In this study, we used leaf geometric morphometrics to quantify the differences among Quercus cer... more In this study, we used leaf geometric morphometrics to quantify the differences among Quercus cerris L. and Quercus frainetto Ten. and their populations in the Sumadija region in Serbia. We sampled 2200 leaves from eight populations and on each leaf recorded 13 landmarks. To analyze how leaf morphology varies across species and populations, we used Procrustes ANOVA, a two-block partial least-squares analysis, a principal component analysis and a canonical variate analysis. The results showed a clear discrimination between species, followed by different levels of leaf shape variability in Q. cerris and Q. frainetto. The leaves of Q. cerris displayed higher levels of variability and higher differences among populations compared to Q. frainetto. The patterns of population grouping in the two species greatly differed, indicating that in these species different factors contribute to intraspecific variability. This study provides preliminary results of the leaf morphometric variability of...
This research aimed to determine the variability of the part of the sessile oak gene pool from th... more This research aimed to determine the variability of the part of the sessile oak gene pool from the area of the Natural Monument ?Kosutnjak Forest? at the level of one- and two-year-old seedlings, in the progeny test established in the nursery of the Faculty of Forestry. The research was conducted with one-year-old and two-year-old seedlings of 10 half-sib lines of the sessile oak. The heights and root collar diameters were measured, and the survival of the seedlings at the end of the second growth period, as well as the annual height and diameter growth, were determined. The results of descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance and Fisher?s least significant differences test, as well as multivariate analyzes - cluster and analysis of the main components were also presented in the research. The obtained results indicate a satisfactory level of genetic variability, which represents a good starting point for the realization of ex situ conservation of part of the gene pool, by...
This paper presents the process of drafting the country report on the state of forest genetic res... more This paper presents the process of drafting the country report on the state of forest genetic resources of the Republic of Serbia. The report was drawn up for the needs of the Second Assessment on the State of the World?s Forest Genetic Resources of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (UN FAO).The paper presents an overview of the objectives, methodology, sustainability of results, and contribution of the country report to the forest and nature protection sector, as well as the integration of national policies into international initiatives for the conservation of forest genetic resources. The country report contains 32 recommended activities as future steps to improve the situation in the field of conservation of forest genetic resources and meet the needs for capacity building and further research. The recommended activities are grouped into opportunities. Each opportunity is defined as a response to the challenges of all aspects of the conservation of fore...
Leaf morphology is at a certain level defined by the ways in which plants adapt to different habi... more Leaf morphology is at a certain level defined by the ways in which plants adapt to different habitats, especially in large trees. In this study, morphological variations in leaf size and shape of the Hungarian oak (Quercus frainetto Ten.) growing on different soil types (lithic leptosol, vertisol, cambisol) were investigated in the central part of Serbia (Sumadija). The information on soil type was obtained using a digitalized soil map of the Republic of Serbia, while leaf traits were characterized by geometric morphometric methods. Landmark analysis and leaf measurements showed significant differences among the analyzed groups, with individuals growing on nutrient-poor, shallow soils having smaller leaves with greater lobation. The observed differences suggest that the levels of soil productivity influence variations in leaf patterns. More studies on a larger sample size and along a broader spatial scale are needed to fully understand the differences in the patterns of leaf morphol...
The European White Elm (Ulmus effusa Willd.) is a species that belongs to the group of noble broa... more The European White Elm (Ulmus effusa Willd.) is a species that belongs to the group of noble broadleaves, characterized by exceptional features and wood quality. In the forests of Serbia, the European White Elm belongs to the category of rare and endangered species according to the IUCN categorization. The disappearance of wetland habitats is the primary threat to the survival of White Elm populations and to the genetic diversity of this species. Draining of wetland habitats for the needs of agriculture or cultivation of poplars leads to dramatic changes in ecosystems where the White Elm grows. As a result, fragmentation of White Elm populations into smaller populations, groups of trees and individual trees occurred, which will ultimately lead to genetic drift problems, and therefore, to the ecological instability of this species. The population of European White Elms in the territory of the Great War Island includes more than fifty trees which occur in three spatially isolated subp...
The aim of this paper is a review of the most important international initiatives and adopted doc... more The aim of this paper is a review of the most important international initiatives and adopted documents relating to the conservation of forest genetic resources and establishing of the necessity degree for their revision and starting of new processes at the national level, in the aim of better integrating the conservation of genetic resources in the formal management of forest ecosystems. The identification of the concepts and issues of forest genetic resources conservation in the strategic documents intended to indicate the desired directions of development in the field of sustainable forest management, points to the intentions and desires of the society to prevent the adverse effects, but also to the lack of commitment to this category of natural resources and capital. Key words: forest genetic resources, international initiatives, legislation
Comparative analysis of students' attitudes toward implementation of genetically modified trees i... more Comparative analysis of students' attitudes toward implementation of genetically modified trees in Serbia.
T he paper describes t he conservation status of white poplar (Populus alba L.) and black poplar ... more T he paper describes t he conservation status of white poplar (Populus alba L.) and black poplar (Populus nigra L.) in the territory of Great War Island. The activities of in situ and ex situ gene pool conservation have been defined in order to preserve and expand the populations of the above species, as carriers of complex wetland forest ecosystems.
The taxonomic status of beech from the Balkan Peninsula is not yet clearly defined. There is no a... more The taxonomic status of beech from the Balkan Peninsula is not yet clearly defined. There is no agreement among different authors about the morphological characteristics discriminating between the Balkan and European and/or Eastern beech. For most characteristics, the mean values are different but the ranges of variation overlap considerably. Provenance trial of beech established in Serbia, at the locality Debeli Lug, has provided an opportunity for research of interprovenance variability at the level of leaf morphometric characteristics in juvenile development stage. Research included 10 provenances originating from the Western Balkans (Serbian provenance 36 and 38; Croatian provenance 24 and 25; Bosnian provenance 30 and 32) and from Central Europe (German provenance 47 and 49; Austrian provenance 56 and Hungarian provenance 42), where following morphometric characteristics were analyzed: leaf length (Ll), leaf width (Lw), petiole lenght (Pl), leaf base width on 1 cm (Blw), number...
Forest genetic resources represent the genetic diversity contained in thousands of tree species o... more Forest genetic resources represent the genetic diversity contained in thousands of tree species on Earth, and can be defined as the genetic variability of tree species, which has a potential or real value for humans (FAO, Plant genetic resources: their conservation in situ for human use, 1989). The increasing demand for wood, as a raw material for various purposes, as well as general useful forest functions, has made the protection (conservation) and directed utilization of forest genetic resources became a priority task of forestry science and profession. Conservation of forest genetic resources could be defined as a set of activities and strategies that are being implemented with the aim of ensuring the continued existence, evolution and availability of these resources for present and future generations. Conservation of these resources should be considered as the efforts to preserve specific genotypes or populations and the combination of genes within them. Therefore, the aim of genetic resources management is to improve conditions for the continuous evolution of the species, which represents the defense mechanism of organisms in suppression the environmental changes. Genetic variability, which is the result of different genetic processes: mutation, recombination, gene flow, natural selection and genetic drift, presents the basis for conservation of forest genetic resources. The principles of genetic variability conservation can be regarded as identical for all living beings. However, the methods which are applied vary depending on the specificity of the conservation goals, distribution and biological nature of the material that is the object of conservation.
Genetically modified trees are the result of modern plant breeding. Its introduction into the env... more Genetically modified trees are the result of modern plant breeding. Its introduction into the environment for experimental purposes or wider cultivation is defined differently from country to country. Public opinion is divided! Conducted research are part of the activities within the COST Action FP0905 "Biosafety of forest transgenic trees", which aims to collect information and define the scientific attitude on genetically modified trees information refer to eight countries: four EU member states (Italy, Slovenia, Romania and Bulgaria) and four countries in the process of pre-accession (Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina). A comparative analysis involved the state of forest resources (area of forest land and forest cover), forestry legislation, legislation relating to genetically modified organisms and the general public attitude on this issue. The collected information provide a good basis for understanding this issue in order to define a clear scientific attitude as a recommendation.
Black poplar (Popuius nigra L.) belongs to endangered species of Serbia that grow in wetlands. Th... more Black poplar (Popuius nigra L.) belongs to endangered species of Serbia that grow in wetlands. This research was conducted on the Great War Island, which is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers, in Belgrade. This research aimed to determine the survival rate and growth dynamics of seedlings of different black poplar clones in the first year after planting in the flood conditions of the Great War Island. Recording of surviving seedlings and measurements of heights and diameters were performed in 2019, firstly in the spring (April IB, 2019), the second time during the summer (July IS, 2019), after the flooding period, and the third time in the autumn (October 4,2019), at the end of the vegetation period. The results of descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance (One-Way ANOVA), and cluster analysis are presented in this paper. Based on the obtained results, the highest survival rate after the flooding period was recorded in clone number 9 (85.70%), in whic...
Serbia’s current adaptive capacity to climate change is fairly modest. However, with the beginnin... more Serbia’s current adaptive capacity to climate change is fairly modest. However, with the beginning of the process of Serbia’s accession to the European Union, the capacities for strategic consideration of climate change issues began to strengthen. Activities are focused primarily on the processes necessary to reduce the causes of climate change (mitigation), and the consideration of adaptation is still neglected. Forest ecosystems play an important role in the global carbon cycle since they have a large potential for carbon sequestration within forest biomass and forest soils. However, conservation of forest genetic resources has not been recognized as a separate significant mechanism for adaptation to climate change within the national policy framework. Conservationists will face numerous challenges in their attempts to adapt conservation activities to climate change trends. According to the estimated speed of climate change, spontaneous natural selection will play a less important...
In this chapter is analysed the institutional framework for conservation of forest genetic resour... more In this chapter is analysed the institutional framework for conservation of forest genetic resources (FGR) in Serbia, i.e. institutions and organizations responsible for this issue at the republic level. The results show that a number of institutions and organizations are involved in conservation work. The top institutions of public administration are the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management (through the work of the Directorate for Forests) and the Ministry of Environmental Protection (through the work of the Sector for Nature Protection and Climate Change). The public service for nature conservation is responsible for the support and control in the performance of professional activities. The public enterprise for state forests management and public enterprises for management of national parks, as well as other organizations, including non-governmental organizations, are responsible for the implementation of professional activities on FGR conservation. The work of ...
The aim of this chapter is an overall review and analysis of the most important national regulati... more The aim of this chapter is an overall review and analysis of the most important national regulative frameworks related to conservation and sustainable utilization of forest genetic resources in Serbia. A number of legally-binding and non-binding documents (strategies, laws and programs), which have an effect on the conservation and sustainable utilization of forest genetic resources, were adopted after the 2000s in Serbia. This issue is mainly the subject of strategies, laws and programs from the fields of forestry, sustainable development, environmental and nature protection. It could be stated that there is no adopted legally-binding legislation which directly relates to the FGR conservation in Serbia.
European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is a common forest tree species in Europe, distributed across... more European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is a common forest tree species in Europe, distributed across environmentally and climatically diverse regions, resulting in wide natural diversity. Considering its wide distribution and the fact that it is drought-susceptible species, beech received a lot of attention recently, in the light of global warming. Consequently, the provenance trial will provide valuable information about genetic variation patterns of the species, the level of local adaptation to changes in environmental conditions as well as information about the amount of adaptive traits plasticity of the studied species within two research periods. The plastic response of provenance morphological traits depends on differences in climatic conditions of the test site and seed origin, showing changes only if the shift happens towards warmer/drier climate, where higher plasticity were showed in older plants within drier conditions. The presented result also show the existence of conside...
Recent technological advances in the field of genomics offer conservation managers and practition... more Recent technological advances in the field of genomics offer conservation managers and practitioners new tools to explore for conservation applications. Many of these tools are well developed and used by other life science fields, while others are still in development. Considering these technological possibilities, choosing the right tool(s) from the toolbox is crucial and can pose a challenging task. With this in mind, we strive to inspire, inform and illuminate managers and practitioners on how conservation efforts can benefit from the current genomic and biotechnological revolution. With inspirational case studies we show how new technologies can help resolve some of the main conservation challenges, while also informing how implementable the different technologies are. We here focus specifically on small population management, highlight the potential for genetic rescue, and discuss the opportunities in the field of gene editing to help with adaptation to changing environments. I...
In this study, we used leaf geometric morphometrics to quantify the differences among Quercus cer... more In this study, we used leaf geometric morphometrics to quantify the differences among Quercus cerris L. and Quercus frainetto Ten. and their populations in the Sumadija region in Serbia. We sampled 2200 leaves from eight populations and on each leaf recorded 13 landmarks. To analyze how leaf morphology varies across species and populations, we used Procrustes ANOVA, a two-block partial least-squares analysis, a principal component analysis and a canonical variate analysis. The results showed a clear discrimination between species, followed by different levels of leaf shape variability in Q. cerris and Q. frainetto. The leaves of Q. cerris displayed higher levels of variability and higher differences among populations compared to Q. frainetto. The patterns of population grouping in the two species greatly differed, indicating that in these species different factors contribute to intraspecific variability. This study provides preliminary results of the leaf morphometric variability of...
This research aimed to determine the variability of the part of the sessile oak gene pool from th... more This research aimed to determine the variability of the part of the sessile oak gene pool from the area of the Natural Monument ?Kosutnjak Forest? at the level of one- and two-year-old seedlings, in the progeny test established in the nursery of the Faculty of Forestry. The research was conducted with one-year-old and two-year-old seedlings of 10 half-sib lines of the sessile oak. The heights and root collar diameters were measured, and the survival of the seedlings at the end of the second growth period, as well as the annual height and diameter growth, were determined. The results of descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance and Fisher?s least significant differences test, as well as multivariate analyzes - cluster and analysis of the main components were also presented in the research. The obtained results indicate a satisfactory level of genetic variability, which represents a good starting point for the realization of ex situ conservation of part of the gene pool, by...
This paper presents the process of drafting the country report on the state of forest genetic res... more This paper presents the process of drafting the country report on the state of forest genetic resources of the Republic of Serbia. The report was drawn up for the needs of the Second Assessment on the State of the World?s Forest Genetic Resources of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (UN FAO).The paper presents an overview of the objectives, methodology, sustainability of results, and contribution of the country report to the forest and nature protection sector, as well as the integration of national policies into international initiatives for the conservation of forest genetic resources. The country report contains 32 recommended activities as future steps to improve the situation in the field of conservation of forest genetic resources and meet the needs for capacity building and further research. The recommended activities are grouped into opportunities. Each opportunity is defined as a response to the challenges of all aspects of the conservation of fore...
Leaf morphology is at a certain level defined by the ways in which plants adapt to different habi... more Leaf morphology is at a certain level defined by the ways in which plants adapt to different habitats, especially in large trees. In this study, morphological variations in leaf size and shape of the Hungarian oak (Quercus frainetto Ten.) growing on different soil types (lithic leptosol, vertisol, cambisol) were investigated in the central part of Serbia (Sumadija). The information on soil type was obtained using a digitalized soil map of the Republic of Serbia, while leaf traits were characterized by geometric morphometric methods. Landmark analysis and leaf measurements showed significant differences among the analyzed groups, with individuals growing on nutrient-poor, shallow soils having smaller leaves with greater lobation. The observed differences suggest that the levels of soil productivity influence variations in leaf patterns. More studies on a larger sample size and along a broader spatial scale are needed to fully understand the differences in the patterns of leaf morphol...
The European White Elm (Ulmus effusa Willd.) is a species that belongs to the group of noble broa... more The European White Elm (Ulmus effusa Willd.) is a species that belongs to the group of noble broadleaves, characterized by exceptional features and wood quality. In the forests of Serbia, the European White Elm belongs to the category of rare and endangered species according to the IUCN categorization. The disappearance of wetland habitats is the primary threat to the survival of White Elm populations and to the genetic diversity of this species. Draining of wetland habitats for the needs of agriculture or cultivation of poplars leads to dramatic changes in ecosystems where the White Elm grows. As a result, fragmentation of White Elm populations into smaller populations, groups of trees and individual trees occurred, which will ultimately lead to genetic drift problems, and therefore, to the ecological instability of this species. The population of European White Elms in the territory of the Great War Island includes more than fifty trees which occur in three spatially isolated subp...
The aim of this paper is a review of the most important international initiatives and adopted doc... more The aim of this paper is a review of the most important international initiatives and adopted documents relating to the conservation of forest genetic resources and establishing of the necessity degree for their revision and starting of new processes at the national level, in the aim of better integrating the conservation of genetic resources in the formal management of forest ecosystems. The identification of the concepts and issues of forest genetic resources conservation in the strategic documents intended to indicate the desired directions of development in the field of sustainable forest management, points to the intentions and desires of the society to prevent the adverse effects, but also to the lack of commitment to this category of natural resources and capital. Key words: forest genetic resources, international initiatives, legislation
Comparative analysis of students' attitudes toward implementation of genetically modified trees i... more Comparative analysis of students' attitudes toward implementation of genetically modified trees in Serbia.
T he paper describes t he conservation status of white poplar (Populus alba L.) and black poplar ... more T he paper describes t he conservation status of white poplar (Populus alba L.) and black poplar (Populus nigra L.) in the territory of Great War Island. The activities of in situ and ex situ gene pool conservation have been defined in order to preserve and expand the populations of the above species, as carriers of complex wetland forest ecosystems.
The taxonomic status of beech from the Balkan Peninsula is not yet clearly defined. There is no a... more The taxonomic status of beech from the Balkan Peninsula is not yet clearly defined. There is no agreement among different authors about the morphological characteristics discriminating between the Balkan and European and/or Eastern beech. For most characteristics, the mean values are different but the ranges of variation overlap considerably. Provenance trial of beech established in Serbia, at the locality Debeli Lug, has provided an opportunity for research of interprovenance variability at the level of leaf morphometric characteristics in juvenile development stage. Research included 10 provenances originating from the Western Balkans (Serbian provenance 36 and 38; Croatian provenance 24 and 25; Bosnian provenance 30 and 32) and from Central Europe (German provenance 47 and 49; Austrian provenance 56 and Hungarian provenance 42), where following morphometric characteristics were analyzed: leaf length (Ll), leaf width (Lw), petiole lenght (Pl), leaf base width on 1 cm (Blw), number...
Forest genetic resources represent the genetic diversity contained in thousands of tree species o... more Forest genetic resources represent the genetic diversity contained in thousands of tree species on Earth, and can be defined as the genetic variability of tree species, which has a potential or real value for humans (FAO, Plant genetic resources: their conservation in situ for human use, 1989). The increasing demand for wood, as a raw material for various purposes, as well as general useful forest functions, has made the protection (conservation) and directed utilization of forest genetic resources became a priority task of forestry science and profession. Conservation of forest genetic resources could be defined as a set of activities and strategies that are being implemented with the aim of ensuring the continued existence, evolution and availability of these resources for present and future generations. Conservation of these resources should be considered as the efforts to preserve specific genotypes or populations and the combination of genes within them. Therefore, the aim of genetic resources management is to improve conditions for the continuous evolution of the species, which represents the defense mechanism of organisms in suppression the environmental changes. Genetic variability, which is the result of different genetic processes: mutation, recombination, gene flow, natural selection and genetic drift, presents the basis for conservation of forest genetic resources. The principles of genetic variability conservation can be regarded as identical for all living beings. However, the methods which are applied vary depending on the specificity of the conservation goals, distribution and biological nature of the material that is the object of conservation.
Genetically modified trees are the result of modern plant breeding. Its introduction into the env... more Genetically modified trees are the result of modern plant breeding. Its introduction into the environment for experimental purposes or wider cultivation is defined differently from country to country. Public opinion is divided! Conducted research are part of the activities within the COST Action FP0905 "Biosafety of forest transgenic trees", which aims to collect information and define the scientific attitude on genetically modified trees information refer to eight countries: four EU member states (Italy, Slovenia, Romania and Bulgaria) and four countries in the process of pre-accession (Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina). A comparative analysis involved the state of forest resources (area of forest land and forest cover), forestry legislation, legislation relating to genetically modified organisms and the general public attitude on this issue. The collected information provide a good basis for understanding this issue in order to define a clear scientific attitude as a recommendation.
Black poplar (Popuius nigra L.) belongs to endangered species of Serbia that grow in wetlands. Th... more Black poplar (Popuius nigra L.) belongs to endangered species of Serbia that grow in wetlands. This research was conducted on the Great War Island, which is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers, in Belgrade. This research aimed to determine the survival rate and growth dynamics of seedlings of different black poplar clones in the first year after planting in the flood conditions of the Great War Island. Recording of surviving seedlings and measurements of heights and diameters were performed in 2019, firstly in the spring (April IB, 2019), the second time during the summer (July IS, 2019), after the flooding period, and the third time in the autumn (October 4,2019), at the end of the vegetation period. The results of descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance (One-Way ANOVA), and cluster analysis are presented in this paper. Based on the obtained results, the highest survival rate after the flooding period was recorded in clone number 9 (85.70%), in whic...
Serbia’s current adaptive capacity to climate change is fairly modest. However, with the beginnin... more Serbia’s current adaptive capacity to climate change is fairly modest. However, with the beginning of the process of Serbia’s accession to the European Union, the capacities for strategic consideration of climate change issues began to strengthen. Activities are focused primarily on the processes necessary to reduce the causes of climate change (mitigation), and the consideration of adaptation is still neglected. Forest ecosystems play an important role in the global carbon cycle since they have a large potential for carbon sequestration within forest biomass and forest soils. However, conservation of forest genetic resources has not been recognized as a separate significant mechanism for adaptation to climate change within the national policy framework. Conservationists will face numerous challenges in their attempts to adapt conservation activities to climate change trends. According to the estimated speed of climate change, spontaneous natural selection will play a less important...
In this chapter is analysed the institutional framework for conservation of forest genetic resour... more In this chapter is analysed the institutional framework for conservation of forest genetic resources (FGR) in Serbia, i.e. institutions and organizations responsible for this issue at the republic level. The results show that a number of institutions and organizations are involved in conservation work. The top institutions of public administration are the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management (through the work of the Directorate for Forests) and the Ministry of Environmental Protection (through the work of the Sector for Nature Protection and Climate Change). The public service for nature conservation is responsible for the support and control in the performance of professional activities. The public enterprise for state forests management and public enterprises for management of national parks, as well as other organizations, including non-governmental organizations, are responsible for the implementation of professional activities on FGR conservation. The work of ...
The aim of this chapter is an overall review and analysis of the most important national regulati... more The aim of this chapter is an overall review and analysis of the most important national regulative frameworks related to conservation and sustainable utilization of forest genetic resources in Serbia. A number of legally-binding and non-binding documents (strategies, laws and programs), which have an effect on the conservation and sustainable utilization of forest genetic resources, were adopted after the 2000s in Serbia. This issue is mainly the subject of strategies, laws and programs from the fields of forestry, sustainable development, environmental and nature protection. It could be stated that there is no adopted legally-binding legislation which directly relates to the FGR conservation in Serbia.
European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is a common forest tree species in Europe, distributed across... more European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is a common forest tree species in Europe, distributed across environmentally and climatically diverse regions, resulting in wide natural diversity. Considering its wide distribution and the fact that it is drought-susceptible species, beech received a lot of attention recently, in the light of global warming. Consequently, the provenance trial will provide valuable information about genetic variation patterns of the species, the level of local adaptation to changes in environmental conditions as well as information about the amount of adaptive traits plasticity of the studied species within two research periods. The plastic response of provenance morphological traits depends on differences in climatic conditions of the test site and seed origin, showing changes only if the shift happens towards warmer/drier climate, where higher plasticity were showed in older plants within drier conditions. The presented result also show the existence of conside...
Recent technological advances in the field of genomics offer conservation managers and practition... more Recent technological advances in the field of genomics offer conservation managers and practitioners new tools to explore for conservation applications. Many of these tools are well developed and used by other life science fields, while others are still in development. Considering these technological possibilities, choosing the right tool(s) from the toolbox is crucial and can pose a challenging task. With this in mind, we strive to inspire, inform and illuminate managers and practitioners on how conservation efforts can benefit from the current genomic and biotechnological revolution. With inspirational case studies we show how new technologies can help resolve some of the main conservation challenges, while also informing how implementable the different technologies are. We here focus specifically on small population management, highlight the potential for genetic rescue, and discuss the opportunities in the field of gene editing to help with adaptation to changing environments. I...
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