General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public port... more General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.
Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2003
General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public port... more General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.-Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research-You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain-You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright, please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.
Journal of psychosomatic obstetrics and gynaecology, 2003
Crying is generally associated with distress and discomfort, and is also part of the premenstrual... more Crying is generally associated with distress and discomfort, and is also part of the premenstrual syndrome in women. The present studies focussed on crying fluctuations during the menstrual cycle. First, a retrospective cross-cultural study of women from 33 different countries (n = 2447) was conducted. Crying proneness reportedly increased before menstruation, with remarkable cross-cultural differences. Women who were using oral contraceptives (OC) reported largely the same pattern of results as women who were not using OC. In a second study, 82 Dutch students kept a crying and mood diary for two consecutive menstrual cycles. During no phase of the menstrual cycle did actual crying episodes or crying proneness increase, although significant changes in mood were reported. Given the large cross-cultural differences on the one hand, and the remarkable correspondence between the self-reports of those using OC and those who did not use them on the other, it is concluded that the role of ...
This study was designed to determine the influence of crying-related variables and country charac... more This study was designed to determine the influence of crying-related variables and country characteristics on positive mood change after crying. It was hypothesized that mood change would be positively associated to crying frequency, Individualism-Collectivism, and the extent of gender empowerment in a country. Masculinity-Femininity and shame were expected to have a negative relation with mood change. Participants were 1680 male and 2323 female students from 30 countries who provided self-report data on their crying behavior. Although bivariate associations yielded inconsistent results, in a regression analysis Masculinity-Femininity, national income, shame, and crying frequency emerged as significant predictors of mood change, all in the anticipated direction. The results suggest that how one feels after a crying episode depends on how common crying is in one's culture and general feelings of shame over crying. It also seems that (perceptions of) role patterns may play an important part in the experience of mood change.
Background: The relationship between menopause and depression is still rather unclear. Studies us... more Background: The relationship between menopause and depression is still rather unclear. Studies using different methodology -especially those lacking a clear definition of depression -are hardly comparable. Since the Edinburgh Depression Scale (EDS) is not influenced by (menopause-related) somatic symptoms, the validity of the Dutch version of this instrument was investigated in a large community sample of menopausal women. Methods: In 951 women, aged between 47 and 56 years, depressive symptomatology was measured using the EDS, together with a syndromal diagnosis of depression using Research Diagnostic Criteria. Results: Twenty-two percent of the subjects had scores of 12 or higher on the EDS. With this cut-off point, depression (major or minor) was detected with a sensitivity of 66%, a specificity of 89%, and a positive predictive value (PPV) of 62%. A cut-off score of 15 or higher detected half of the women with major depression (sensitivity 73%, specificity 93%, PPV 53%). Limitations: Screening of depressive symptomatology at menopausal age in women of the community can only partly detect women with clinical depression. The relation between menopausal status and depression should preferentially be investigated using a longitudinal rather than a cross-sectional design. Conclusions: The EDS, which is easy to implement in both community and clinical settings (e.g., General Practice), might be used as an effective screening tool for detecting women at menopausal age who are at risk for depression, followed by clinical evaluation in those with high scores.
General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public port... more General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.
Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2003
General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public port... more General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.-Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research-You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain-You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright, please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.
Journal of psychosomatic obstetrics and gynaecology, 2003
Crying is generally associated with distress and discomfort, and is also part of the premenstrual... more Crying is generally associated with distress and discomfort, and is also part of the premenstrual syndrome in women. The present studies focussed on crying fluctuations during the menstrual cycle. First, a retrospective cross-cultural study of women from 33 different countries (n = 2447) was conducted. Crying proneness reportedly increased before menstruation, with remarkable cross-cultural differences. Women who were using oral contraceptives (OC) reported largely the same pattern of results as women who were not using OC. In a second study, 82 Dutch students kept a crying and mood diary for two consecutive menstrual cycles. During no phase of the menstrual cycle did actual crying episodes or crying proneness increase, although significant changes in mood were reported. Given the large cross-cultural differences on the one hand, and the remarkable correspondence between the self-reports of those using OC and those who did not use them on the other, it is concluded that the role of ...
This study was designed to determine the influence of crying-related variables and country charac... more This study was designed to determine the influence of crying-related variables and country characteristics on positive mood change after crying. It was hypothesized that mood change would be positively associated to crying frequency, Individualism-Collectivism, and the extent of gender empowerment in a country. Masculinity-Femininity and shame were expected to have a negative relation with mood change. Participants were 1680 male and 2323 female students from 30 countries who provided self-report data on their crying behavior. Although bivariate associations yielded inconsistent results, in a regression analysis Masculinity-Femininity, national income, shame, and crying frequency emerged as significant predictors of mood change, all in the anticipated direction. The results suggest that how one feels after a crying episode depends on how common crying is in one's culture and general feelings of shame over crying. It also seems that (perceptions of) role patterns may play an important part in the experience of mood change.
Background: The relationship between menopause and depression is still rather unclear. Studies us... more Background: The relationship between menopause and depression is still rather unclear. Studies using different methodology -especially those lacking a clear definition of depression -are hardly comparable. Since the Edinburgh Depression Scale (EDS) is not influenced by (menopause-related) somatic symptoms, the validity of the Dutch version of this instrument was investigated in a large community sample of menopausal women. Methods: In 951 women, aged between 47 and 56 years, depressive symptomatology was measured using the EDS, together with a syndromal diagnosis of depression using Research Diagnostic Criteria. Results: Twenty-two percent of the subjects had scores of 12 or higher on the EDS. With this cut-off point, depression (major or minor) was detected with a sensitivity of 66%, a specificity of 89%, and a positive predictive value (PPV) of 62%. A cut-off score of 15 or higher detected half of the women with major depression (sensitivity 73%, specificity 93%, PPV 53%). Limitations: Screening of depressive symptomatology at menopausal age in women of the community can only partly detect women with clinical depression. The relation between menopausal status and depression should preferentially be investigated using a longitudinal rather than a cross-sectional design. Conclusions: The EDS, which is easy to implement in both community and clinical settings (e.g., General Practice), might be used as an effective screening tool for detecting women at menopausal age who are at risk for depression, followed by clinical evaluation in those with high scores.
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