This design essay explores the distinction between the design of a crew habitat for interplanetar... more This design essay explores the distinction between the design of a crew habitat for interplanetary space travel and one for the Mars surface. It articulates the design implications of the "Being There versus Getting There" philosophy that argues that the interplanetary and surface capabilities are fundamentally so different that it is not possible to optimize them within a single set of habitation elements. Rather, design optimization demands separate interplanetary and surface habitats.
Aviakosmicheskaia i ekologicheskaia meditsina = Aerospace and environmental medicine
In 1985, Rockwell International (now Boeing--North American) completed the Space Station Crew Saf... more In 1985, Rockwell International (now Boeing--North American) completed the Space Station Crew Safety Alternatives Study for NASA. This five-volume study identified a wide range of potential safety threats and hazards that the crew might encounter on the future International Space Station. These threats included fire, explosion, collision, decompression, contamination, and radiation, among many others. One volume focused on the human factors aspects of safety, featuring the Crew Safety-Human Factors Interaction Model. In this model, a stressor (such as one of the threats) can lead to degraded performance, which can contribute to human error, unless appropriate and effective countermeasures are available to the crew. In 1986, the Soviet Union launched the Mir Space Station, the "second generation" that followed the Salyut series of space stations. The Mir was designed for a five-year life on orbit. It remained in use for fourteen years. During the first ten years, it perform...
SAE routinely stocks printed papers for a period of three years following date of publication. Di... more SAE routinely stocks printed papers for a period of three years following date of publication. Direct your
At the dawn of the recent mining boom, James Ferguson has forcefully argued that new investors in... more At the dawn of the recent mining boom, James Ferguson has forcefully argued that new investors in Africa develop a new capital-intensive mode of production within securitized enclaves, breaking with the tradition of providing housing and social infrastructure to workers characteristic of large corporations in the 20th century. This article aims to provide a more detailed analysis of changes in mining companies' spatial government practices by retracing the genealogy of workers' camps in the Congolese copperbelt from the early 20th century to the present day. Based on archival and ethnographic research, the article draws attention to transformations in the camps' architecture and the political rationalities underlying them. What this historical exploration shows is less the emergence of a new spatial government reflecting the globalization of neoliberal capitalism than a series of gradual changes over a century that result from the adaptation of mining companies to local constraints and correspond to the development, or reorganization , of various power strategies.
Space architects and engineers alike tend to see spacecraft and space habitat design as an entire... more Space architects and engineers alike tend to see spacecraft and space habitat design as an entirely new departure, disconnected from the Earth. However, at least for Space Architecture, there is a continuum of development since the earliest formalizations of terrestrial architecture. Moving out from 1-G, Space Architecture enables the continuum from 1-G to other gravity regimes. The history of Architecture on Earth involves finding new ways to resist Gravity with non-orthogonal structures. Space Architecture represents a new milestone in this progression, in which gravity is reduced or altogether absent from the habitable environment.
NASA-Ames Research Center developed the Suitport as an advanced space suit airlock to support a S... more NASA-Ames Research Center developed the Suitport as an advanced space suit airlock to support a Space Station suit, based on the AX-5 hard suit. Several third parties proposed their own variations the Suitport on the moon and Mars. The Suitport recently found its first practical use as a terrestrial application in the NASA-Ames Hazmat vehicle for the clean-up of hazardous and toxic materials. In the Hazmat application, the Suitport offers substantial improvements over conventional hazard suits, by eliminating the necessicty to decontaminate before doffing the suit.
This essay presents a comparison between the Apollo Lunar Module (LM) and the current concepts an... more This essay presents a comparison between the Apollo Lunar Module (LM) and the current concepts and requirements for the Altair Lunar Lander. The basis of comparison reflects the difference between the Apollo Program, pursuing a Cold War era "Flag and Footsteps" mission, and the Constellation Program creating a more expansive program of exploration leading to a permanent human presence on the moon. The specific areas of comparison derive largely from the changes in mission philosophy and exploration strategy -not from technology or engineering. These factors illuminate the differences in the current design drivers for the Altair compared to the Apollo LM.
This report presents the results from the nine-month, Phase 1 investigation for the Robotic Aster... more This report presents the results from the nine-month, Phase 1 investigation for the Robotic Asteroid Prospector (RAP). This project investigated several aspects of developing an asteroid mining mission. It conceived a Space Infrastructure Framework that would create a demand for in space-produced resources. The resources identified as potentially feasible in the near-term were water and platinum group metals. The project’s mission design stages spacecraft from an Earth Moon Lagrange (EML) point and returns them to an EML. The spacecraft’s distinguishing design feature is its solar thermal propulsion system (STP) that can provide for three functions: propulsive thrust, process heat for mining and mineral processing, and electricity. The preferred
propellant is water since this would allow the spacecraft to refuel at an asteroid for its return voyage to Cis-Lunar space thus reducing the mass that must be staged out of the EML point. The spacecraft will rendezvous with an asteroid at its pole, match rotation rate, and attach to begin mining operations. The team conducted an experiment in extracting and distilling water from frozen regolith simulant.
Abstract. This paper describes three innovative concepts for a mobile lunar base. These concept c... more Abstract. This paper describes three innovative concepts for a mobile lunar base. These concept combine design research for habitat architecture, mobility systems, habitability, radiation protection, human factors, and living and working environments on the lunar surface. The mobile lunar base presents several key advantages over conventional static base notions. These advantages concern landing zone safety, the requirement to move modules over the lunar surface, and the ability to stage mobile reconnaissance with effective systemic redundancy. All of these concerns lead to the consideration of a mobile walking habitat module and base design. The key issues involve landing zone safety, the ability to transport habitat modules across the surface, and providing reliability and redundancy to exploration traverses in pressurized vehicles. With self-ambulating lunar base modules, it will be feasible to have each module separate itself from its retro-rocket thruster unit, and walk five to...
The appearance of this ISSN code at the bottom of this page indicates SAE’s consent that copies o... more The appearance of this ISSN code at the bottom of this page indicates SAE’s consent that copies of the paper may be made for personal or internal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that the copier pay a $7.00 per article copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.
A major attribute of the Water Walls Life Support Architecture is its potential to provide radiat... more A major attribute of the Water Walls Life Support Architecture is its potential to provide radiation shielding in addition to its air revitalization, climate control, contaminant control, and waste processing functions. This section describes the method and results of a series of preliminary particle beam tests conducted in the HIMAC Accelerator in Chiba, Japan. These tests are preliminary in the sense that the researchers’ intent was to acquire sufficient data to begin modeling the shielding properties of the Water Walls passive membrane bag components, including their biological product contents. The experiments tested algae simulant (nori seaweed), bone simulant, and fecal simulant. The tests measured relative dose to benchmark models of the effectiveness of these materials. The long-term goal of this research is to establish the radiation shielding properties of the Water Walls materials and components within the configuration of a space habitat or spacecraft.
The Water Wall concept proposes a system for structural elements that provide,thermal, radiation,... more The Water Wall concept proposes a system for structural elements that provide,thermal, radiation, water, solids and air treatment functions which are placed at the periphery of inflatable or rigid habitats. It also provides novel and potentially game changing mass reduction and reuse options for radiation protection. The approach would allow water recycling, air treatment, thermal control, and solids residuals treatment and recycling to be removed from the usable habitat volume, and placed in the walls by way of a radiation shielding water wall. It would also provide a mechanism to recover and reuse water treatment (solids) residuals to strengthen the habitat shell and a method of deriving radiation shielding from wastes generated on orbit. Water wall treatment elements would be a much-enlarged version of the commercially available hydration bags. Some water bags may have pervaporation membranes facing outward, which would provide the ability to remove H20, C02 and trace organics fr...
Four concepts for on-orbit spacesuit donning, doffing, servicing, check-out, egress and ingress a... more Four concepts for on-orbit spacesuit donning, doffing, servicing, check-out, egress and ingress are presented. These are: the Space Transportation System (STS) Type (shuttle system enlarged), the Transit Airlock (Shuttle Airlock with suit servicing removed from the pump-down chamber), the Suitport (a rear-entry suit mates to a port in the airlock wall), and the Crewlock (a small, individual, conformal airlock). Each of these four concepts is compared through a series of seven steps representing a typical Extra Vehicular Activity (EVA) mission: (1) Predonning suit preparation; (2) Portable Life Support System (PLSS) preparation; (3) Suit Donning and Final Check; (4) Egress/Ingress; (5) Mid-EVA rest period; (6) Post-EVA Securing; (7) Non-Routine Maintenance. The different characteristics of each concept are articulated through this step-by-step approach. Recommendations concerning an approach for further evaluations of airlock geometry, anthropometrics, ergonomics, and functional effi...
This design essay explores the distinction between the design of a crew habitat for interplanetar... more This design essay explores the distinction between the design of a crew habitat for interplanetary space travel and one for the Mars surface. It articulates the design implications of the "Being There versus Getting There" philosophy that argues that the interplanetary and surface capabilities are fundamentally so different that it is not possible to optimize them within a single set of habitation elements. Rather, design optimization demands separate interplanetary and surface habitats.
Aviakosmicheskaia i ekologicheskaia meditsina = Aerospace and environmental medicine
In 1985, Rockwell International (now Boeing--North American) completed the Space Station Crew Saf... more In 1985, Rockwell International (now Boeing--North American) completed the Space Station Crew Safety Alternatives Study for NASA. This five-volume study identified a wide range of potential safety threats and hazards that the crew might encounter on the future International Space Station. These threats included fire, explosion, collision, decompression, contamination, and radiation, among many others. One volume focused on the human factors aspects of safety, featuring the Crew Safety-Human Factors Interaction Model. In this model, a stressor (such as one of the threats) can lead to degraded performance, which can contribute to human error, unless appropriate and effective countermeasures are available to the crew. In 1986, the Soviet Union launched the Mir Space Station, the "second generation" that followed the Salyut series of space stations. The Mir was designed for a five-year life on orbit. It remained in use for fourteen years. During the first ten years, it perform...
SAE routinely stocks printed papers for a period of three years following date of publication. Di... more SAE routinely stocks printed papers for a period of three years following date of publication. Direct your
At the dawn of the recent mining boom, James Ferguson has forcefully argued that new investors in... more At the dawn of the recent mining boom, James Ferguson has forcefully argued that new investors in Africa develop a new capital-intensive mode of production within securitized enclaves, breaking with the tradition of providing housing and social infrastructure to workers characteristic of large corporations in the 20th century. This article aims to provide a more detailed analysis of changes in mining companies' spatial government practices by retracing the genealogy of workers' camps in the Congolese copperbelt from the early 20th century to the present day. Based on archival and ethnographic research, the article draws attention to transformations in the camps' architecture and the political rationalities underlying them. What this historical exploration shows is less the emergence of a new spatial government reflecting the globalization of neoliberal capitalism than a series of gradual changes over a century that result from the adaptation of mining companies to local constraints and correspond to the development, or reorganization , of various power strategies.
Space architects and engineers alike tend to see spacecraft and space habitat design as an entire... more Space architects and engineers alike tend to see spacecraft and space habitat design as an entirely new departure, disconnected from the Earth. However, at least for Space Architecture, there is a continuum of development since the earliest formalizations of terrestrial architecture. Moving out from 1-G, Space Architecture enables the continuum from 1-G to other gravity regimes. The history of Architecture on Earth involves finding new ways to resist Gravity with non-orthogonal structures. Space Architecture represents a new milestone in this progression, in which gravity is reduced or altogether absent from the habitable environment.
NASA-Ames Research Center developed the Suitport as an advanced space suit airlock to support a S... more NASA-Ames Research Center developed the Suitport as an advanced space suit airlock to support a Space Station suit, based on the AX-5 hard suit. Several third parties proposed their own variations the Suitport on the moon and Mars. The Suitport recently found its first practical use as a terrestrial application in the NASA-Ames Hazmat vehicle for the clean-up of hazardous and toxic materials. In the Hazmat application, the Suitport offers substantial improvements over conventional hazard suits, by eliminating the necessicty to decontaminate before doffing the suit.
This essay presents a comparison between the Apollo Lunar Module (LM) and the current concepts an... more This essay presents a comparison between the Apollo Lunar Module (LM) and the current concepts and requirements for the Altair Lunar Lander. The basis of comparison reflects the difference between the Apollo Program, pursuing a Cold War era "Flag and Footsteps" mission, and the Constellation Program creating a more expansive program of exploration leading to a permanent human presence on the moon. The specific areas of comparison derive largely from the changes in mission philosophy and exploration strategy -not from technology or engineering. These factors illuminate the differences in the current design drivers for the Altair compared to the Apollo LM.
This report presents the results from the nine-month, Phase 1 investigation for the Robotic Aster... more This report presents the results from the nine-month, Phase 1 investigation for the Robotic Asteroid Prospector (RAP). This project investigated several aspects of developing an asteroid mining mission. It conceived a Space Infrastructure Framework that would create a demand for in space-produced resources. The resources identified as potentially feasible in the near-term were water and platinum group metals. The project’s mission design stages spacecraft from an Earth Moon Lagrange (EML) point and returns them to an EML. The spacecraft’s distinguishing design feature is its solar thermal propulsion system (STP) that can provide for three functions: propulsive thrust, process heat for mining and mineral processing, and electricity. The preferred
propellant is water since this would allow the spacecraft to refuel at an asteroid for its return voyage to Cis-Lunar space thus reducing the mass that must be staged out of the EML point. The spacecraft will rendezvous with an asteroid at its pole, match rotation rate, and attach to begin mining operations. The team conducted an experiment in extracting and distilling water from frozen regolith simulant.
Abstract. This paper describes three innovative concepts for a mobile lunar base. These concept c... more Abstract. This paper describes three innovative concepts for a mobile lunar base. These concept combine design research for habitat architecture, mobility systems, habitability, radiation protection, human factors, and living and working environments on the lunar surface. The mobile lunar base presents several key advantages over conventional static base notions. These advantages concern landing zone safety, the requirement to move modules over the lunar surface, and the ability to stage mobile reconnaissance with effective systemic redundancy. All of these concerns lead to the consideration of a mobile walking habitat module and base design. The key issues involve landing zone safety, the ability to transport habitat modules across the surface, and providing reliability and redundancy to exploration traverses in pressurized vehicles. With self-ambulating lunar base modules, it will be feasible to have each module separate itself from its retro-rocket thruster unit, and walk five to...
The appearance of this ISSN code at the bottom of this page indicates SAE’s consent that copies o... more The appearance of this ISSN code at the bottom of this page indicates SAE’s consent that copies of the paper may be made for personal or internal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that the copier pay a $7.00 per article copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.
A major attribute of the Water Walls Life Support Architecture is its potential to provide radiat... more A major attribute of the Water Walls Life Support Architecture is its potential to provide radiation shielding in addition to its air revitalization, climate control, contaminant control, and waste processing functions. This section describes the method and results of a series of preliminary particle beam tests conducted in the HIMAC Accelerator in Chiba, Japan. These tests are preliminary in the sense that the researchers’ intent was to acquire sufficient data to begin modeling the shielding properties of the Water Walls passive membrane bag components, including their biological product contents. The experiments tested algae simulant (nori seaweed), bone simulant, and fecal simulant. The tests measured relative dose to benchmark models of the effectiveness of these materials. The long-term goal of this research is to establish the radiation shielding properties of the Water Walls materials and components within the configuration of a space habitat or spacecraft.
The Water Wall concept proposes a system for structural elements that provide,thermal, radiation,... more The Water Wall concept proposes a system for structural elements that provide,thermal, radiation, water, solids and air treatment functions which are placed at the periphery of inflatable or rigid habitats. It also provides novel and potentially game changing mass reduction and reuse options for radiation protection. The approach would allow water recycling, air treatment, thermal control, and solids residuals treatment and recycling to be removed from the usable habitat volume, and placed in the walls by way of a radiation shielding water wall. It would also provide a mechanism to recover and reuse water treatment (solids) residuals to strengthen the habitat shell and a method of deriving radiation shielding from wastes generated on orbit. Water wall treatment elements would be a much-enlarged version of the commercially available hydration bags. Some water bags may have pervaporation membranes facing outward, which would provide the ability to remove H20, C02 and trace organics fr...
Four concepts for on-orbit spacesuit donning, doffing, servicing, check-out, egress and ingress a... more Four concepts for on-orbit spacesuit donning, doffing, servicing, check-out, egress and ingress are presented. These are: the Space Transportation System (STS) Type (shuttle system enlarged), the Transit Airlock (Shuttle Airlock with suit servicing removed from the pump-down chamber), the Suitport (a rear-entry suit mates to a port in the airlock wall), and the Crewlock (a small, individual, conformal airlock). Each of these four concepts is compared through a series of seven steps representing a typical Extra Vehicular Activity (EVA) mission: (1) Predonning suit preparation; (2) Portable Life Support System (PLSS) preparation; (3) Suit Donning and Final Check; (4) Egress/Ingress; (5) Mid-EVA rest period; (6) Post-EVA Securing; (7) Non-Routine Maintenance. The different characteristics of each concept are articulated through this step-by-step approach. Recommendations concerning an approach for further evaluations of airlock geometry, anthropometrics, ergonomics, and functional effi...
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Papers by Marc M. Cohen
propellant is water since this would allow the spacecraft to refuel at an asteroid for its return voyage to Cis-Lunar space thus reducing the mass that must be staged out of the EML point. The spacecraft will rendezvous with an asteroid at its pole, match rotation rate, and attach to begin mining operations. The team conducted an experiment in extracting and distilling water from frozen regolith simulant.
propellant is water since this would allow the spacecraft to refuel at an asteroid for its return voyage to Cis-Lunar space thus reducing the mass that must be staged out of the EML point. The spacecraft will rendezvous with an asteroid at its pole, match rotation rate, and attach to begin mining operations. The team conducted an experiment in extracting and distilling water from frozen regolith simulant.