Papers by Marievee Santana
The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice, 2002
This review details the invention and clinical testing of a new power toothbrush designed to prov... more This review details the invention and clinical testing of a new power toothbrush designed to provide a low cost, effective toothbrush, which has a combination of a round oscillating head in conjunction with fixed bristles. The data demonstrate this power toothbrush (Crest® SpinBrush™) is an effective cleaning toothbrush with respect to plaque removal. Four independent 4-period crossover studies, where subjects used each brush twice, have demonstrated that brushing with this power toothbrush results in 10-40% greater plaque removal relative to a series of control manual toothbrushes. Separate research has confirmed that adults and children tend to brush longer, 35.8% and 38.3% respectively, when using this power toothbrush relative to manual toothbrushes. In addition, it has been shown to be superior to a battery-powered toothbrush (Colgate ActiBrush™) in two independent studies and has demonstrated comparable efficacy to a leading powered toothbrush (Oral-B Ultra Plaque Remover®). I...
Humans are capable of performing a variety of tasks simultaneously. Some of the most common—walki... more Humans are capable of performing a variety of tasks simultaneously. Some of the most common—walking, carrying objects, using tools—are controlled by the haptic perceptual system. The ability to perform multiple tasks simultaneously is classically referred to as selective attention. Typically applied to vision and hearing, attention theories do not seem to be applicable to the range of simultaneous haptic activities people are able to perform. Five experiments were designed to attempt to bridge the gap between the classical theories of attention and recent work on attention in the haptic domain. In particular, two methodological changes to the standard touch paradigm—increasing the number of distractors and overlaying a simultaneous, second task—provide more classical attentional settings. The primary task was perceptual: judge either the whole or partial length of the attended rod; the secondary task was rhythmic: wield the rods in both hands. Experiment 1 found that perception of whole length was generally unaffected by these changes. Experiment 2, however, showed that perception of partial length, which already requires a degree of selectivity, was undermined both in its accuracy and in its dependence on rotational inertia—the usual physical constraint on perceived length. Experiments 3 and 4 reinforced this disparity between perceiving the two properties and allowed the possibility that perceived partial length may have become dependent on perceived whole length. Experiment 5 evaluated this possibility formally and found a deterioration in perceived partial length that was nonetheless perceptually independent of perceived whole length. Discussion focused on the classical theories of attention and how they may be adjusted to explain the tasks controlled by the haptic system. Attention as an active selection of invariants of a structured energy array was described as an alternative.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2003
The research was designed to evaluate interpersonal coordination during conversation with a new m... more The research was designed to evaluate interpersonal coordination during conversation with a new measurement tool. The experiment uses an analysis based on recurrence strategies, known as cross recurrence quantification, to evaluate the shared activity between 2 postural time series in reconstructed phase space. Pairs of participants were found to share more locations in phase space (greater recurrence) in conditions where they were conversing with one another to solve a puzzle task than in conditions in which they conversed with others. The trajectories of pairs of participants also showed less divergence when they conversed with each other than when they conversed with others as well. This is offered as objective evidence of interpersonal coordination of postural sway in the context of a cooperative verbal task. Language use is really a form of joint action. A joint action is one that is carried out by an ensemble of people acting in coordination with each other. (Clark, 1996, p. 3) Clark (1996) has suggested that language use occurs prototypically in the context of cooperative activities that he calls "joint actions." These are activities in which two or more people engage to achieve mutual goals. The speech that occurs moves the activities forward toward goal achievement. By definition, cooperative activities require interpersonal coordination. Many investigators have observed apparent indices of coordination in the context of cooperative activities that involve speech. All of the indices are examples of interpersonal imitation or entrainment. For example, individuals speaking cooperatively are found to converge in their dialect (see Giles, Coupland, & Coupland, 1991, for a review). Speakers have also been found to converge in speaking rate (Street, 1984), vocal intensity (Natale, 1975), and pausing frequency (Cappella & Planalp, 1981; see Cappella, 1981, for a review). In addition, listeners to a speaker whom they find engaging tend to mirror the postures of the speaker (LaFrance, 1982). Listeners are also reported to move in time with the rhythms of a speaker's speech (exhibiting "interactional synchrony"; Condon & Ogston, 1971; Newtson, 1994). Findings, particularly of movement entrainment among conversational partners, are intriguing, because they appear to index the interpersonal coordination that must occur if the joint activities are to be completed. However, most findings of movement entrainment are based on fairly subjective, observational procedures. For example, Condon and Ogston (1971) assessed interactional synchrony by hand scoring videotapes of listener movements and hand marking the accompanying speech for its rhythmic properties. Although this work was painstaking and, apparently, quite carefully done, it is open to error. Speech rhythms in particular are quite difficult to document. Newtson and colleagues (see Newtson, Engquist, & Bois, 1977; Newtson, Hairfield, Bloomingdale, & Cutino, 1987) have also offered strategies for evaluating the coordination dynamics of participants engaged in various activities, including conversation. These strategies involve visual analysis of behavior sequences of recorded interactions. Stick-figure tracings are made of each actor in a sequence at specific intervals. Each successive tracing is compared for changes in joint angles. For 17 possible joint-angle changes, a value of 0 or 1 is assigned, yielding a score between 0 and 17 for each frame. This strategy yields remarkably high reliabilities and appears quite robust. The coded sequences (time series) can then be translated into spectral profiles, reflecting the periodicity of the movement sequence and also, apparently, the class of movements (e.g., throwing vs. catching a ball). Finally, the spectral profiles of two time series may be
Human Movement Science, 2001
We examined the eects of crossing dierent degrees of cooperation and competition on inphase and a... more We examined the eects of crossing dierent degrees of cooperation and competition on inphase and antiphase 1:1 frequency locked coordination of left-and right-hand-oscillated pendulums. Degree of cooperation was manipulated through the joint frequency of oscillation speci®ed by a metronome (the higher the frequency, the weaker the cooperation), and degree of competition by length (and, therefore, preferred frequency) dierences between the two pendulums (the greater the dierence, the stronger the competition). Increasing competition was accompanied by either decreasing cooperation (for six participants) or increasing cooperation (for six dierent participants). On each trial, a participant attempted to produce a steady-state phase relation / for a given combination of competition and cooperation. Numerical simulations of the extended Haken±Kelso±Bunz (HKB) equation were used to predict (a) the patterns of shift in / from either 0 or p radians due to the dierent competition± cooperation relations and (b) the patterns of variability in /. It was expected that the HKB equation would be successful in respect to (a), which it was, but not in respect to (b). The observed failure to con®rm (b) was expected from the variability due to the dierent nonharmonic dynamics of the component oscillators, a source of variability not included in the HKB equation. The experimental results together with simulations and analyses of the phaseplane trajectories of the component oscillators suggest the operation of deterministic in
Ecological Psychology, 2000
Stoffregen (target article, this issue) asks whether animals detect information specific to event... more Stoffregen (target article, this issue) asks whether animals detect information specific to events and therefore perceive events as such, or whether animals always perceive affordances, which reflect the possibilities for action of a surrounding layout of surfaces. He concludes the latter. We examine this issue with special reference to the concepts of (a) the simultaneity of exteroception and proprioception,(b) observation, and (c) intention as a constraint on information detection. We argue that animals do not always have to perceive ...
Ecological Psychology, 2003
Exteroception by dynamic touch has been studied for the most part using large (30-120 cm, 20-65 g... more Exteroception by dynamic touch has been studied for the most part using large (30-120 cm, 20-65 g) handheld stimulus objects. Only one study, Santana and Carello (1999), has looked at the perception of small-scale objects (15-25 cm, 0.75-1.3 g) by dynamic touch. The purpose of this article is to extend the theory of dynamic touch to the perception of small-scale objects. We explore whether the power-law scaling of perceived magnitudes to object inertial properties observed at the large scale held at the small scale, and whether partial ...
Ecological Psychology, 1999
... Citation. Database: PsycINFO. [Journal Article]. Perceiving whole and partial extents of smal... more ... Citation. Database: PsycINFO. [Journal Article]. Perceiving whole and partial extents of small objects by dynamic touch. Santana, Marie-Vee; Carello, Claudia. Ecological Psychology, Vol 11(4), 1999, 283-307. doi: 10.1207/s15326969eco1104_3. Abstract. ...
Perception & Psychophysics, 1996
Perception, 2002
Various object properties are perceptible by wielding. We asked whether the dynamics of wielding ... more Various object properties are perceptible by wielding. We asked whether the dynamics of wielding differed as a function of the to-be-perceived property. Wielding motions were analyzed to determine if they differed under the intention to perceive or not perceive rod length (experiment 1), to perceive object height versus object width (experiment 2), and to perceive the length forward of where the rod was grasped versus the position of the grasp (experiment 3). Perceiving these different properties is known to depend on different components of the object's inertia tensor. Analyses of the subtle recurrent patterns in the phase space of the hand motions revealed differences in wielding across the different perceptual intentions. Haptic exploratory procedures may exhibit distinct exploratory dynamics.
Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2005
The goal of this preliminary study was to examine data collected in the course of the development... more The goal of this preliminary study was to examine data collected in the course of the development and conduct of the behind-the-knee (BTK) test for correlations between the objective scores of erythema and the sensory effects reported by the panelists. In addition, the intensity of physical characteristics of femcare products and prototypes was evaluated using the descriptive analysis panel (DAP) and results were compared to the BTK results to determine if certain physical characteristics of the products correlated to different sensations experienced by the BTK panelists. Test materials were commercially available or developmental catemenial products. In the BTK test, samples were applied daily to the area behind the knee and held in place for 6 hours per day for 5 consecutive days by an elastic knee band of the appropriate size. Irritation was graded 30-60 minutes after removal of each application. The DAP uses individuals trained to recognize and grade certain physical characteristics of products, including degree of plastic feel, scratchiness, glide, and cottony feel. In the BTK studies, the ability to differentiate between the test samples via reported sensory effects correlated with the ability to differentiate via objective scores for irritation in seven of 15 comparisons. A correlation between the magnitude of the irritation score, independent of the specific test sample, and reports of adverse sensory effects was observed in 13 of 15 comparisons. Two comparisons conducted in the BTK were also evaluated using the DAP. For one comparison, there was a clear difference in the product physical characteristics in the DAP that was consistent with mean erythema scores and reported sensory effects in the BTK. For the other comparison, there was no clear difference between the two products by either the DAP or the BTK.
Uploads
Papers by Marievee Santana