rubber with graphite and carbon-black powders and is the first to incorporate a large number of different shapes and levels of spiculation to emulate different levels of tumour malignancy. A series of spherical, non-spiculated targets was fabricated to model benign tumours, and a series of targets with irregular shapes and increasing spiculation was fabricated to model malignant tumours. The tumour phantoms can be combined with a variety of breast phantoms fabricated with the same method, which are unique in their diversity of glandular tissue content. The modular design of the phantom set allows for tumour and breast phantoms to be dynamically combined, creating an experimental test platform for MBI with a total of 154 cases. Moreover, the dielectric properties of the phantoms display good agreement with the literature, and the phantoms are constructed using materials that have demonstrated stable properties over time. Results also demonstrate how the shape and level of spiculation of a tumour can influence microwave reflections, and therefore impact the performance of imaging and diagnostic systems

Heart rate variability feature selection method for automated prediction of sudden cardiac death

Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, 2021

Sudden cardiac death is often caused by a major heart dysfunction with approximately 80% of occur... more Sudden cardiac death is often caused by a major heart dysfunction with approximately 80% of occurrences attributed to ventricular arrhythmias. This paper proposes a novel ventricular arrhythmia prediction method to differentiate ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia from non-life-threatening cardiac activities, which may result in lower rates of unnecessary therapeutic intervention. Time series, frequency, bispectrum and nonlinear cardiac data can be analyzed on implantable devices such as implantable cardioverter defibrillators, to detect a life-threatening event. In order to reduce the computational overhead of the detection method, a feature selection technique is applied to reduce the number of features. Signal buffer lengths are examined, where oneminute and five-minute signal durations are processed. The features are then applied to classifiers and results from a selection of classification algorithms are compared. The proposed method achieves 88.8% sensitivity and 94.2% specificity using only six HRV features with a k-nearest neighbor classifier while processing a 5-minute window of R-R interval signals. Using a 1-minute window of R-R interval signals results in 86.9% sensitivity and 93.5% specificity, with a support vector machine classifier. The results show that the proposed method, using between four and eleven features, outperforms related work in the literature.

A method of tracking a target vehicle on the basis of a characterizing a wheel geometry of the target vehicle reference geometry, camera system and motor vehicle

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Verfolgen eines sich in einem Umgebungsbereich (16) eine... more Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Verfolgen eines sich in einem Umgebungsbereich (16) eines Kraftfahrzeugs (1) befindenden Zielfahrzeugs in Bildern (44, 45, 46) einer Bildsequenz (47) mit den Schritten: a) Aufnehmen der Bilder (44, 45, 46) der Bildsequenz (47) von dem Zielfahrzeug (18) mit einem Kamerasystem (2) des Kraftfahrzeugs (1); b) Erkennen des Zielfahrzeugs (18) in zumindest einem Bild (44) der Bildsequenz (47); c) Erkennen eines Rads (23) des Zielfahrzeugs (18) in zumindest einem Bild (44) der Bildsequenz (47) und Bestimmen eines Teilbildbereichs (31) eines gesamten Bilds (44), in welchem das Rad (23) enthalten ist; d) Uberlagern des Rades (23) in dem Teilbildbereich (31) mit einer eine Radgeometrie charakterisierenden Referenzgeometrie (37), welche als eine eckenfreie und von einem Kreis abweichende Geometrie vorgegeben wird; e) Bestimmen einer Position einer die Referenzgeometrie (37) charakterisierenden Kenngrose (43) in dem Teilbildbereich (31) aus Schritt d); f)...

Improved image processing-based crop detection using Kalman filtering and the Hungarian algorithm

Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 2018

There is increasing interest in the use of image processing techniques for crop detection in inte... more There is increasing interest in the use of image processing techniques for crop detection in intelligent weeding applications. An effective system for crop detection requires a high degree of adaptability to challenging circumstances such as different weather conditions and image capture conditions (vibration, variations in speed, etc.). To achieve the goal of a robust crop detection system, we have extended a previously-developed detection algorithm that is based on a combination of color-space and shape analysis, through the addition of object tracking. While the previous algorithm performed well in general, performance in sunny conditions was not as robust, opening up the possibility of improvement. The tracking algorithm consists of two steps. Firstly, we apply Kalman filtering to predict the new position of an object (a cauliflower plant in this case) in video sequences. Secondly, we use a data association algorithm (the Hungarian algorithm) to assign each detected crop that appears in each image to the correct crop trajectory. The recall matrix was used to evaluate the detection and tracking performance. With the help of tracking algorithm, detection failures were reduced, especially in sunny conditions, such that overall detection performance was raised from 97.28 to 99.3404%.

Microwave Breast Imaging: Clinical Advances and Remaining Challenges

IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering, Jan 26, 2018

Microwave breast imaging has seen significant academic and commercial development in recent years... more Microwave breast imaging has seen significant academic and commercial development in recent years, with four new operational microwave imaging systems used with patients since 2016. In this work, a comprehensive review of these recent clinical advances is presented, comparing patient populations and study outcomes. For the first time, the design of operational microwave imaging systems are compared in detail. Firstly, the current understanding of dielectric properties of human breast tissues is reviewed; considering evidence from operational microwave imaging systems and from dielectric properties measurement studies. Secondly, design features of operational microwave imaging systems are discussed in terms of advantages and disadvantages during clinical operation. Reported results from patient imaging trials are compared, contrasting the principal results from each trial. Additionally, clinical experience from each trial is highlighted, identifying desirable system design features f...

Confocal Microwave Imaging

Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering, 2016

Radar breast imaging (RBI) involves the illumination of the breast with a microwave pulse. If a t... more Radar breast imaging (RBI) involves the illumination of the breast with a microwave pulse. If a tumour is present, backscattered radar signals are generated due to the dielectric contrast between normal and tumour tissue at microwave frequencies. These backscattered signals are processed by an RBI beamformer to identify the presence and location of any significant scatterers within the breast.

Imaging for the Automotive Environment

Handbook of Visual Display Technology, 2016

Automatic crop detection under field conditions using the HSV colour space and morphological operations

Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 2017

Developing an automatic weeding system requires robust detection of the exact location of the cro... more Developing an automatic weeding system requires robust detection of the exact location of the crop to be protected from damage. Computer vision techniques can be an effective means of determining plant location. In this paper, a novel algorithm based on colour features and morphological erosion and dilation is proposed. This process segments cauliflower crop regions in the image from weeds and soil under natural illumination (cloudy, partially cloudy, and sunny). The proposed algorithm uses the HSV colour space for discriminating crop, weeds and soil. The region of interest (ROI) is defined by filtering each of the HSV channels between certain values (minimum and maximum threshold values). The region is then further refined by using a morphological erosion and dilation process. The moment method is applied to determine the position and mass distribution of objects in video sequences, as well as to track crops. The performance of the algorithm was assessed by comparing the obtained results with those of ground truth methods (manual annotation). A sensitivity of 98.91% and precision of 99.04% was achieved.

Hybrid testbed for simulating in-vehicle automotive networks

Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, 2016

This paper presents a novel method of automotive network simulation which is being used in an ong... more This paper presents a novel method of automotive network simulation which is being used in an ongoing research effort to design cost effective, flexible in-vehicle networks suitable for use in multi-camera, high bandwidth environments. The simulation platform uses a hybrid simulation approach, and allows the coexistence of real network traffic streams and simulated network traffic. This approach provides a number of advantages, such as allowing for the injection and extraction of real network streams from a simulated network topology. We present details of the testbed architecture and compare its performance to that of native systems. We also demonstrate that results obtained are in line with those in the literature. Finally, we describe novel experiments and applications made possible using the developed simulation platform and how it can be used in the evaluation and development of automotive video applications.

Adaptive Dictionary Reconstruction for Compressed Sensing of ECG Signals

IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, 2017

This paper proposes a novel Adaptive Dictionary (AD) reconstruction scheme to improve the perform... more This paper proposes a novel Adaptive Dictionary (AD) reconstruction scheme to improve the performance of Compressed Sensing (CS) with Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. The method is based on the use of multiple dictionaries, created using Dictionary Learning (DL) techniques for CS signal reconstruction. The modified reconstruction framework is a twostage process that leverages information about the signal from an initial signal reconstruction stage. By identifying whether a QRS complex is present and if so, determining a location estimate of the QRS, the most appropriate dictionary is selected and a second-stage more refined signal reconstruction can be obtained. The performance of the proposed algorithm is compared with state-of-the-art CS implementations in the literature, as well as the Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees (SPIHT) wavelet-based lossy compression algorithm. The results indicate that the proposed reconstruction scheme outperforms all existing CS implementations in terms of signal fidelity at each Compression Ratio (CR) tested. The performance of the proposed approach also compares favorably with SPIHT in terms of signal reconstruction quality. Furthermore, an analysis of the overall power consumption of the proposed ECG compression framework as would be used in a Body Area Network (BAN) demonstrates positive results for the proposed CS approach when compared with existing CS techniques and SPIHT.

Using image processing for determination of settled sludge volume

Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research, 2018

Determination of the sludge volume index is key to describing the settling characteristics of slu... more Determination of the sludge volume index is key to describing the settling characteristics of sludge in the aeration process of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The two core components of this calculation are the settled sludge volume (SSV) and suspended solids. While the measurement procedure for SSV is generally defined by national or international standards, in practice a wide variety of vessel sizes and shapes are used by operators to monitor WWTP performance. Furthermore, differences in how these tests are carried out can lead to poor data, inefficient WWTP operation and a lack of comparable metrics for WWTP operational monitoring. Thus, there is a requirement to improve operational performance of WWTPs to meet the increasingly stringent legislation regarding discharge limits. The aim of this study was to utilise a novel image-processing system (AutoSSV) to (i) determine its efficacy in describing SSV and (ii) measure and compare different methodologies for measurement of S...

Robustness of Time-Multiplexed Hyperthermia to Temperature Dependent Thermal Tissue Properties

IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology, 2019

DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of t... more DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers. Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. If the publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the "Taverne" license above, please follow below link for the End User Agreement:

Application of network processors for automotive multimedia control networks

IEE Irish Signals and Systems Conference 2005, 2005

This paper proposes the application of network processors (NP) as high speed packet processors fo... more This paper proposes the application of network processors (NP) as high speed packet processors for automotive multimedia and control networks. A review of automotive networking technology and protocols is provided. A high level MOST-enabled NP architecture is described. Considerations such as cost, performance, power consumption, configurability and security issues for a proposed NP in-car hub are discussed.

Noise Reduction in Cochlear Implant Signal Processing: A Review and Recent Developments

IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering

Cochlear implant technology successfully restores hearing function to patients with sensory impai... more Cochlear implant technology successfully restores hearing function to patients with sensory impairment. Although cochlear implant users generally hear well in quiet, they still find noisy conditions very challenging, hence the need to employ noise reduction algorithms in these systems to enhance the user experience. This paper reviews noise reduction algorithms in cochlear implants. Traditionally, such algorithms have been classified as either single- or multiple-channel, depending on the number of microphones they use. This review retains this general classification in looking at recent papers and extends it to reflect recent interest in machine learning techniques. The review concludes with consideration of promising future areas of research.

Equidistant Fish-Eye Calibration and

All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you... more

Vehicle Detection at Night Based on Tail-Light Detection

Automated detection of vehicles in front can be used as a component of systems for forward collis... more Automated detection of vehicles in front can be used as a component of systems for forward collision avoidance and mitigation. When driving in dark conditions, vehicles in front are generally visible by their tail and brake lights. We present an algorithm that detects vehicles at night using a camera by searching for tail lights. Knowledge of colour, size, symmetry and position of rear facing vehicle lights, taken from relevant legislation, is exploited. We develop an image processing system that can reliably detect vehicles at different distances and in different weather and lighting conditions.

Validation of polynomial-based equidistance fish-eye models

The majority of computer vision applications assume that the camera adheres to the pin-hole camer... more The majority of computer vision applications assume that the camera adheres to the pin-hole camera model. However, most real optical systems will introduce some undesirable effects, rendering the assumption of the pin-hole camera model invalid. By far the most evident of these effects is radial distortion, particularly in fish-eye camera systems where the level of this distortion is relatively extreme. The aim of fish-eye distortion correction is, therefore, to transform the distorted view of fish-eye cameras to the desired rectilinear pin-hole perspective view. To perform this distortion correction, several authors have developed models of fish-eye distortion. It is the aim of this paper to examine the accuracy of several of the polynomial-based models against the equidistance mapping function, which is the most common mapping function that fish-eye lenses are designed to follow. __________________________________________________________________________________________

A Technique for Lung Nodule Candidate Detection in CT Using Global Minimization Methods

Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2015

The first stage in computer aided pulmonary nodule detection schemes is a candidate detection ste... more The first stage in computer aided pulmonary nodule detection schemes is a candidate detection step designed to provide a simplified representation of the lung anatomy, such that features like the lung wall, and large airways are removed leaving only data which has greater potential to be a nodule. Nodules which are connected to blood vessels tend to be characterized by irregular geometrical features which can result in their remaining undetected by rule-based classifiers relying only local image metrics. In the current paper a novel approach for lung nodule candidate detection is proposed based on the application of global segmentation methods combined with mean curvature minimization and simple rule-based filtering. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method can accurately detect nodules displaying a diverse range of geometrical features.

Automatic calibration of fish-eye cameras from automotive video sequences

Iet Intelligent Transport Systems, 2010

A technique for calibrating a lens in the automotive environment to compensate for radial distort... more A technique for calibrating a lens in the automotive environment to compensate for radial distortion introduced by wide-angle or fish-eye lenses, without the need for a dedicated calibration environment, is proposed. At present, car manufacturers are endeavouring to introduce systems that provide the driver with views of the car's surroundings that are not directly visible (blind zones). To achieve this, wide-angle/fish-eye lens cameras are fitted to many modern vehicles to maximise the field of view. However, fish-eye lenses introduce undesirable radial distortion to the resulting images that can be compensated for by postprocessing the images. Calibration of the camera is important for fish-eye compensation, because each camera has different intrinsic properties. However, in some situations, calibration via specific calibration setup can be undesirable. For example, in automotive mass production, where time and space on a production line have a direct impact on cost, even minutes spent on calibration is costly. In these situations, automatic calibration can reduce production time and alleviate the associated costs. It is proposed that the radial distortion introduced by fish-eye lenses can be calibrated using video normally captured by the camera on a vehicle. Here, it is proposed to heuristically extract real-world straight lines from image frames captured in an automotive environment and use these to calibrate the fish-eye camera for radial distortion. The two primary types of distortion introduced by wideangle cameras are radial distortion and tangential distortion. By far, the most obvious form of distortion is radial distortion, with tangential distortion commonly considered to be negligible [6-9]. It can be seen that although the fish-eye image shows a far larger portion of the 136

E-Scooter Rider detection and classification in dense urban environments

Results in Engineering

Accurate detection and classification of vulnerable road users is a safety critical requirement f... more Accurate detection and classification of vulnerable road users is a safety critical requirement for the deployment of autonomous vehicles in heterogeneous traffic. Although similar in physical appearance to pedestrians, e-scooter riders follow distinctly different characteristics of movement and can reach speeds of up to 45kmph. The challenge of detecting e-scooter riders is exacerbated in urban environments where the frequency of partial occlusion is increased as riders navigate between vehicles, traffic infrastructure and other road users. This can lead to the non-detection or mis-classification of e-scooter riders as pedestrians, providing inaccurate information for accident mitigation and path planning in autonomous vehicle applications. This research introduces a novel benchmark for partially occluded e-scooter rider detection to facilitate the objective characterization of detection models. A novel, occlusion-aware method of e-scooter rider detection is presented that achieves a 15.93% improvement in detection performance over the current state of the art.

Microwave Breast Imaging: experimental tumour phantoms for the evaluation of new breast cancer diagnosis systems

Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express, 2018

In this paper, a new set of tumour phantoms for the experimental evaluation of Microwave Breast I... more In this paper, a new set of tumour phantoms for the experimental evaluation of Microwave Breast Imaging (MBI) as a method to diagnose breast cancer is presented. The phantoms were based on previously developed numerical models that had been clinically validated, supporting the appropriateness of the phantoms for the development of experimental systems. The proposed tumour phantom set was developed using polyurethane rubber with graphite and carbon-black powders and is the first to incorporate a large number of different shapes and levels of spiculation to emulate different levels of tumour malignancy. A series of spherical, non-spiculated targets was fabricated to model benign tumours, and a series of targets with irregular shapes and increasing spiculation was fabricated to model malignant tumours. The tumour phantoms can be combined with a variety of breast phantoms fabricated with the same method, which are unique in their diversity of glandular tissue content. The modular design of the phantom set allows for tumour and breast phantoms to be dynamically combined, creating an experimental test platform for MBI with a total of 154 cases. Moreover, the dielectric properties of the phantoms display good agreement with the literature, and the phantoms are constructed using materials that have demonstrated stable properties over time. Results also demonstrate how the shape and level of spiculation of a tumour can influence microwave reflections, and therefore impact the performance of imaging and diagnostic systems

Heart rate variability feature selection method for automated prediction of sudden cardiac death

Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, 2021

Sudden cardiac death is often caused by a major heart dysfunction with approximately 80% of occur... more Sudden cardiac death is often caused by a major heart dysfunction with approximately 80% of occurrences attributed to ventricular arrhythmias. This paper proposes a novel ventricular arrhythmia prediction method to differentiate ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia from non-life-threatening cardiac activities, which may result in lower rates of unnecessary therapeutic intervention. Time series, frequency, bispectrum and nonlinear cardiac data can be analyzed on implantable devices such as implantable cardioverter defibrillators, to detect a life-threatening event. In order to reduce the computational overhead of the detection method, a feature selection technique is applied to reduce the number of features. Signal buffer lengths are examined, where oneminute and five-minute signal durations are processed. The features are then applied to classifiers and results from a selection of classification algorithms are compared. The proposed method achieves 88.8% sensitivity and 94.2% specificity using only six HRV features with a k-nearest neighbor classifier while processing a 5-minute window of R-R interval signals. Using a 1-minute window of R-R interval signals results in 86.9% sensitivity and 93.5% specificity, with a support vector machine classifier. The results show that the proposed method, using between four and eleven features, outperforms related work in the literature.

A method of tracking a target vehicle on the basis of a characterizing a wheel geometry of the target vehicle reference geometry, camera system and motor vehicle

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Verfolgen eines sich in einem Umgebungsbereich (16) eine... more Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Verfolgen eines sich in einem Umgebungsbereich (16) eines Kraftfahrzeugs (1) befindenden Zielfahrzeugs in Bildern (44, 45, 46) einer Bildsequenz (47) mit den Schritten: a) Aufnehmen der Bilder (44, 45, 46) der Bildsequenz (47) von dem Zielfahrzeug (18) mit einem Kamerasystem (2) des Kraftfahrzeugs (1); b) Erkennen des Zielfahrzeugs (18) in zumindest einem Bild (44) der Bildsequenz (47); c) Erkennen eines Rads (23) des Zielfahrzeugs (18) in zumindest einem Bild (44) der Bildsequenz (47) und Bestimmen eines Teilbildbereichs (31) eines gesamten Bilds (44), in welchem das Rad (23) enthalten ist; d) Uberlagern des Rades (23) in dem Teilbildbereich (31) mit einer eine Radgeometrie charakterisierenden Referenzgeometrie (37), welche als eine eckenfreie und von einem Kreis abweichende Geometrie vorgegeben wird; e) Bestimmen einer Position einer die Referenzgeometrie (37) charakterisierenden Kenngrose (43) in dem Teilbildbereich (31) aus Schritt d); f)...

Improved image processing-based crop detection using Kalman filtering and the Hungarian algorithm

Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 2018

There is increasing interest in the use of image processing techniques for crop detection in inte... more There is increasing interest in the use of image processing techniques for crop detection in intelligent weeding applications. An effective system for crop detection requires a high degree of adaptability to challenging circumstances such as different weather conditions and image capture conditions (vibration, variations in speed, etc.). To achieve the goal of a robust crop detection system, we have extended a previously-developed detection algorithm that is based on a combination of color-space and shape analysis, through the addition of object tracking. While the previous algorithm performed well in general, performance in sunny conditions was not as robust, opening up the possibility of improvement. The tracking algorithm consists of two steps. Firstly, we apply Kalman filtering to predict the new position of an object (a cauliflower plant in this case) in video sequences. Secondly, we use a data association algorithm (the Hungarian algorithm) to assign each detected crop that appears in each image to the correct crop trajectory. The recall matrix was used to evaluate the detection and tracking performance. With the help of tracking algorithm, detection failures were reduced, especially in sunny conditions, such that overall detection performance was raised from 97.28 to 99.3404%.

Microwave Breast Imaging: Clinical Advances and Remaining Challenges

IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering, Jan 26, 2018

Microwave breast imaging has seen significant academic and commercial development in recent years... more Microwave breast imaging has seen significant academic and commercial development in recent years, with four new operational microwave imaging systems used with patients since 2016. In this work, a comprehensive review of these recent clinical advances is presented, comparing patient populations and study outcomes. For the first time, the design of operational microwave imaging systems are compared in detail. Firstly, the current understanding of dielectric properties of human breast tissues is reviewed; considering evidence from operational microwave imaging systems and from dielectric properties measurement studies. Secondly, design features of operational microwave imaging systems are discussed in terms of advantages and disadvantages during clinical operation. Reported results from patient imaging trials are compared, contrasting the principal results from each trial. Additionally, clinical experience from each trial is highlighted, identifying desirable system design features f...

Confocal Microwave Imaging

Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering, 2016

Radar breast imaging (RBI) involves the illumination of the breast with a microwave pulse. If a t... more Radar breast imaging (RBI) involves the illumination of the breast with a microwave pulse. If a tumour is present, backscattered radar signals are generated due to the dielectric contrast between normal and tumour tissue at microwave frequencies. These backscattered signals are processed by an RBI beamformer to identify the presence and location of any significant scatterers within the breast.

Imaging for the Automotive Environment

Handbook of Visual Display Technology, 2016

Automatic crop detection under field conditions using the HSV colour space and morphological operations

Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 2017

Developing an automatic weeding system requires robust detection of the exact location of the cro... more Developing an automatic weeding system requires robust detection of the exact location of the crop to be protected from damage. Computer vision techniques can be an effective means of determining plant location. In this paper, a novel algorithm based on colour features and morphological erosion and dilation is proposed. This process segments cauliflower crop regions in the image from weeds and soil under natural illumination (cloudy, partially cloudy, and sunny). The proposed algorithm uses the HSV colour space for discriminating crop, weeds and soil. The region of interest (ROI) is defined by filtering each of the HSV channels between certain values (minimum and maximum threshold values). The region is then further refined by using a morphological erosion and dilation process. The moment method is applied to determine the position and mass distribution of objects in video sequences, as well as to track crops. The performance of the algorithm was assessed by comparing the obtained results with those of ground truth methods (manual annotation). A sensitivity of 98.91% and precision of 99.04% was achieved.

Hybrid testbed for simulating in-vehicle automotive networks

Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, 2016

This paper presents a novel method of automotive network simulation which is being used in an ong... more This paper presents a novel method of automotive network simulation which is being used in an ongoing research effort to design cost effective, flexible in-vehicle networks suitable for use in multi-camera, high bandwidth environments. The simulation platform uses a hybrid simulation approach, and allows the coexistence of real network traffic streams and simulated network traffic. This approach provides a number of advantages, such as allowing for the injection and extraction of real network streams from a simulated network topology. We present details of the testbed architecture and compare its performance to that of native systems. We also demonstrate that results obtained are in line with those in the literature. Finally, we describe novel experiments and applications made possible using the developed simulation platform and how it can be used in the evaluation and development of automotive video applications.

Adaptive Dictionary Reconstruction for Compressed Sensing of ECG Signals

IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, 2017

This paper proposes a novel Adaptive Dictionary (AD) reconstruction scheme to improve the perform... more This paper proposes a novel Adaptive Dictionary (AD) reconstruction scheme to improve the performance of Compressed Sensing (CS) with Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. The method is based on the use of multiple dictionaries, created using Dictionary Learning (DL) techniques for CS signal reconstruction. The modified reconstruction framework is a twostage process that leverages information about the signal from an initial signal reconstruction stage. By identifying whether a QRS complex is present and if so, determining a location estimate of the QRS, the most appropriate dictionary is selected and a second-stage more refined signal reconstruction can be obtained. The performance of the proposed algorithm is compared with state-of-the-art CS implementations in the literature, as well as the Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees (SPIHT) wavelet-based lossy compression algorithm. The results indicate that the proposed reconstruction scheme outperforms all existing CS implementations in terms of signal fidelity at each Compression Ratio (CR) tested. The performance of the proposed approach also compares favorably with SPIHT in terms of signal reconstruction quality. Furthermore, an analysis of the overall power consumption of the proposed ECG compression framework as would be used in a Body Area Network (BAN) demonstrates positive results for the proposed CS approach when compared with existing CS techniques and SPIHT.

Using image processing for determination of settled sludge volume

Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research, 2018

Determination of the sludge volume index is key to describing the settling characteristics of slu... more Determination of the sludge volume index is key to describing the settling characteristics of sludge in the aeration process of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The two core components of this calculation are the settled sludge volume (SSV) and suspended solids. While the measurement procedure for SSV is generally defined by national or international standards, in practice a wide variety of vessel sizes and shapes are used by operators to monitor WWTP performance. Furthermore, differences in how these tests are carried out can lead to poor data, inefficient WWTP operation and a lack of comparable metrics for WWTP operational monitoring. Thus, there is a requirement to improve operational performance of WWTPs to meet the increasingly stringent legislation regarding discharge limits. The aim of this study was to utilise a novel image-processing system (AutoSSV) to (i) determine its efficacy in describing SSV and (ii) measure and compare different methodologies for measurement of S...

Robustness of Time-Multiplexed Hyperthermia to Temperature Dependent Thermal Tissue Properties

IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology, 2019

DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of t... more DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers. Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. If the publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the "Taverne" license above, please follow below link for the End User Agreement:

Application of network processors for automotive multimedia control networks

IEE Irish Signals and Systems Conference 2005, 2005

This paper proposes the application of network processors (NP) as high speed packet processors fo... more This paper proposes the application of network processors (NP) as high speed packet processors for automotive multimedia and control networks. A review of automotive networking technology and protocols is provided. A high level MOST-enabled NP architecture is described. Considerations such as cost, performance, power consumption, configurability and security issues for a proposed NP in-car hub are discussed.

Noise Reduction in Cochlear Implant Signal Processing: A Review and Recent Developments

IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering

Cochlear implant technology successfully restores hearing function to patients with sensory impai... more Cochlear implant technology successfully restores hearing function to patients with sensory impairment. Although cochlear implant users generally hear well in quiet, they still find noisy conditions very challenging, hence the need to employ noise reduction algorithms in these systems to enhance the user experience. This paper reviews noise reduction algorithms in cochlear implants. Traditionally, such algorithms have been classified as either single- or multiple-channel, depending on the number of microphones they use. This review retains this general classification in looking at recent papers and extends it to reflect recent interest in machine learning techniques. The review concludes with consideration of promising future areas of research.

Equidistant Fish-Eye Calibration and

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