We present an analytical and experimental investigation into the origin of the open-circuit volta... more We present an analytical and experimental investigation into the origin of the open-circuit voltage in the solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell. Through Kelvin probe microscopy, we demonstrate that a macroscopically uniform electric field exists throughout the nanocomposite between the electrodes. Considering a balance between drift and diffusion currents, and between charge generation and recombination, we develop an analytical expression for the open-circuit voltage which accurately follows experimental data. We find the open-circuit voltage increases with light intensity as 1.7kT/q , where T is absolute temperature, however it decreases with increasing temperature and device thickness. The intensity dependence arises from the charge generation rate increasing more strongly with intensity than the recombination rate constant, resulting in increased chemical potential within the device. We find that the temperature dependence arises from a reduction in the charge lifetime and not from increased charge diffusion and mobility. The thickness dependence is found to derive from two factors; first, charge recombination sites are distributed throughout the film, enabling more charges to recombine in thicker films before influencing the potential at the electrodes, and second, the average optical power density within the film reduces with increasing film thickness.
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 2003
This paper presents the performance of a two-chip detector system based on a silicon drift detect... more This paper presents the performance of a two-chip detector system based on a silicon drift detector and on a charge amplifier, part of the latter being integrated in the detector chip. The two-chip system is intended for high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy experiments in which stability of operation is mandatory to avoid on-line calibration procedures. Experimental measurements have been carried out to test the stability of the whole system with a quantitative analysis of the gain stability obtained by comparing X-ray spectra taken at different operating conditions, varying the temperature and/or the detector bias. A gain variation of less than 0.4% has been obtained at extreme operating conditions. The problems and critical aspects of the two-chip charge amplifier solution are discussed. r
We present a microscopic study of photoinduced charge generation in polyfluorene-based photovolta... more We present a microscopic study of photoinduced charge generation in polyfluorene-based photovoltaic structures. The sub-100 nm lateral resolution of scanning Kelvin probe microscopy allows characterizing the three-dimensional structure of thin films of blends of poly-(9,9'-dioctylfluorene-co-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT) and poly-(9,9'-dioctylfluorene-co-bis-N,N'-(4-butylphenyl)-bis-N,N'-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine) (PFB). From the strong correlation between surface photovoltage and blend morphology, we propose a simple model for the lateral and vertical film structure identifying in particular those regions with the most efficient conduction pathway for the photocurrent.
We report the composition profile in blends of hole-accepting and electron-accepting polyfluorene... more We report the composition profile in blends of hole-accepting and electron-accepting polyfluorenes. During solvent evaporation to form thin (∼150 nm thickness) solid films, demixing of the polymers produces micrometer scale lateral phase separation. We show here that demixing is more complete in regions closer to the interface between the two phases. We propose that carriers transport is easier in these regions than in the bulk. We show how this affects the photovoltaic efficiency of diodes made with these blends, which show a linear dependence of efficiency on the length of the interface between the phases.
The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro effect of a casein phosphopeptide-amorphous... more The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro effect of a casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) paste (GC Tooth Mousse-TM, GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) on preventing enamel erosion, by using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). 30 human incisors, were equally assigned to 6 groups: intact enamel, enamel þ soft drink, enamel þ TM, enamel þ TM þ soft drink, enamel þ soft drink þ TM, enamel þ soft drink þ TM þ soft drink. Specimens were observed through atomic force microscopy (AFM). The most common topographical parameters were determined, such as the surface roughness (R rms ). The use of soft drink on intact enamel has roughened the surface of the sample. The application of the CPP-ACP paste on non-treated enamel made the surface smoother. A significant decrease in roughness was seen after remineralization with CPP-ACP paste. Significant differences were recorded when comparing softened enamel with softened enamel remineralized with CPP-ACP paste. Comparing eroded enamel with demineralized/remineralized specimens, the application of a CPP-ACP paste leads to a significant reduction in roughness values. AFM images of enamel surface treated with CPP-ACP resulted in less morphological changes of the tooth substrate when compared with the only eroded enamel surface morphology; thus, indicating that CPP-ACP paste promoted remineralization. Specimens' surface roughness remained similar regardless that the protective agent is used before or after exposure to coke or between two demineralizing cycles. The results confirmed the effectiveness of the CPP-ACP paste on preventing enamel erosion produced by soft drinks. SCANNING 9999:XX-XX, 2015.
Aim Aim: The purpose of the study is to evaluate and compare the biological and chemical-physical... more Aim Aim: The purpose of the study is to evaluate and compare the biological and chemical-physical properties of four different root-end filling materials.
The properties of the composite materials and the clinical expertise while layering them carry ma... more The properties of the composite materials and the clinical expertise while layering them carry many esthetic implications in restorative dentistry. The aim of the present study is to assess the influence of scattering properties of G-aenial A2 shade on color perception when used in esthetic restorations. TWO COMPOSITE RESINS WERE EVALUATED IN THIS STUDY: Gradia Direct (shade A3) and G-aenial (shade A2). A colorimetric evaluation according to the CIE L*a*b* system, relative to standard illuminant A against a white background, was performed to assess the referred chameleonic properties of G-aenial when used in simulated clinical situations. The differences in color change between the test group G-aenial and the test Group Gradia Direct were considered clinically not perceptible (ΔE* <3.3). Differently, the differences in color change were considered clinically perceptible (ΔE* >3.3) between the control group G-aenial and the control group Gradia Direct and between the test group G-aenial and the control specimens obtained with G-aenial. The CIE Lab parameters which brought to ΔE were investigated using t-test (P < 0.05). Color harmonization in simulated clinical conditions depends on different factors related to dentine and to composite resins. In this study dentine variables were dropped in order to analyze the influence of thickness and of the composition of the composite resin.
The objective of the present study was to evaluate and compare the influence of cetrimide on deca... more The objective of the present study was to evaluate and compare the influence of cetrimide on decalcifying capability of different irrigating solutions. Fifteen maxillary central incisor teeth has been collected. The canals were prepared in order to obtain four samples from each root. The specimens were randomly divided into 6 experimental groups (n=10) according to tested irrigating agents. Irrigating agents consisted in different composition of EDTA and citric acid solutions, addicted or not with cetrimide. Each specimen was submitted to three successive 5-min immersions in each solution. After exposures, the concentration of Ca2+ extracted was measured by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Data were analysed by means of Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney tests. Significance was predetermined at p < 0.05. For all irrigants, the amounts of Ca2+ extracted from root canal dentin samples at 10 minutes were not significantly different from values reported after 15 minutes respectively. Therefore, for all irrigants tested, 10 minutes of application are sufficient to obtain maximum Ca2+ release. Moreover citric acid based agents observed a higher release of Ca2+. The addition of cetrimide did not affect the decalcifying capability of the EDTA and citric acid solutions.
Root canal preparation may produce a large quantity of smear layer that covers canal walls. The a... more Root canal preparation may produce a large quantity of smear layer that covers canal walls. The aim of this study was to evaluate by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) the root canal dentine after instrumentation with nickel-titanium rotary files, in order to evaluate the presence/absence of smear layer and the presence/absence of open tubules on the root canal walls at the coronal, middle, and apical third of each sample. A total of 20 single-rooted freshly extracted teeth were selected and divided into two groups. For each group, root canals were shaped with Mtwo and Revo-S instruments under irrigation with Sodium hypochlorite and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Specimens were fractured longitudinally and SEM analyzed at standard magnification of ×1000 and ×5000. The presence/absence of smear layer and the presence/absence of open tubules at the coronal, middle, and apical third of each canal were evaluated using a three-step scale for scores. Numeric data were analyzed using the Kruskall-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-Statistical tests and significance was pre-determined at P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05. This study did not reveal differences among the two groups. Mtwo and Revo-S showed no significant difference between them and both presented very low smear layer scores and open tubules scores, with no significant difference among coronal, middle, and apical third. Mtwo and Revo-S rotary instruments seem to be effective in removing smear layer from canal walls.
Aims: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the cyclic fatigue resistance of three singl... more Aims: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the cyclic fatigue resistance of three single-use nickel-titanium (NiTi) instruments.
Aim: The purposes of this study were to evaluate the effect of surface pretreatment with phosphor... more Aim: The purposes of this study were to evaluate the effect of surface pretreatment with phosphoric acid on the enamel bond strength of four-one-step self-etch adhesives with different pH values. Material and methods: One hundred bovine permanent mandibular incisors were used. The materials used in this study included four-one-step self-etch adhesives with different pH values: Adper e Easy Bond Self-Etch Adhesive (ph = 0,8-1), Futurabond NR (ph = 1,4), G-aenial Bond (ph = 1,5), Clearfil 3 S Bond (ph = 2,7). One two-step self-etch adhesive (Clearfil SE Bond/ph = 0,8-1) was used as control. The teeth were assigned into two subgroups according to bonding procedure. In the first subgroup (n = 50), no pretreatment agent was applied. In the second subgroup (n = 50), etching was performed using 37% phosphoric acid for 30 s. After adhesive systems application, a nanohybrid composite resin was inserted into the enamel surface. The specimens were placed in a universal testing machine (Model 3343, Instron Corp., Canton, Mass., USA). After the testing procedure, the fractured surfaces were examined with an optical microscope at a magnification of 109 to determine failure modes. The adhesive remnant index (ARI) was used to assess the amount of adhesive left on the enamel surface. Results: Descriptive statistics of the shear bond strength and frequency distribution of ARI scores were calculated. Conclusions: Enamel pretreatment with phosphoric acid significantly increased bond strength values of all the adhesives tested. No significant differences in bond strength were detected among the four different one-step self-etch adhesives with different pH. Two-step self-etch adhesive showed the highest bond strength.
The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate surface discoloration of three microhybrid com... more The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate surface discoloration of three microhybrid composite resins (Esthet•X HD, Clearfi l AP-X, Gradia Direct) and fi ve nanohybrid composite resins (Ceram•X, GC Kalore, G-aenial, Grandio, GrandioSO), after staining and bleaching procedures.
Aim. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of a new pulp capping mate... more Aim. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of a new pulp capping material (Biodentine, Septodont) compared with reference pulp capping materials: Dycal (Dentsply), ProRoot MTA (Dentsply) and MTA-Angelus (Angelus) by using murine odontoblast cell line and Alamar blue and MTT cytotoxicity tests.
L'erosione delle superfici dentali può essere definita come la dissoluzione chimica dei tessuti d... more L'erosione delle superfici dentali può essere definita come la dissoluzione chimica dei tessuti duri del dente a opera di acidi, senza il coinvolgimento di batteri e microrganismi patogeni 1,2 . Nell'ambiente orale, i tessuti dentari vanno incontro a continui processi di demineralizzazione e remineralizzazione; se questo equilibrio viene alterato, la demineralizzazione porterà a un progressivo deterioramento delle superfici dentali 3,4 . Gli acidi responsabili dei processi erosivi possono essere di origine estrinseca (derivanti da dieta, cure mediche, esposizioni legate all'attività lavorativa e stili di vita) 5 o di origine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
We present an analytical and experimental investigation into the origin of the open-circuit volta... more We present an analytical and experimental investigation into the origin of the open-circuit voltage in the solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell. Through Kelvin probe microscopy, we demonstrate that a macroscopically uniform electric field exists throughout the nanocomposite between the electrodes. Considering a balance between drift and diffusion currents, and between charge generation and recombination, we develop an analytical expression for the open-circuit voltage which accurately follows experimental data. We find the open-circuit voltage increases with light intensity as 1.7kT/q , where T is absolute temperature, however it decreases with increasing temperature and device thickness. The intensity dependence arises from the charge generation rate increasing more strongly with intensity than the recombination rate constant, resulting in increased chemical potential within the device. We find that the temperature dependence arises from a reduction in the charge lifetime and not from increased charge diffusion and mobility. The thickness dependence is found to derive from two factors; first, charge recombination sites are distributed throughout the film, enabling more charges to recombine in thicker films before influencing the potential at the electrodes, and second, the average optical power density within the film reduces with increasing film thickness.
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 2003
This paper presents the performance of a two-chip detector system based on a silicon drift detect... more This paper presents the performance of a two-chip detector system based on a silicon drift detector and on a charge amplifier, part of the latter being integrated in the detector chip. The two-chip system is intended for high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy experiments in which stability of operation is mandatory to avoid on-line calibration procedures. Experimental measurements have been carried out to test the stability of the whole system with a quantitative analysis of the gain stability obtained by comparing X-ray spectra taken at different operating conditions, varying the temperature and/or the detector bias. A gain variation of less than 0.4% has been obtained at extreme operating conditions. The problems and critical aspects of the two-chip charge amplifier solution are discussed. r
We present a microscopic study of photoinduced charge generation in polyfluorene-based photovolta... more We present a microscopic study of photoinduced charge generation in polyfluorene-based photovoltaic structures. The sub-100 nm lateral resolution of scanning Kelvin probe microscopy allows characterizing the three-dimensional structure of thin films of blends of poly-(9,9&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;-dioctylfluorene-co-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT) and poly-(9,9&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;-dioctylfluorene-co-bis-N,N&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;-(4-butylphenyl)-bis-N,N&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine) (PFB). From the strong correlation between surface photovoltage and blend morphology, we propose a simple model for the lateral and vertical film structure identifying in particular those regions with the most efficient conduction pathway for the photocurrent.
We report the composition profile in blends of hole-accepting and electron-accepting polyfluorene... more We report the composition profile in blends of hole-accepting and electron-accepting polyfluorenes. During solvent evaporation to form thin (∼150 nm thickness) solid films, demixing of the polymers produces micrometer scale lateral phase separation. We show here that demixing is more complete in regions closer to the interface between the two phases. We propose that carriers transport is easier in these regions than in the bulk. We show how this affects the photovoltaic efficiency of diodes made with these blends, which show a linear dependence of efficiency on the length of the interface between the phases.
The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro effect of a casein phosphopeptide-amorphous... more The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro effect of a casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) paste (GC Tooth Mousse-TM, GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) on preventing enamel erosion, by using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). 30 human incisors, were equally assigned to 6 groups: intact enamel, enamel þ soft drink, enamel þ TM, enamel þ TM þ soft drink, enamel þ soft drink þ TM, enamel þ soft drink þ TM þ soft drink. Specimens were observed through atomic force microscopy (AFM). The most common topographical parameters were determined, such as the surface roughness (R rms ). The use of soft drink on intact enamel has roughened the surface of the sample. The application of the CPP-ACP paste on non-treated enamel made the surface smoother. A significant decrease in roughness was seen after remineralization with CPP-ACP paste. Significant differences were recorded when comparing softened enamel with softened enamel remineralized with CPP-ACP paste. Comparing eroded enamel with demineralized/remineralized specimens, the application of a CPP-ACP paste leads to a significant reduction in roughness values. AFM images of enamel surface treated with CPP-ACP resulted in less morphological changes of the tooth substrate when compared with the only eroded enamel surface morphology; thus, indicating that CPP-ACP paste promoted remineralization. Specimens' surface roughness remained similar regardless that the protective agent is used before or after exposure to coke or between two demineralizing cycles. The results confirmed the effectiveness of the CPP-ACP paste on preventing enamel erosion produced by soft drinks. SCANNING 9999:XX-XX, 2015.
Aim Aim: The purpose of the study is to evaluate and compare the biological and chemical-physical... more Aim Aim: The purpose of the study is to evaluate and compare the biological and chemical-physical properties of four different root-end filling materials.
The properties of the composite materials and the clinical expertise while layering them carry ma... more The properties of the composite materials and the clinical expertise while layering them carry many esthetic implications in restorative dentistry. The aim of the present study is to assess the influence of scattering properties of G-aenial A2 shade on color perception when used in esthetic restorations. TWO COMPOSITE RESINS WERE EVALUATED IN THIS STUDY: Gradia Direct (shade A3) and G-aenial (shade A2). A colorimetric evaluation according to the CIE L*a*b* system, relative to standard illuminant A against a white background, was performed to assess the referred chameleonic properties of G-aenial when used in simulated clinical situations. The differences in color change between the test group G-aenial and the test Group Gradia Direct were considered clinically not perceptible (ΔE* &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;3.3). Differently, the differences in color change were considered clinically perceptible (ΔE* &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;3.3) between the control group G-aenial and the control group Gradia Direct and between the test group G-aenial and the control specimens obtained with G-aenial. The CIE Lab parameters which brought to ΔE were investigated using t-test (P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05). Color harmonization in simulated clinical conditions depends on different factors related to dentine and to composite resins. In this study dentine variables were dropped in order to analyze the influence of thickness and of the composition of the composite resin.
The objective of the present study was to evaluate and compare the influence of cetrimide on deca... more The objective of the present study was to evaluate and compare the influence of cetrimide on decalcifying capability of different irrigating solutions. Fifteen maxillary central incisor teeth has been collected. The canals were prepared in order to obtain four samples from each root. The specimens were randomly divided into 6 experimental groups (n=10) according to tested irrigating agents. Irrigating agents consisted in different composition of EDTA and citric acid solutions, addicted or not with cetrimide. Each specimen was submitted to three successive 5-min immersions in each solution. After exposures, the concentration of Ca2+ extracted was measured by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Data were analysed by means of Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney tests. Significance was predetermined at p < 0.05. For all irrigants, the amounts of Ca2+ extracted from root canal dentin samples at 10 minutes were not significantly different from values reported after 15 minutes respectively. Therefore, for all irrigants tested, 10 minutes of application are sufficient to obtain maximum Ca2+ release. Moreover citric acid based agents observed a higher release of Ca2+. The addition of cetrimide did not affect the decalcifying capability of the EDTA and citric acid solutions.
Root canal preparation may produce a large quantity of smear layer that covers canal walls. The a... more Root canal preparation may produce a large quantity of smear layer that covers canal walls. The aim of this study was to evaluate by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) the root canal dentine after instrumentation with nickel-titanium rotary files, in order to evaluate the presence/absence of smear layer and the presence/absence of open tubules on the root canal walls at the coronal, middle, and apical third of each sample. A total of 20 single-rooted freshly extracted teeth were selected and divided into two groups. For each group, root canals were shaped with Mtwo and Revo-S instruments under irrigation with Sodium hypochlorite and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Specimens were fractured longitudinally and SEM analyzed at standard magnification of ×1000 and ×5000. The presence/absence of smear layer and the presence/absence of open tubules at the coronal, middle, and apical third of each canal were evaluated using a three-step scale for scores. Numeric data were analyzed using the Kruskall-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-Statistical tests and significance was pre-determined at P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05. This study did not reveal differences among the two groups. Mtwo and Revo-S showed no significant difference between them and both presented very low smear layer scores and open tubules scores, with no significant difference among coronal, middle, and apical third. Mtwo and Revo-S rotary instruments seem to be effective in removing smear layer from canal walls.
Aims: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the cyclic fatigue resistance of three singl... more Aims: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the cyclic fatigue resistance of three single-use nickel-titanium (NiTi) instruments.
Aim: The purposes of this study were to evaluate the effect of surface pretreatment with phosphor... more Aim: The purposes of this study were to evaluate the effect of surface pretreatment with phosphoric acid on the enamel bond strength of four-one-step self-etch adhesives with different pH values. Material and methods: One hundred bovine permanent mandibular incisors were used. The materials used in this study included four-one-step self-etch adhesives with different pH values: Adper e Easy Bond Self-Etch Adhesive (ph = 0,8-1), Futurabond NR (ph = 1,4), G-aenial Bond (ph = 1,5), Clearfil 3 S Bond (ph = 2,7). One two-step self-etch adhesive (Clearfil SE Bond/ph = 0,8-1) was used as control. The teeth were assigned into two subgroups according to bonding procedure. In the first subgroup (n = 50), no pretreatment agent was applied. In the second subgroup (n = 50), etching was performed using 37% phosphoric acid for 30 s. After adhesive systems application, a nanohybrid composite resin was inserted into the enamel surface. The specimens were placed in a universal testing machine (Model 3343, Instron Corp., Canton, Mass., USA). After the testing procedure, the fractured surfaces were examined with an optical microscope at a magnification of 109 to determine failure modes. The adhesive remnant index (ARI) was used to assess the amount of adhesive left on the enamel surface. Results: Descriptive statistics of the shear bond strength and frequency distribution of ARI scores were calculated. Conclusions: Enamel pretreatment with phosphoric acid significantly increased bond strength values of all the adhesives tested. No significant differences in bond strength were detected among the four different one-step self-etch adhesives with different pH. Two-step self-etch adhesive showed the highest bond strength.
The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate surface discoloration of three microhybrid com... more The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate surface discoloration of three microhybrid composite resins (Esthet•X HD, Clearfi l AP-X, Gradia Direct) and fi ve nanohybrid composite resins (Ceram•X, GC Kalore, G-aenial, Grandio, GrandioSO), after staining and bleaching procedures.
Aim. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of a new pulp capping mate... more Aim. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of a new pulp capping material (Biodentine, Septodont) compared with reference pulp capping materials: Dycal (Dentsply), ProRoot MTA (Dentsply) and MTA-Angelus (Angelus) by using murine odontoblast cell line and Alamar blue and MTT cytotoxicity tests.
L'erosione delle superfici dentali può essere definita come la dissoluzione chimica dei tessuti d... more L'erosione delle superfici dentali può essere definita come la dissoluzione chimica dei tessuti duri del dente a opera di acidi, senza il coinvolgimento di batteri e microrganismi patogeni 1,2 . Nell'ambiente orale, i tessuti dentari vanno incontro a continui processi di demineralizzazione e remineralizzazione; se questo equilibrio viene alterato, la demineralizzazione porterà a un progressivo deterioramento delle superfici dentali 3,4 . Gli acidi responsabili dei processi erosivi possono essere di origine estrinseca (derivanti da dieta, cure mediche, esposizioni legate all'attività lavorativa e stili di vita) 5 o di origine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
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