Fondita en 1952, la Centro de Esploro kaj Dokumentado pri Mondaj Lingvaj Problemoj (CED) evoluis ... more Fondita en 1952, la Centro de Esploro kaj Dokumentado pri Mondaj Lingvaj Problemoj (CED) evoluis el sia komenca celo, liveri faktojn kaj analizojn subtene al la internacia lingvo Esperanto, al multfl anka esplorinstituto pri lingvo-planado kaj lingvo-mastrumado en monda kunteksto. Ŝlosila periodo estis la lastaj du jardekoj de la 20-a jarcento, kiam diversaj periodaĵoj kaj konferencoj helpis krei kaj aktivigi internacian reton de esploristoj pri esperantologio kaj interlingvistiko. Tio kredeble kontribuis al la kreskanta akcepto de Esperanto kiel inda esplorobjekto en diversaj disciplinoj; aliflanke, ankoraŭ ne realiĝis la pli vasta celo, ke multlingveco ricevu taŭgan atenton en la aliroj de la ŝtatoj kaj la interŝtataj organizoj al daŭripova evoluigo, homaj rajtoj, kaj simile. CED plu aŭspicias kaj subtenas esplorojn sur tiu tereno, samtempe serĉante solvojn al diversaj daŭraj defi oj en la faka pritraktado de Esperanto, interalie la konservado kaj alirebligo de kolektoj kaj la ana...
Sur paĝo 126 de ĉi tiu libro aperas mia brakhorloĝo. Nu, fakte ne mia, sed simila produkto de la ... more Sur paĝo 126 de ĉi tiu libro aperas mia brakhorloĝo. Nu, fakte ne mia, sed simila produkto de la svisa firmao Movado, fotita de la svisa esperantistino Mirejo Grosjean. La foto enkondukas kelkpaĝan pritrakton de Esperanto kaj aliaj planlingvoj, per kiu la aŭtoroj - du kanadaj socilingvistoj kaj/aŭ lingvo-antropologoj - malfermas sian sondadon (en la kvara ĉapitro el ok entute) de la lingvaj dimensioj de 'alternativaj modernecoj', nome 'internaciismo, komunismo kaj faŝismo'.
The choice of the language or languages of instruction in schools presupposes the existence of la... more The choice of the language or languages of instruction in schools presupposes the existence of language varieties suitable for the task. In the most widespread model of schooling, such a language of instruction is expected to be highly standardized (so that many different schools can use the same curricular and human resources) and both prestigious and widely used (so that education promotes economic mobility and intergroup communication). These are not “natural” characteristics for any language: they are the result of the more-or-less conscious influence of various powerful groups and institutions on sociolinguistic norms. In its most conscious, explicit and rationalized form, such influence is known as language planning.
As a step towards a systematic comparative evaluation of the fairness of different language polic... more As a step towards a systematic comparative evaluation of the fairness of different language policies, a rationale is presented for the design of an index of linguistic justice based on public policy analysis. The approach taken is to define a ‘minimum threshold of linguistic justice’ with respect to government language policy in three domains: law and order, public administration, and essential services. A hypothetical situation of pure equality and freedom in the choice of language used by all members of society in communicating with the state is used as a theoretical benchmark to study the distributive effects of policy alternatives. Departures from this standard incur lower scores. Indicators are chosen to assess effective access to three kinds of language rights: toleration (the lack of state interference in private language choices), accommodation (accessibility of public services in different languages), and compensation (symbolic and practical recognition of languages outside...
More than 150 invasive plants were introduced and established in Canada between 1800 and 1900; ... more More than 150 invasive plants were introduced and established in Canada between 1800 and 1900; since the 1900s, introduction rates have slowed to about one species every two years. Recent data indicate that glacier mass continues to decrease and permafrost temperatures in Canada's North continue to increase. The first bloom day of Alberta plants advanced by about two days per decade between 1939 and 2006. Ecosystem services assessment is a rapidly growing and evolving field in Canada, with many reports released in recent years by both government and non-government researchers. Accounting for how changes in ecosystem services affect socioeconomic well-being is the purpose of many assessments. Canadian researchers are currently working to clarify practical approaches for assessing the cultural implications of changes to ecosystem services. Implementation and Mainstreaming of Biodiversity Conservation Chapter II provides an overview of recent actions in Canada to support biodiversity conservation and sustainable use. The Canadian Biodiversity Strategy and the complementary Biodiversity Outcomes Framework still guide the implementation of the Convention in Canada. In response to the 2011-2020 Strategic Plan, proposed biodiversity goals and targets for Canada have been drafted and, once adopted, will further focus action and help track progress. Since 2009, the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec have introduced biodiversity strategies, and the Province of Alberta is currently finalizing a biodiversity policy. Manitoba integrated biodiversity-related commitments into its latest strategic plan for the province. At the federal level, the 2013-16 Federal Sustainable Development Strategy details actions for protecting nature, and a proposed National Conservation Plan will further support results. Canada's protected areas system grew by over 87,000 km 2 between 2009 and 2013. Investments in partnerships like the Natural Areas Conservation Program enabled the protection of over 3,690 km 2 of ecologically significant land in southern Canada between 2007 and 2012. Canadian governments and conservation organizations are collaborating to develop guidance on identifying and reporting on "other effective area-based conservation measures". Integrated planning at the landscape level and in the marine context is also advancing in several regions of Canada. Work continues at all levels to assess the status of wild species and recover species at risk. Several jurisdictions, including the Northwest Territories, New Brunswick, Manitoba, and British Columbia have strengthened or updated legislation and policies for protecting wildlife and recovering species at risk. Governments are applying an ecosystem approach to species recovery through joint federal-provincial stewardship initiatives in areas like the South of the Divide in southwestern Saskatchewan. The federal March 2014 8 government and several provincial governments, including Ontario, continue to offer funding support to local, community and Aboriginal organizations to enable stewardship actions. Numerous efforts to conserve and enhance Canada's wetlands are underway. Over 80,000 km 2 of wetlands have been retained in Canada through the North American Waterfowl Management Plan (NAWMP), including nearly 10,000 km 2 between 2009 and 2012; another 238,046 km 2 of wetlands were managed or restored under the plan during the same period. At the sub-national level, the Province of Alberta recently introduced a wetlands policy, which provides the strategic direction and tools to support informed wetland management decisions. Nationally, since 2009, governments and stakeholders have undertaken numerous assessments of the vulnerability of ecological systems and biodiversity to climate change in sectors and regions across Canada. This includes collaborative work by federal-provincial-territorial governments on tools and assessments for adaptation planning related to parks and protected areas, water resources management and the forest sector. Canada's farmers are implementing practices that increase diversity on their farms such as planting shelterbelts and windbreaks, installing and managing riparian buffers, and integrating practices like crop rotation, strip cropping and agroforestry. In 2011, 35% of Canadian farms had a formal Environmental Farm Plans (compared to 27% in 2006) and 2% indicated they were in the process of developing one. Significant investments have been made to protect and restore key bodies including the Great Lakes, Lake Winnipeg and Lake Simcoe, and progress is being made to reduce nutrient loads to these areas. Three Canadian Areas of Concern in the Great Lakes are fully restored and two more areas are in recovery. The National Aquaculture Strategic Action Plan Initiative provides a comprehensive strategic vision for the sector, identifying actions for federal, provincial and territorial governments and industry from 2011 to 2015. Canada is also taking steps to ensure long-term sustainability of nationally managed fisheries by developing and implementing comprehensive fishery management plans supported by new policies and tools, including those developed under the Sustainable Fisheries Framework, the best available science advice, and compliance and enforcement activities. Of 155 major fish stocks assessed in 2012, 75 stocks (48%) were classified as "healthy" and 15 stocks (10%) were classified as "critical"; this represents an improvement since 2011. Since 2009, at least 47 intervention or management plans have been developed by governments to address the threat of invasive alien species (IAS), often in partnership with non-government organizations. IAS councils and committees, established in most provinces and territories, play an important role in identifying regional priorities and leveraging local actions to address IAS. In 2013 the Canadian Council on Invasive Species was formed and works collaboratively across jurisdictional boundaries. Recognizing the benefits both for biodiversity and business sustainability, Canadian companies, particularly in the natural resource sectors, are introducing new initiatives and standards in support of biodiversity outcomes. The Canadian Business and Biodiversity Council tracks and promotes best practices and facilitates information sharing amongst leading businesses and those who are interested in improving their corporate biodiversity performance. The customary use of biological resources, including such activities as hunting, fishing, trapping and gathering, is an important element of the intimate cultural relationship many Aboriginal peoples in Canada have with nature. Through negotiated cooperative agreements, Aboriginal peoples are assuming increased responsibility for the management of biological resources. While some challenges for
In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the... more In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission.
Imagination has sporadically captured the attention of many great thinkers in philosophy, psychol... more Imagination has sporadically captured the attention of many great thinkers in philosophy, psychology, and the arts, yet it would be hard to argue that we are much closer to elucidating its central mysteries (Brann, 1991). Nor is its importance for education widely recognized. True, many people pay lip service to the educational value of engaging children’s imaginations, primarily through the arts. Such enga gement, though, is not generally regarded as the core business of education; it does not figure prominently in most approaches to teacher preparation, nor does it attract a great deal of attention from researchers. This book joins a handful of other edited collections in the recent literature (Blenkinsop, 2009; Leonard and Willis, 2008; Joneset al, 2008) that give voice to an opposing conviction: that an understanding of imagination forms an essential part of a fundamental rethinking of education “from the ground up” (Egan, 2008).
The inaugural issue of a new journal of Esperanto Studies provides insights into research traditi... more The inaugural issue of a new journal of Esperanto Studies provides insights into research traditions and current directions.
The following essay by Mark Fettes was awarded the Maxwell Prize for European Studies in 1990. Th... more The following essay by Mark Fettes was awarded the Maxwell Prize for European Studies in 1990. The present version was published in the series Esperanto Documents in 1991. "My conclusion is that the problem of a language for international communication presents itself as the conflict between a planned language, Esperanto, which is known to function to the satisfaction of its users, and a hegemonic national language, which, as we all know, is, today, English." André Martinet (1989) There may be readers of this essay who, on encountering the above statement, have already raised a surprised or sceptical eyebrow. To set Esperanto, associated in most people's minds with a woolly and basically unsuccessful utopianism rather than with everyday reality, on the same conceptual level as the leviathan of World English may seem to be carrying the debate beyond the bounds of relevancy. Indeed the mainstream of European linguistic discourse during the past century has taken exactly this position. I shall try to show in this essay why this is so, how the relevant factors may be changing, and that the two poles of the debate identified by Martinet in fact give a very fruitful perspective into the problems of second-language communication. Although Martinet may have had in mind a world rather than a European context when he made the above statement, the debate is essentially the same: What is the role of rationalism in human affairs, more particularly with regard to the political, cultural and psychological dimensions of language? These are vast issues; we shall here be limited to sketching the field of battle which separates Esperanto's David from English's Goliath, and gathering a few useful shards from the missiles that the two combatants hurl overhead.
Please address correspondence to Marcia McKenzie at 4125 Fairway Place, North Vancouver, British ... more Please address correspondence to Marcia McKenzie at 4125 Fairway Place, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V7G 1Y8, 604-924-5573, [email protected] ... This case study examines the difficulties faced by eleven educators who have endeavored to
We begin this paper by considering a practice that is not normally thought of as “environmental e... more We begin this paper by considering a practice that is not normally thought of as “environmental education.” That is, the land acknowledgement. In recent years, it has become standard for schools and other public institutions in British Columbia (BC) to acknowledge that they are situated on Indigenous land, especially when hosting events and presentations. And yet, as the paper continues, we are challenged to consider the greater implications these acknowledgements might bear for educators beyond simply a speaking of the words. In order to do this work, we focus on three strands: land, language, and listening, which we suggest arise directly from careful consideration of the contents and goals of these acknowledgements. Drawing from Indigenous, philosophical, experiential, and political sources we explore the strands and posit that they may become important educational well-springs for transforming human and more-than-human relationships. We end this paper with a short discussion of some work currently under way in BC.
Fondita en 1952, la Centro de Esploro kaj Dokumentado pri Mondaj Lingvaj Problemoj (CED) evoluis ... more Fondita en 1952, la Centro de Esploro kaj Dokumentado pri Mondaj Lingvaj Problemoj (CED) evoluis el sia komenca celo, liveri faktojn kaj analizojn subtene al la internacia lingvo Esperanto, al multfl anka esplorinstituto pri lingvo-planado kaj lingvo-mastrumado en monda kunteksto. Ŝlosila periodo estis la lastaj du jardekoj de la 20-a jarcento, kiam diversaj periodaĵoj kaj konferencoj helpis krei kaj aktivigi internacian reton de esploristoj pri esperantologio kaj interlingvistiko. Tio kredeble kontribuis al la kreskanta akcepto de Esperanto kiel inda esplorobjekto en diversaj disciplinoj; aliflanke, ankoraŭ ne realiĝis la pli vasta celo, ke multlingveco ricevu taŭgan atenton en la aliroj de la ŝtatoj kaj la interŝtataj organizoj al daŭripova evoluigo, homaj rajtoj, kaj simile. CED plu aŭspicias kaj subtenas esplorojn sur tiu tereno, samtempe serĉante solvojn al diversaj daŭraj defi oj en la faka pritraktado de Esperanto, interalie la konservado kaj alirebligo de kolektoj kaj la ana...
Sur paĝo 126 de ĉi tiu libro aperas mia brakhorloĝo. Nu, fakte ne mia, sed simila produkto de la ... more Sur paĝo 126 de ĉi tiu libro aperas mia brakhorloĝo. Nu, fakte ne mia, sed simila produkto de la svisa firmao Movado, fotita de la svisa esperantistino Mirejo Grosjean. La foto enkondukas kelkpaĝan pritrakton de Esperanto kaj aliaj planlingvoj, per kiu la aŭtoroj - du kanadaj socilingvistoj kaj/aŭ lingvo-antropologoj - malfermas sian sondadon (en la kvara ĉapitro el ok entute) de la lingvaj dimensioj de 'alternativaj modernecoj', nome 'internaciismo, komunismo kaj faŝismo'.
The choice of the language or languages of instruction in schools presupposes the existence of la... more The choice of the language or languages of instruction in schools presupposes the existence of language varieties suitable for the task. In the most widespread model of schooling, such a language of instruction is expected to be highly standardized (so that many different schools can use the same curricular and human resources) and both prestigious and widely used (so that education promotes economic mobility and intergroup communication). These are not “natural” characteristics for any language: they are the result of the more-or-less conscious influence of various powerful groups and institutions on sociolinguistic norms. In its most conscious, explicit and rationalized form, such influence is known as language planning.
As a step towards a systematic comparative evaluation of the fairness of different language polic... more As a step towards a systematic comparative evaluation of the fairness of different language policies, a rationale is presented for the design of an index of linguistic justice based on public policy analysis. The approach taken is to define a ‘minimum threshold of linguistic justice’ with respect to government language policy in three domains: law and order, public administration, and essential services. A hypothetical situation of pure equality and freedom in the choice of language used by all members of society in communicating with the state is used as a theoretical benchmark to study the distributive effects of policy alternatives. Departures from this standard incur lower scores. Indicators are chosen to assess effective access to three kinds of language rights: toleration (the lack of state interference in private language choices), accommodation (accessibility of public services in different languages), and compensation (symbolic and practical recognition of languages outside...
More than 150 invasive plants were introduced and established in Canada between 1800 and 1900; ... more More than 150 invasive plants were introduced and established in Canada between 1800 and 1900; since the 1900s, introduction rates have slowed to about one species every two years. Recent data indicate that glacier mass continues to decrease and permafrost temperatures in Canada's North continue to increase. The first bloom day of Alberta plants advanced by about two days per decade between 1939 and 2006. Ecosystem services assessment is a rapidly growing and evolving field in Canada, with many reports released in recent years by both government and non-government researchers. Accounting for how changes in ecosystem services affect socioeconomic well-being is the purpose of many assessments. Canadian researchers are currently working to clarify practical approaches for assessing the cultural implications of changes to ecosystem services. Implementation and Mainstreaming of Biodiversity Conservation Chapter II provides an overview of recent actions in Canada to support biodiversity conservation and sustainable use. The Canadian Biodiversity Strategy and the complementary Biodiversity Outcomes Framework still guide the implementation of the Convention in Canada. In response to the 2011-2020 Strategic Plan, proposed biodiversity goals and targets for Canada have been drafted and, once adopted, will further focus action and help track progress. Since 2009, the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec have introduced biodiversity strategies, and the Province of Alberta is currently finalizing a biodiversity policy. Manitoba integrated biodiversity-related commitments into its latest strategic plan for the province. At the federal level, the 2013-16 Federal Sustainable Development Strategy details actions for protecting nature, and a proposed National Conservation Plan will further support results. Canada's protected areas system grew by over 87,000 km 2 between 2009 and 2013. Investments in partnerships like the Natural Areas Conservation Program enabled the protection of over 3,690 km 2 of ecologically significant land in southern Canada between 2007 and 2012. Canadian governments and conservation organizations are collaborating to develop guidance on identifying and reporting on "other effective area-based conservation measures". Integrated planning at the landscape level and in the marine context is also advancing in several regions of Canada. Work continues at all levels to assess the status of wild species and recover species at risk. Several jurisdictions, including the Northwest Territories, New Brunswick, Manitoba, and British Columbia have strengthened or updated legislation and policies for protecting wildlife and recovering species at risk. Governments are applying an ecosystem approach to species recovery through joint federal-provincial stewardship initiatives in areas like the South of the Divide in southwestern Saskatchewan. The federal March 2014 8 government and several provincial governments, including Ontario, continue to offer funding support to local, community and Aboriginal organizations to enable stewardship actions. Numerous efforts to conserve and enhance Canada's wetlands are underway. Over 80,000 km 2 of wetlands have been retained in Canada through the North American Waterfowl Management Plan (NAWMP), including nearly 10,000 km 2 between 2009 and 2012; another 238,046 km 2 of wetlands were managed or restored under the plan during the same period. At the sub-national level, the Province of Alberta recently introduced a wetlands policy, which provides the strategic direction and tools to support informed wetland management decisions. Nationally, since 2009, governments and stakeholders have undertaken numerous assessments of the vulnerability of ecological systems and biodiversity to climate change in sectors and regions across Canada. This includes collaborative work by federal-provincial-territorial governments on tools and assessments for adaptation planning related to parks and protected areas, water resources management and the forest sector. Canada's farmers are implementing practices that increase diversity on their farms such as planting shelterbelts and windbreaks, installing and managing riparian buffers, and integrating practices like crop rotation, strip cropping and agroforestry. In 2011, 35% of Canadian farms had a formal Environmental Farm Plans (compared to 27% in 2006) and 2% indicated they were in the process of developing one. Significant investments have been made to protect and restore key bodies including the Great Lakes, Lake Winnipeg and Lake Simcoe, and progress is being made to reduce nutrient loads to these areas. Three Canadian Areas of Concern in the Great Lakes are fully restored and two more areas are in recovery. The National Aquaculture Strategic Action Plan Initiative provides a comprehensive strategic vision for the sector, identifying actions for federal, provincial and territorial governments and industry from 2011 to 2015. Canada is also taking steps to ensure long-term sustainability of nationally managed fisheries by developing and implementing comprehensive fishery management plans supported by new policies and tools, including those developed under the Sustainable Fisheries Framework, the best available science advice, and compliance and enforcement activities. Of 155 major fish stocks assessed in 2012, 75 stocks (48%) were classified as "healthy" and 15 stocks (10%) were classified as "critical"; this represents an improvement since 2011. Since 2009, at least 47 intervention or management plans have been developed by governments to address the threat of invasive alien species (IAS), often in partnership with non-government organizations. IAS councils and committees, established in most provinces and territories, play an important role in identifying regional priorities and leveraging local actions to address IAS. In 2013 the Canadian Council on Invasive Species was formed and works collaboratively across jurisdictional boundaries. Recognizing the benefits both for biodiversity and business sustainability, Canadian companies, particularly in the natural resource sectors, are introducing new initiatives and standards in support of biodiversity outcomes. The Canadian Business and Biodiversity Council tracks and promotes best practices and facilitates information sharing amongst leading businesses and those who are interested in improving their corporate biodiversity performance. The customary use of biological resources, including such activities as hunting, fishing, trapping and gathering, is an important element of the intimate cultural relationship many Aboriginal peoples in Canada have with nature. Through negotiated cooperative agreements, Aboriginal peoples are assuming increased responsibility for the management of biological resources. While some challenges for
In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the... more In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission.
Imagination has sporadically captured the attention of many great thinkers in philosophy, psychol... more Imagination has sporadically captured the attention of many great thinkers in philosophy, psychology, and the arts, yet it would be hard to argue that we are much closer to elucidating its central mysteries (Brann, 1991). Nor is its importance for education widely recognized. True, many people pay lip service to the educational value of engaging children’s imaginations, primarily through the arts. Such enga gement, though, is not generally regarded as the core business of education; it does not figure prominently in most approaches to teacher preparation, nor does it attract a great deal of attention from researchers. This book joins a handful of other edited collections in the recent literature (Blenkinsop, 2009; Leonard and Willis, 2008; Joneset al, 2008) that give voice to an opposing conviction: that an understanding of imagination forms an essential part of a fundamental rethinking of education “from the ground up” (Egan, 2008).
The inaugural issue of a new journal of Esperanto Studies provides insights into research traditi... more The inaugural issue of a new journal of Esperanto Studies provides insights into research traditions and current directions.
The following essay by Mark Fettes was awarded the Maxwell Prize for European Studies in 1990. Th... more The following essay by Mark Fettes was awarded the Maxwell Prize for European Studies in 1990. The present version was published in the series Esperanto Documents in 1991. "My conclusion is that the problem of a language for international communication presents itself as the conflict between a planned language, Esperanto, which is known to function to the satisfaction of its users, and a hegemonic national language, which, as we all know, is, today, English." André Martinet (1989) There may be readers of this essay who, on encountering the above statement, have already raised a surprised or sceptical eyebrow. To set Esperanto, associated in most people's minds with a woolly and basically unsuccessful utopianism rather than with everyday reality, on the same conceptual level as the leviathan of World English may seem to be carrying the debate beyond the bounds of relevancy. Indeed the mainstream of European linguistic discourse during the past century has taken exactly this position. I shall try to show in this essay why this is so, how the relevant factors may be changing, and that the two poles of the debate identified by Martinet in fact give a very fruitful perspective into the problems of second-language communication. Although Martinet may have had in mind a world rather than a European context when he made the above statement, the debate is essentially the same: What is the role of rationalism in human affairs, more particularly with regard to the political, cultural and psychological dimensions of language? These are vast issues; we shall here be limited to sketching the field of battle which separates Esperanto's David from English's Goliath, and gathering a few useful shards from the missiles that the two combatants hurl overhead.
Please address correspondence to Marcia McKenzie at 4125 Fairway Place, North Vancouver, British ... more Please address correspondence to Marcia McKenzie at 4125 Fairway Place, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V7G 1Y8, 604-924-5573, [email protected] ... This case study examines the difficulties faced by eleven educators who have endeavored to
We begin this paper by considering a practice that is not normally thought of as “environmental e... more We begin this paper by considering a practice that is not normally thought of as “environmental education.” That is, the land acknowledgement. In recent years, it has become standard for schools and other public institutions in British Columbia (BC) to acknowledge that they are situated on Indigenous land, especially when hosting events and presentations. And yet, as the paper continues, we are challenged to consider the greater implications these acknowledgements might bear for educators beyond simply a speaking of the words. In order to do this work, we focus on three strands: land, language, and listening, which we suggest arise directly from careful consideration of the contents and goals of these acknowledgements. Drawing from Indigenous, philosophical, experiential, and political sources we explore the strands and posit that they may become important educational well-springs for transforming human and more-than-human relationships. We end this paper with a short discussion of some work currently under way in BC.
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