The East Slovak Lowland is a predominantly rural region featuring marginalized historical develop... more The East Slovak Lowland is a predominantly rural region featuring marginalized historical development and low concern of ethnologists. The essay presents photo- -documentation of vernacular buildings from this region, which is open to the public in eight museum archives, heritage offices and academic institutes in five Slovak and Czech cities – Michalovce, Košice, Prešov, Martin and Prague. Even though most photo-documents come from the second half of the 20th century, they could capture many ancient building phenomena even in that younger period. The presented collections are a valuable basis to study vernacular architecture and habitation in the East Slovak Lowlands as well as in lowlands generally.
Trebišov, a town in historical Zemplín county and todays East-Slovakian Lowlands, has never obtai... more Trebišov, a town in historical Zemplín county and todays East-Slovakian Lowlands, has never obtained the stone city walls like the nearby free royal towns. One of its few ancient walled buildings is a medieval church. Questions of its stylistic evidence, are the subject of the paper.
On the very south-eastern edge of Slovakia, in the former Uzhorod county and near the current bor... more On the very south-eastern edge of Slovakia, in the former Uzhorod county and near the current border with Ukraine and Hungary, two rare monuments of rural residential construction have been preserved. They are connected by the same floorplan of six-room double-wide structure and the same, framework walls – in one case with wattle, in the other one slotted filling. Different is the shape and construction of the roof. Their common feature is also unoccupancy followed by deterioration and deficiency of official monument protection. Probably these are the last two structures of the construction-disposition type in Slovakia.
The paper presents an outline of the development of external surface treatments of the walls of r... more The paper presents an outline of the development of external surface treatments of the walls of rural and small-town individual housing construction in the easternmost region of Slovakia, in Zemplín. Like the houses themselves, their facades have undergone a dynamic development during the 20th century, from ancient clay greases throught the spread of lime plasters with a stylized plastic facade, modernist abstract structures, a postmodern expansion of decorativeness, moderate unitary uniformity similar to the initial state, till the attempts to "return to nature". The information base of the paper are mainly plasters itself. At the time of their inception, they were not researched and the author could not capture any master plasterer active at the end of the 1960s, when their development culminated. Today, these remarkable finishes of vernacular dwellings throughout the last century have been massively abolished under the unscrupulous wave of thermal insulation, and with them evidence of the craftsmanship, fantasy and aesthetic taste of generations of our immediate ancestors disappears.
From farmstead to small villa. Vernacular dwelling in Zemplin region aroun 1950.
The period ar... more From farmstead to small villa. Vernacular dwelling in Zemplin region aroun 1950.
The period around the middle of the last century is slightly researched, and perhaps the most fundamental breakthrough in the development of the vernacular dwelling in Slovakia. At the beginning there is a traditional self-sufficient farmhouse and at the end a comfortable villa collective farmer with only additional economic facilities. How did the building process look like in this period? Who and how has built what kind of houses, what materials were used and what architectonic styles were reflected?
Traditional houses of American work reemigrants in Eastern Slovakia of interwar period. Typology,... more Traditional houses of American work reemigrants in Eastern Slovakia of interwar period. Typology, constructions, materials, structural members, master-builders.
Choir and tower of Dominican church in Košice (Kaschau, Kassa) in Slovakia preserved a rare colle... more Choir and tower of Dominican church in Košice (Kaschau, Kassa) in Slovakia preserved a rare collection of medieval stonemasonry elements. Capitals, consoles, baldachins and a boss with figural, zoomorphic, floral and architectural motives come from two style epochs: from the end of 13th century and the end of 14th century. Building unity of church, proved by recent sounding research, and predominance of younger elements (14 of all 19 preserved) forces us to regard the minority older elements as spolia. Dating of church to 13th century by previous scholarship is disproved in addition by recent finds of younger architectural components in situ, not known earlier (south portal, choir rose-window), and iconographic analyses of stonemasonry fill, never carried out before. A headstone of analyses is a capital describing motif of "Domini canes". First art depiction of this self-reflection of Dominicans as stalwart "dogs of Lord" originated in Florence in the years 1366-8, what is terminus a quo for its appearance in Košice. Church choir and tower-base arcade, serving as a portico for friars entering the choir, generate an ideological unit whereby special position of its every element. Spolia, incorporated within the most sacramental east part of interior, remained not only passive antiquities, but were adapted and arranged to depict the sanctification of the church and whole monastery – Blessing of Virgin Mary. Paper analyzes all preserved elements of decorative program, explained as a stone display of Dominican order dogma, produced by artistic resources of late 14th century Košice.
Eastern Slovakia is one of the last islands of the traditional buildings with a timber skeleton s... more Eastern Slovakia is one of the last islands of the traditional buildings with a timber skeleton structure, once common in the wider European area. The paper presents the research history, evolution, technology and rich residential and farm typologies of the noteworthy buildings.
Alexander Canoval´s plan under the title “The plan of old foundations” from the 17th cent. is, ac... more Alexander Canoval´s plan under the title “The plan of old foundations” from the 17th cent. is, according to certain circumstantial evidence, considered a potential ground plan depiction of the remnants of the Gothic Dominican monastery in Košice. The paper provides a survey of developing opinions on the discussed issues and is an attempt to critically compare the ground plan depicted on the A. Canoval´s plan with a partially reconstructed ground plan of the medieval phase of the Dominican monastery in Košice, made possible by the results of the existing archaeological explorations on its premises.
The East Slovak Lowland is a predominantly rural region featuring marginalized historical develop... more The East Slovak Lowland is a predominantly rural region featuring marginalized historical development and low concern of ethnologists. The essay presents photo- -documentation of vernacular buildings from this region, which is open to the public in eight museum archives, heritage offices and academic institutes in five Slovak and Czech cities – Michalovce, Košice, Prešov, Martin and Prague. Even though most photo-documents come from the second half of the 20th century, they could capture many ancient building phenomena even in that younger period. The presented collections are a valuable basis to study vernacular architecture and habitation in the East Slovak Lowlands as well as in lowlands generally.
Trebišov, a town in historical Zemplín county and todays East-Slovakian Lowlands, has never obtai... more Trebišov, a town in historical Zemplín county and todays East-Slovakian Lowlands, has never obtained the stone city walls like the nearby free royal towns. One of its few ancient walled buildings is a medieval church. Questions of its stylistic evidence, are the subject of the paper.
On the very south-eastern edge of Slovakia, in the former Uzhorod county and near the current bor... more On the very south-eastern edge of Slovakia, in the former Uzhorod county and near the current border with Ukraine and Hungary, two rare monuments of rural residential construction have been preserved. They are connected by the same floorplan of six-room double-wide structure and the same, framework walls – in one case with wattle, in the other one slotted filling. Different is the shape and construction of the roof. Their common feature is also unoccupancy followed by deterioration and deficiency of official monument protection. Probably these are the last two structures of the construction-disposition type in Slovakia.
The paper presents an outline of the development of external surface treatments of the walls of r... more The paper presents an outline of the development of external surface treatments of the walls of rural and small-town individual housing construction in the easternmost region of Slovakia, in Zemplín. Like the houses themselves, their facades have undergone a dynamic development during the 20th century, from ancient clay greases throught the spread of lime plasters with a stylized plastic facade, modernist abstract structures, a postmodern expansion of decorativeness, moderate unitary uniformity similar to the initial state, till the attempts to "return to nature". The information base of the paper are mainly plasters itself. At the time of their inception, they were not researched and the author could not capture any master plasterer active at the end of the 1960s, when their development culminated. Today, these remarkable finishes of vernacular dwellings throughout the last century have been massively abolished under the unscrupulous wave of thermal insulation, and with them evidence of the craftsmanship, fantasy and aesthetic taste of generations of our immediate ancestors disappears.
From farmstead to small villa. Vernacular dwelling in Zemplin region aroun 1950.
The period ar... more From farmstead to small villa. Vernacular dwelling in Zemplin region aroun 1950.
The period around the middle of the last century is slightly researched, and perhaps the most fundamental breakthrough in the development of the vernacular dwelling in Slovakia. At the beginning there is a traditional self-sufficient farmhouse and at the end a comfortable villa collective farmer with only additional economic facilities. How did the building process look like in this period? Who and how has built what kind of houses, what materials were used and what architectonic styles were reflected?
Traditional houses of American work reemigrants in Eastern Slovakia of interwar period. Typology,... more Traditional houses of American work reemigrants in Eastern Slovakia of interwar period. Typology, constructions, materials, structural members, master-builders.
Choir and tower of Dominican church in Košice (Kaschau, Kassa) in Slovakia preserved a rare colle... more Choir and tower of Dominican church in Košice (Kaschau, Kassa) in Slovakia preserved a rare collection of medieval stonemasonry elements. Capitals, consoles, baldachins and a boss with figural, zoomorphic, floral and architectural motives come from two style epochs: from the end of 13th century and the end of 14th century. Building unity of church, proved by recent sounding research, and predominance of younger elements (14 of all 19 preserved) forces us to regard the minority older elements as spolia. Dating of church to 13th century by previous scholarship is disproved in addition by recent finds of younger architectural components in situ, not known earlier (south portal, choir rose-window), and iconographic analyses of stonemasonry fill, never carried out before. A headstone of analyses is a capital describing motif of "Domini canes". First art depiction of this self-reflection of Dominicans as stalwart "dogs of Lord" originated in Florence in the years 1366-8, what is terminus a quo for its appearance in Košice. Church choir and tower-base arcade, serving as a portico for friars entering the choir, generate an ideological unit whereby special position of its every element. Spolia, incorporated within the most sacramental east part of interior, remained not only passive antiquities, but were adapted and arranged to depict the sanctification of the church and whole monastery – Blessing of Virgin Mary. Paper analyzes all preserved elements of decorative program, explained as a stone display of Dominican order dogma, produced by artistic resources of late 14th century Košice.
Eastern Slovakia is one of the last islands of the traditional buildings with a timber skeleton s... more Eastern Slovakia is one of the last islands of the traditional buildings with a timber skeleton structure, once common in the wider European area. The paper presents the research history, evolution, technology and rich residential and farm typologies of the noteworthy buildings.
Alexander Canoval´s plan under the title “The plan of old foundations” from the 17th cent. is, ac... more Alexander Canoval´s plan under the title “The plan of old foundations” from the 17th cent. is, according to certain circumstantial evidence, considered a potential ground plan depiction of the remnants of the Gothic Dominican monastery in Košice. The paper provides a survey of developing opinions on the discussed issues and is an attempt to critically compare the ground plan depicted on the A. Canoval´s plan with a partially reconstructed ground plan of the medieval phase of the Dominican monastery in Košice, made possible by the results of the existing archaeological explorations on its premises.
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Papers by Maroš Volovár
The period around the middle of the last century is slightly researched, and perhaps the most fundamental breakthrough in the development of the vernacular dwelling in Slovakia. At the beginning there is a traditional self-sufficient farmhouse and at the end a comfortable villa collective farmer with only additional economic facilities. How did the building process look like in this period? Who and how has built what kind of houses, what materials were used and what architectonic styles were reflected?
A headstone of analyses is a capital describing motif of "Domini canes". First art depiction of this self-reflection of Dominicans as stalwart "dogs of Lord" originated in Florence in the years 1366-8, what is terminus a quo for its appearance in Košice. Church choir and tower-base arcade, serving as a portico for friars entering the choir, generate an ideological unit whereby special position of its every element. Spolia, incorporated within the most sacramental east part of interior, remained not only passive antiquities, but were adapted and arranged to depict the sanctification of the church and whole monastery – Blessing of Virgin Mary.
Paper analyzes all preserved elements of decorative program, explained as a stone display of Dominican order dogma, produced by artistic resources of late 14th century Košice.
The period around the middle of the last century is slightly researched, and perhaps the most fundamental breakthrough in the development of the vernacular dwelling in Slovakia. At the beginning there is a traditional self-sufficient farmhouse and at the end a comfortable villa collective farmer with only additional economic facilities. How did the building process look like in this period? Who and how has built what kind of houses, what materials were used and what architectonic styles were reflected?
A headstone of analyses is a capital describing motif of "Domini canes". First art depiction of this self-reflection of Dominicans as stalwart "dogs of Lord" originated in Florence in the years 1366-8, what is terminus a quo for its appearance in Košice. Church choir and tower-base arcade, serving as a portico for friars entering the choir, generate an ideological unit whereby special position of its every element. Spolia, incorporated within the most sacramental east part of interior, remained not only passive antiquities, but were adapted and arranged to depict the sanctification of the church and whole monastery – Blessing of Virgin Mary.
Paper analyzes all preserved elements of decorative program, explained as a stone display of Dominican order dogma, produced by artistic resources of late 14th century Košice.