This chapter provides an extended look at health politics and the social health insurance system ... more This chapter provides an extended look at health politics and the social health insurance system in Estonia. The chapter traces the historical development of the Estonian healthcare system through a series of regime changes, all of which affected healthcare. The post-1991 transformation of Estonia’s health system went rapidly and was marked by relatively high consensus and professionalism. Consequently, stable financing and a large tax component allowed Estonia’s national health fund to avoid the heavy dependence on out-of-pocket payments characteristic of many other transition countries. Despite plans for decentralized social insurance, by 2000 the decision was made to centralize the social insurance system, which has become essentially a single-payer system. This has allowed quite a bit of leverage for setting healthcare priorities. But, as the chapter argues, given the pressure for austerity after the 2008 financial crisis, reduced capacity has led to longer waiting times.
Selected Rural Growth in Estonia 1989–2000 – Sub- or Counterurbanisation? Different Analyses – Different Results
Trames. Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences
Introduction There is no common understanding of the essence of suburbanisation and counterurbani... more Introduction There is no common understanding of the essence of suburbanisation and counterurbanisation (Berry 1976, Frey 1987, 1988, Champion 1989, Johnston 2000, Tammaru 2001). Both terms refer to a situation of population outflow from more densely populated towns, but the borderline between suburbanisation and counterurbanisation remains ambiguous. In this paper we will define counterurbanisation as an outflow of population from bigger towns into smaller towns and rural areas (sometimes also called deurbanisation, desurbanisation, or disurbanisation), and suburbanisation as an outflow of population mainly into the nearest hinterland of bigger towns (also called spillover, or seen as continuous growth of towns over their borders). Consequently, the distance of migration from bigger towns is an essential differentiator between suburbanisation and counterurbanisation. Large amounts of literature have been dedicated to the essence and trends of urbanisation and counterurbanisation (Berry & Dahman 1977, Champion 1989, 1992). Although there are some reports about earlier signs of urban reversal of concentration in London and America (Korcelli 1984), the counterurbanisation process became well known and was most visible in the 1970s in USA. Many authors have stressed that the growth rate of rural areas was in favour of more peripheral regions, smaller settlements, or cities of intermediate scale (Champion 1992). After 1970, the process accelerated. According to Hall and Hay (1980; 87), "cores virtually ceased to grow and with continuing losses from the non-metropolitan areas--the rings actually accounted for more than the entire net growth of the population". These generalisations included rather substantial variations among individual countries analysed in the study by Hall and Hay. It was found that counterurbanisation was related to the hierarchy of towns. As the correlation between hierarchy rank and the rate of population growth was negative, the main contributors to counterurbanisation were revealed to be the towns in higher hierarchical order. Korcelli (1984) found that, despite the fact that metropolitan areas were still growing, they were decentralising people from cores into rings, mainly because of stagnation of older metropolitan centres. Using the USA population census data from 1990-2000, Lopez and Hynes (2003) got the same results. The sprawls index showed shifts towards a more equal population distribution. Later, large amounts of migration research (Fielding 1987, Findlay & White 1986, Champion 1989) have shown that, despite the fact that the changes took place in different countries at different times, the majority of countries have passed deconscentration stages at some period of development. In 1989, Fielding concluded that most of the countries in Western Europe have records of counterurbanisation from the 1970s. In the 1980s, signs of reurbanisation of towns were found (Ogden & Hall 2000). Although in 1990 the changes towards concentration occurred in many countries, there was no clear understanding of a general future trend. The question remained--was deconcentration a major shift in population redistribution (see Zelinsky 1971, Frey 1995, Long & Nucci 1997, Wardwell 1977, Johnston & Beale 1994, Champion 1992), a mere temporary exception in a long process of concentration (Champion 1989, Fielding 1993, Frey 1987, Frey 1988, Johnston & Beale1994), or something else. Once again, metropolitan centres had started to grow, and the reasons were diverse and complex, sometimes the growth was related to commuter dormitories, sometimes to retirement settlements. The latest Europe-wide research project (Rees & Kupiszewski 1999) reported different concentration and deconcentration results for different countries. The picture has been unclear also in Estonia. Low reliability of data and different methods used to study migration, have given variable results. …
This volume presents a study in the framework of the international project "Comparative analysis ... more This volume presents a study in the framework of the international project "Comparative analysis on the effectiveness of the population policy in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia within the EU context" (GYVPOLBALT) funded by the Lithuanian State Science and Studies Foundation. The Lithuanian State Science and Studies Foundation have a sustained interest in demographic issues in Lithuania and the other two Baltic countries. In 1998, the foundation was one of the sponsors of the international conference "Regularities and inconsistencies of demographic development in the Baltic Countries", which was organized by the Department of Demography of the Lithuanian Institute of Philosophy in Vilnius, Lithuania. On the basis of the papers presented at the conference, two volumes on demographic trends and population policies in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania have been published. Along with the proceedings of a similar conference called "Demographic development in the Baltic Countries" and held in Tallinn (Estonia) in 1997, these two volumes (special issues of the journal Revue Baltic) Demographic development in the countries of transition, and Mortality in the Baltic countries at the end of the 20 th century were some of the most systematic comparative publications on the demographic issues in the Baltic countries. The present volume builds on previous experience, with a focus on the most recent demographic, family, and fertility trends and family policy responses. It is expected that policymakers of the three countries will be an important audience of this book, which is the result of the continuous collective efforts of colleagues working in scientific institutions in four countries:
Multilingual families and their position in European societies
Človek a spoločnosť, 2022
Background: European Union (EU) statistics show that the percentage of people living in immigrant... more Background: European Union (EU) statistics show that the percentage of people living in immigrant or mixed households is growing (Eurostat, 2017). Authors concur that fostering multilingualism brings benefits for the family members’ wellbeing (Portes & Hao, 2002) and cohesion (Müller et al., 2020) and for their connection with the society where they live (Vuorenkoski et al., 2000). Research goal: The aim of this study is to analyse the diversity of multilingual families and to describe their social environment in Europe. We study the proportion of people living in multilingual families, their demographic background, and their integration into society. Furthermore, we classify certain European countries according to the characteristics of their multilingual households to better understand the environments in which multilingual families live. Method: We use European Social Survey (ESS) data on immigration background and integration attitudes to analyse multilingual family members from...
This chapter analyses the social protection system in Estonia mainly from the immigration viewpoi... more This chapter analyses the social protection system in Estonia mainly from the immigration viewpoint. Perhaps because of low immigration rates in recent decades, immigration and emigration issues are seldom explicitly regulated in the Estonian legal system. Our findings indicate that social security rights are based mostly on legal resident status in Estonia, although EU foreign residents sometimes benefit from some better conditions, mainly in terms of taking into account employment records in other EU countries. Missing waiting periods for entitlement to social benefits guarantee that newly arrived immigrants have similar rights with long-term residents.
The regional outlook for the Baltic countries presents a comparative assessment of the historical... more The regional outlook for the Baltic countries presents a comparative assessment of the historical development of the healthcare system, health politics, and selected health-related indicators for Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, each of which pursued a different path to establishing a new health system after independence in 1991. In terms of health financing, out-of-pocket payments are relatively high, especially in Latvia and Lithuania. But while, as might be expected, unmet need due to cost is quite high in Latvia, it is rather low in Lithuania. Though the political saliency of healthcare has been rather low in the Baltics, it appears to be moving up the political agenda. High health inequalities, low satisfaction with healthcare services, and access are among the problems that have persisted.
Taust. Mitmed uuringud on naidanud, et kehvema tervisega inimesed kalduvad olema tervishoiusustee... more Taust. Mitmed uuringud on naidanud, et kehvema tervisega inimesed kalduvad olema tervishoiususteemiga vahem rahul kui parema tervisega inimesed. Samas on teada, et tervishoiususteemiga rahulolu voib soltuda tervishoiususteemivalistest teguritest. Naiteks on erinevate riigisusteemide rahulolude vahel tugev seos. Eesmark. Vorrelda erineva terviseseisundiga inimeste rahulolu tervishoiususteemiga Eestis ja veel 14 Euroopa riigis ning analuusida selle seost uldise rahuloluga riigisusteemiga ning sissetulekute ja terviseteenuse saamisega. Metoodika. Artiklis on kasutatud Euroopa sotsiaaluuringu 2014. aasta vooru andmeid. Uuring on esinduslik 15aastaste ja vanemate tavaleibkondades elavate inimeste puhul. Andmeid koguti 2014. aastal silmast silma intervjuudega. Inimeste rahulolu tervishoiususteemiga mojutavaid tegureid analuusiti sammsammulise lineaarse regressioonianaluusi abil. Tulemused. Tulemused naitavad, et inimese tervis ja rahulolu tervishoiususteemiga on enamikus Euroopa riikides ...
The diversity of family types is increasing in Europe. Existing research provides inconsistent re... more The diversity of family types is increasing in Europe. Existing research provides inconsistent results on whether having children in a family influences life satisfaction, and even less is known about how different partnership and social support types influence life satisfaction. We investigate the life satisfaction of officially registered and cohabiting persons with and without children in 24 European countries using the latest European Social Survey data from 2012. To investigate the influence of society and individual selection on family types, we include a range of individual and macroeconomic indicators in the multilevel analyses. The results demonstrate that life satisfaction is influenced by partnership and partnership type, children in a household do not elevate life satisfaction, and lack of economic coping problems might raise the positive value of children. Although the general life satisfaction levels follow predominantly the East–West alignment, the life satisfaction o...
Background: There is a growing need for healthcare services and system performance assessment due... more Background: There is a growing need for healthcare services and system performance assessment due to the population ageing and limited resources in Europe. Therefore, it is not surprising that the measurement of the healthcare system performance with public or user satisfaction (Bleich et al., 2009) is considered important. Public satisfaction with a healthcare system is an important dimension of healthcare legitimacy; referring to the citizens' evaluations of how their government has actually implemented healthcare services in regards to what it had promised (Rothstein 2001). It is proposed that in contrast to expert opinion and other objective performance measures, subjective evaluations directly echo the experiences and perceptions of the public (Blendon & Benson, 2001) and provide an assessment of healthcare systems that is often described as more accurate, legitimate, and sensitive (
Background To understand better the total burden of interpersonal violence on society, it is usef... more Background To understand better the total burden of interpersonal violence on society, it is useful to assess the prevalence of interpersonal violence among both, men and women. Exposure to multiple forms of interpersonal violence, referred to as polyvictimization, has been associated with more severe health consequences than exposure to any form separately. The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence of emotional, physical and sexual interpersonal violence in childhood, adulthood and at both childhood and adulthood among men and women in Estonia, analyze the patterns of interpersonal violence and socio-demographic correlates of polyvictimization in adulthood by gender. Methods The analysis was based on two population-based, cross-sectional, self-administered surveys carried out among men and women in Estonia in 2014. In both surveys, the NorVold Abuse questionnaire was used to measure exposure to interpersonal violence. Men and women aged 18-44 were included to the analysis. Results Among men 66.6% and among women 54.2% had been exposed to at least one form of interpersonal violence during lifetime. Men had been more often exposed to isolated physical interpersonal violence, among women the distribution of different forms of interpersonal violence was more even and exposure to sexual violence was more common. The prevalence of polyvictimization in adulthood was two times higher among women compared to men and more socio-demographic correlates, were associated with it. Exposure to violence in childhood was associated with polyvictimization in adulthood across gender.
During the past 30 years migration trends in most European countries have revealed some signs of ... more During the past 30 years migration trends in most European countries have revealed some signs of deconcentration. The aim of this paper is to analyse the reasons of such deconcentration. For that purpose we will give an overview of literature on reasons of migration turnaround and provide a deeper case analysis of one country - Estonia. In Estonia internal migration ? rst turned in favour of rural areas in 1983. The trends of deconcentration continued and rural population increased at the expense of urban population at least until the end of the 1990s. The Retrospective Estonian Living Conditions Survey of 1999 is used to analyze the possible changes in reasons for migration turnaround. That survey provides a unique opportunity for comparing reasons of migration during periods of concentration and deconcentration. In the empirical part of this paper deconcentration will be de? ned as an out? ow of population from administrative town borders into rural areas. We will not distinguish ...
The three Baltic countries experienced the most rapid population decline throughout the 1990s and... more The three Baltic countries experienced the most rapid population decline throughout the 1990s and 2000s in Europe. The resulting critical demographic situation motivated the governments of the Baltic states to pay more political attention to family policy issues than in the rest of Europe. The aim of the paper is to analyze the development of family policy in Baltic countries and factors that influenced it during the 2009 economic crisis. Also, the outcomes in terms of child poverty and fertility are highlighted. Results show that the economic resources and fertility level had an essential impact on family policy in the Baltic states. Economic support to families, in turn, directly alleviate the poverty level of families and indirectly influence fertility.
Comparative analysis of the gut microbiota in centenarians and young adults shows a common signat... more Comparative analysis of the gut microbiota in centenarians and young adults shows a common signature across genotypically non-related populations,
Public satisfaction with healthcare systems is an important dimension of healthcare legitimacy. T... more Public satisfaction with healthcare systems is an important dimension of healthcare legitimacy. The paper analyzes how satisfaction with healthcare systems depended upon the economic situation of our respondents during and after the economic recession in the Baltic states. The results show that there were no differences in public satisfaction with healthcare between better and worse off people in Estonia (except in 2009). In Lithuania, however, satisfaction among the economically better off was higher compared to other groups between 2008 and 2014. In Latvia, inequality in satisfaction between groups in different economic situations became significant from 2010.
This chapter provides an extended look at health politics and the social health insurance system ... more This chapter provides an extended look at health politics and the social health insurance system in Estonia. The chapter traces the historical development of the Estonian healthcare system through a series of regime changes, all of which affected healthcare. The post-1991 transformation of Estonia’s health system went rapidly and was marked by relatively high consensus and professionalism. Consequently, stable financing and a large tax component allowed Estonia’s national health fund to avoid the heavy dependence on out-of-pocket payments characteristic of many other transition countries. Despite plans for decentralized social insurance, by 2000 the decision was made to centralize the social insurance system, which has become essentially a single-payer system. This has allowed quite a bit of leverage for setting healthcare priorities. But, as the chapter argues, given the pressure for austerity after the 2008 financial crisis, reduced capacity has led to longer waiting times.
Selected Rural Growth in Estonia 1989–2000 – Sub- or Counterurbanisation? Different Analyses – Different Results
Trames. Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences
Introduction There is no common understanding of the essence of suburbanisation and counterurbani... more Introduction There is no common understanding of the essence of suburbanisation and counterurbanisation (Berry 1976, Frey 1987, 1988, Champion 1989, Johnston 2000, Tammaru 2001). Both terms refer to a situation of population outflow from more densely populated towns, but the borderline between suburbanisation and counterurbanisation remains ambiguous. In this paper we will define counterurbanisation as an outflow of population from bigger towns into smaller towns and rural areas (sometimes also called deurbanisation, desurbanisation, or disurbanisation), and suburbanisation as an outflow of population mainly into the nearest hinterland of bigger towns (also called spillover, or seen as continuous growth of towns over their borders). Consequently, the distance of migration from bigger towns is an essential differentiator between suburbanisation and counterurbanisation. Large amounts of literature have been dedicated to the essence and trends of urbanisation and counterurbanisation (Berry & Dahman 1977, Champion 1989, 1992). Although there are some reports about earlier signs of urban reversal of concentration in London and America (Korcelli 1984), the counterurbanisation process became well known and was most visible in the 1970s in USA. Many authors have stressed that the growth rate of rural areas was in favour of more peripheral regions, smaller settlements, or cities of intermediate scale (Champion 1992). After 1970, the process accelerated. According to Hall and Hay (1980; 87), "cores virtually ceased to grow and with continuing losses from the non-metropolitan areas--the rings actually accounted for more than the entire net growth of the population". These generalisations included rather substantial variations among individual countries analysed in the study by Hall and Hay. It was found that counterurbanisation was related to the hierarchy of towns. As the correlation between hierarchy rank and the rate of population growth was negative, the main contributors to counterurbanisation were revealed to be the towns in higher hierarchical order. Korcelli (1984) found that, despite the fact that metropolitan areas were still growing, they were decentralising people from cores into rings, mainly because of stagnation of older metropolitan centres. Using the USA population census data from 1990-2000, Lopez and Hynes (2003) got the same results. The sprawls index showed shifts towards a more equal population distribution. Later, large amounts of migration research (Fielding 1987, Findlay & White 1986, Champion 1989) have shown that, despite the fact that the changes took place in different countries at different times, the majority of countries have passed deconscentration stages at some period of development. In 1989, Fielding concluded that most of the countries in Western Europe have records of counterurbanisation from the 1970s. In the 1980s, signs of reurbanisation of towns were found (Ogden & Hall 2000). Although in 1990 the changes towards concentration occurred in many countries, there was no clear understanding of a general future trend. The question remained--was deconcentration a major shift in population redistribution (see Zelinsky 1971, Frey 1995, Long & Nucci 1997, Wardwell 1977, Johnston & Beale 1994, Champion 1992), a mere temporary exception in a long process of concentration (Champion 1989, Fielding 1993, Frey 1987, Frey 1988, Johnston & Beale1994), or something else. Once again, metropolitan centres had started to grow, and the reasons were diverse and complex, sometimes the growth was related to commuter dormitories, sometimes to retirement settlements. The latest Europe-wide research project (Rees & Kupiszewski 1999) reported different concentration and deconcentration results for different countries. The picture has been unclear also in Estonia. Low reliability of data and different methods used to study migration, have given variable results. …
This volume presents a study in the framework of the international project "Comparative analysis ... more This volume presents a study in the framework of the international project "Comparative analysis on the effectiveness of the population policy in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia within the EU context" (GYVPOLBALT) funded by the Lithuanian State Science and Studies Foundation. The Lithuanian State Science and Studies Foundation have a sustained interest in demographic issues in Lithuania and the other two Baltic countries. In 1998, the foundation was one of the sponsors of the international conference "Regularities and inconsistencies of demographic development in the Baltic Countries", which was organized by the Department of Demography of the Lithuanian Institute of Philosophy in Vilnius, Lithuania. On the basis of the papers presented at the conference, two volumes on demographic trends and population policies in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania have been published. Along with the proceedings of a similar conference called "Demographic development in the Baltic Countries" and held in Tallinn (Estonia) in 1997, these two volumes (special issues of the journal Revue Baltic) Demographic development in the countries of transition, and Mortality in the Baltic countries at the end of the 20 th century were some of the most systematic comparative publications on the demographic issues in the Baltic countries. The present volume builds on previous experience, with a focus on the most recent demographic, family, and fertility trends and family policy responses. It is expected that policymakers of the three countries will be an important audience of this book, which is the result of the continuous collective efforts of colleagues working in scientific institutions in four countries:
Multilingual families and their position in European societies
Človek a spoločnosť, 2022
Background: European Union (EU) statistics show that the percentage of people living in immigrant... more Background: European Union (EU) statistics show that the percentage of people living in immigrant or mixed households is growing (Eurostat, 2017). Authors concur that fostering multilingualism brings benefits for the family members’ wellbeing (Portes & Hao, 2002) and cohesion (Müller et al., 2020) and for their connection with the society where they live (Vuorenkoski et al., 2000). Research goal: The aim of this study is to analyse the diversity of multilingual families and to describe their social environment in Europe. We study the proportion of people living in multilingual families, their demographic background, and their integration into society. Furthermore, we classify certain European countries according to the characteristics of their multilingual households to better understand the environments in which multilingual families live. Method: We use European Social Survey (ESS) data on immigration background and integration attitudes to analyse multilingual family members from...
This chapter analyses the social protection system in Estonia mainly from the immigration viewpoi... more This chapter analyses the social protection system in Estonia mainly from the immigration viewpoint. Perhaps because of low immigration rates in recent decades, immigration and emigration issues are seldom explicitly regulated in the Estonian legal system. Our findings indicate that social security rights are based mostly on legal resident status in Estonia, although EU foreign residents sometimes benefit from some better conditions, mainly in terms of taking into account employment records in other EU countries. Missing waiting periods for entitlement to social benefits guarantee that newly arrived immigrants have similar rights with long-term residents.
The regional outlook for the Baltic countries presents a comparative assessment of the historical... more The regional outlook for the Baltic countries presents a comparative assessment of the historical development of the healthcare system, health politics, and selected health-related indicators for Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, each of which pursued a different path to establishing a new health system after independence in 1991. In terms of health financing, out-of-pocket payments are relatively high, especially in Latvia and Lithuania. But while, as might be expected, unmet need due to cost is quite high in Latvia, it is rather low in Lithuania. Though the political saliency of healthcare has been rather low in the Baltics, it appears to be moving up the political agenda. High health inequalities, low satisfaction with healthcare services, and access are among the problems that have persisted.
Taust. Mitmed uuringud on naidanud, et kehvema tervisega inimesed kalduvad olema tervishoiusustee... more Taust. Mitmed uuringud on naidanud, et kehvema tervisega inimesed kalduvad olema tervishoiususteemiga vahem rahul kui parema tervisega inimesed. Samas on teada, et tervishoiususteemiga rahulolu voib soltuda tervishoiususteemivalistest teguritest. Naiteks on erinevate riigisusteemide rahulolude vahel tugev seos. Eesmark. Vorrelda erineva terviseseisundiga inimeste rahulolu tervishoiususteemiga Eestis ja veel 14 Euroopa riigis ning analuusida selle seost uldise rahuloluga riigisusteemiga ning sissetulekute ja terviseteenuse saamisega. Metoodika. Artiklis on kasutatud Euroopa sotsiaaluuringu 2014. aasta vooru andmeid. Uuring on esinduslik 15aastaste ja vanemate tavaleibkondades elavate inimeste puhul. Andmeid koguti 2014. aastal silmast silma intervjuudega. Inimeste rahulolu tervishoiususteemiga mojutavaid tegureid analuusiti sammsammulise lineaarse regressioonianaluusi abil. Tulemused. Tulemused naitavad, et inimese tervis ja rahulolu tervishoiususteemiga on enamikus Euroopa riikides ...
The diversity of family types is increasing in Europe. Existing research provides inconsistent re... more The diversity of family types is increasing in Europe. Existing research provides inconsistent results on whether having children in a family influences life satisfaction, and even less is known about how different partnership and social support types influence life satisfaction. We investigate the life satisfaction of officially registered and cohabiting persons with and without children in 24 European countries using the latest European Social Survey data from 2012. To investigate the influence of society and individual selection on family types, we include a range of individual and macroeconomic indicators in the multilevel analyses. The results demonstrate that life satisfaction is influenced by partnership and partnership type, children in a household do not elevate life satisfaction, and lack of economic coping problems might raise the positive value of children. Although the general life satisfaction levels follow predominantly the East–West alignment, the life satisfaction o...
Background: There is a growing need for healthcare services and system performance assessment due... more Background: There is a growing need for healthcare services and system performance assessment due to the population ageing and limited resources in Europe. Therefore, it is not surprising that the measurement of the healthcare system performance with public or user satisfaction (Bleich et al., 2009) is considered important. Public satisfaction with a healthcare system is an important dimension of healthcare legitimacy; referring to the citizens' evaluations of how their government has actually implemented healthcare services in regards to what it had promised (Rothstein 2001). It is proposed that in contrast to expert opinion and other objective performance measures, subjective evaluations directly echo the experiences and perceptions of the public (Blendon & Benson, 2001) and provide an assessment of healthcare systems that is often described as more accurate, legitimate, and sensitive (
Background To understand better the total burden of interpersonal violence on society, it is usef... more Background To understand better the total burden of interpersonal violence on society, it is useful to assess the prevalence of interpersonal violence among both, men and women. Exposure to multiple forms of interpersonal violence, referred to as polyvictimization, has been associated with more severe health consequences than exposure to any form separately. The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence of emotional, physical and sexual interpersonal violence in childhood, adulthood and at both childhood and adulthood among men and women in Estonia, analyze the patterns of interpersonal violence and socio-demographic correlates of polyvictimization in adulthood by gender. Methods The analysis was based on two population-based, cross-sectional, self-administered surveys carried out among men and women in Estonia in 2014. In both surveys, the NorVold Abuse questionnaire was used to measure exposure to interpersonal violence. Men and women aged 18-44 were included to the analysis. Results Among men 66.6% and among women 54.2% had been exposed to at least one form of interpersonal violence during lifetime. Men had been more often exposed to isolated physical interpersonal violence, among women the distribution of different forms of interpersonal violence was more even and exposure to sexual violence was more common. The prevalence of polyvictimization in adulthood was two times higher among women compared to men and more socio-demographic correlates, were associated with it. Exposure to violence in childhood was associated with polyvictimization in adulthood across gender.
During the past 30 years migration trends in most European countries have revealed some signs of ... more During the past 30 years migration trends in most European countries have revealed some signs of deconcentration. The aim of this paper is to analyse the reasons of such deconcentration. For that purpose we will give an overview of literature on reasons of migration turnaround and provide a deeper case analysis of one country - Estonia. In Estonia internal migration ? rst turned in favour of rural areas in 1983. The trends of deconcentration continued and rural population increased at the expense of urban population at least until the end of the 1990s. The Retrospective Estonian Living Conditions Survey of 1999 is used to analyze the possible changes in reasons for migration turnaround. That survey provides a unique opportunity for comparing reasons of migration during periods of concentration and deconcentration. In the empirical part of this paper deconcentration will be de? ned as an out? ow of population from administrative town borders into rural areas. We will not distinguish ...
The three Baltic countries experienced the most rapid population decline throughout the 1990s and... more The three Baltic countries experienced the most rapid population decline throughout the 1990s and 2000s in Europe. The resulting critical demographic situation motivated the governments of the Baltic states to pay more political attention to family policy issues than in the rest of Europe. The aim of the paper is to analyze the development of family policy in Baltic countries and factors that influenced it during the 2009 economic crisis. Also, the outcomes in terms of child poverty and fertility are highlighted. Results show that the economic resources and fertility level had an essential impact on family policy in the Baltic states. Economic support to families, in turn, directly alleviate the poverty level of families and indirectly influence fertility.
Comparative analysis of the gut microbiota in centenarians and young adults shows a common signat... more Comparative analysis of the gut microbiota in centenarians and young adults shows a common signature across genotypically non-related populations,
Public satisfaction with healthcare systems is an important dimension of healthcare legitimacy. T... more Public satisfaction with healthcare systems is an important dimension of healthcare legitimacy. The paper analyzes how satisfaction with healthcare systems depended upon the economic situation of our respondents during and after the economic recession in the Baltic states. The results show that there were no differences in public satisfaction with healthcare between better and worse off people in Estonia (except in 2009). In Lithuania, however, satisfaction among the economically better off was higher compared to other groups between 2008 and 2014. In Latvia, inequality in satisfaction between groups in different economic situations became significant from 2010.
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