In this paper we analyse the consequences of replacing government subsidies with a graduate tax (... more In this paper we analyse the consequences of replacing government subsidies with a graduate tax (GT) or income contingent loan (ICL) system for the financing of higher education in the Netherlands. Both these systems are directed towards solving capital and insurance market failures. We constructed an empirically based simulation model to analyse loans, GT's and ICL systems of education finance. We show that the switch to a GT or ICL system can significantly reduce the income risks that graduates would experience under a loan system. If education subsidies are dropped to zero the tax rate in a GT would have to be about 6%. In an ICL system with full risk pooling the repayment rate would be higher, ranging from 10%-6%, depending on the size of the default/solidarity premium on the interest rate. If default risks are shifted to society the repayment rate may be lower, but this goes at a cost of a smaller reduction in government outlays. Replacing ex ante subsidies with ex post su...
The world economy has taken some very serious blows. The financial crisis which broke around a ye... more The world economy has taken some very serious blows. The financial crisis which broke around a year and a half ago in Southeast Asia has spread to vulnerable countries outside Asia. In part owing to a stagnation in exports, growth in Western Europe has also weakened significantly. But the US economy has been able to sustain high growth rates despite the international problems. In our central projection world trade is improving this spring on the back of rebounding demand in Asia. In spite of this, production growth in the EU economy remains limited to 11/2%, slightly accelerating to 2% in the year 2000. The United States should be able to make a soft landing with growth rates between 2% and 21/2%. However, a more gloomy picture, characterized by a prolonged stagnation of world trade, cannot be excluded. Coping with the crisis In the second half of last year the western economies clearly started to be adversely affected by the crisis which had broken in Southeast Asia in mid 1997. Im...
Ook op het terrein van volksgezondheid en zorg kunnen MKBA’s een nuttige rol spelen bij de beleid... more Ook op het terrein van volksgezondheid en zorg kunnen MKBA’s een nuttige rol spelen bij de beleidsvoorbereiding. Daarbij kan worden aangesloten bij de bestaande richtlijnen voor kosteneffectiviteitsonderzoek in de zorg. Deze richtlijnen komen echter niet altijd overeen met de Algemene leidraad MKBA. Een aanzet tot een praktische MKBA-werkwijzer voor de zorg kan de Leidraad MKBA helpen vertalen naar het beleidsterrein van de zorg.
Een maatschappelijke kosten-batenanalyse (MKBA) biedt een overzicht van de voor- en nadelen van e... more Een maatschappelijke kosten-batenanalyse (MKBA) biedt een overzicht van de voor- en nadelen van een maatregel, zoals de aanleg van een weg of woonwijk. Door deze voor- en nadelen zoveel mogelijk te kwantificeren en in euro's uit te drukken, geeft een MKBA inzicht in het effect van de maatregel op de welvaart in Nederland. Met die informatie kan een MKBA de politieke besluitvorming ondersteunen en verhelderen. Om de kwaliteit en de vergelijkbaarheid van MKBA's te waarborgen hebben het Centraal Planbureau (CPB) en het Planbureau voor de Leefomgeving (PBL) in 2013 een algemene MKBA-leidraad opgesteld. De ministeries zullen de komende jaren werkwijzers maken, waarin de principes van de algemene leidraad worden geconcretiseerd voor het eigen beleidsterrein. Dit rapport van het RIVM is bedoeld als een eerste stap om te komen tot zo'n werkwijzer voor volksgezondheid en zorg. In het rapport laten we zien wat de consequenties zijn als vanuit de MKBA-methode naar dit terrein wordt...
Maandstatistiek van de bevolking (Hague, Netherlands : 1982), 1997
The future development of labour supply [in the Netherlands] depends on two factors: (1) demograp... more The future development of labour supply [in the Netherlands] depends on two factors: (1) demographic changes: population by age sex level of educational attainment and ethnicity; (2) changes in labour force participation rates. Three scenarios of labour supply in the period 1995-2020 are based on alternative assumptions on future changes in these factors. The main trend is the increase of labour force participation of women. Ageing has a negative impact on labour supply as the labour force participation rates of the elder age groups are relatively low. The increase of the level of educational attainment has a moderate positive impact. (EXCERPT) (SUMMARY IN ENG)
This CPB Discussion Paper presents new estimates for the price elasticity of the residual demand ... more This CPB Discussion Paper presents new estimates for the price elasticity of the residual demand for health insurance. This elasticity measures the loss in market share of a health insurer as a consequence of a unilateral increase in price, assuming other firms keep their prices constant. The main findings are as follows: the price elasticity of residual demand for social
This article analyses differences in landownership between smallholders using survey data from si... more This article analyses differences in landownership between smallholders using survey data from six villages in a land abundant region in Indonesia. Differences in landholdings are only partially explained by differences in labour availability. Land‐holdings are positively correlated with educational level, and early settlers have more land than late settlers. The hypothesis is put forward that early settlers are wealthier, and
International Journal of Health Care Finance and Economics, 2008
Aim To estimate the price sensitivity of consumer choice of health insurance firm. Method Using p... more Aim To estimate the price sensitivity of consumer choice of health insurance firm. Method Using paneldata of the flows of insured between pairs of Dutch sickness funds during the period 1993-2002, we estimate the sensitivity of these flows to differences in insurance premium. Results The price elasticity of residual demand for health insurance was low during the period 1993-2002, confirming earlier findings based on annual changes in market share. We find small but significant elasticities for basic insurance but insignificant elasticities for supplementary insurance. Young enrollees are more price sensitive than older enrollees. Conclusion Competition was weak in the market for health insurance during the period under study. For the market-based reforms that are currently under way, this implies that measures to promote competition in the health insurance industry may be needed.
European Heart Journal - Quality of Care and Clinical Outcomes
Aims Screening for atrial fibrillation (AF) is recommended by the European Society of Cardiology ... more Aims Screening for atrial fibrillation (AF) is recommended by the European Society of Cardiology guideline to prevent strokes. Cost-effectiveness analyses of different screening programs for AF are difficult to compare, because of varying settings and models used. We compared the impact and cost-effectiveness of various AF screening programs in the Netherlands. Methods and results The base case economic analysis was conducted from the societal perspective. Health effects and costs were analysed using a Markov model. The main model inputs were derived from the ARISTOTLE, RE-LY and ROCKET AF trial combined with Dutch observational data. Univariate, probabilistic sensitivity and various scenario analyses were performed. The maximum number of newly detected AF patients in The Netherlands ranged from 4554 to 39 270, depending on the screening strategy used. Adequate treatment with anticoagulation would result in a maximum of more than 3000 strokes prevented using single time point AF scr...
In this paper we analyse the consequences of replacing government subsidies with a graduate tax (... more In this paper we analyse the consequences of replacing government subsidies with a graduate tax (GT) or income contingent loan (ICL) system for the financing of higher education in the Netherlands. Both these systems are directed towards solving capital and insurance market failures. We constructed an empirically based simulation model to analyse loans, GT's and ICL systems of education finance. We show that the switch to a GT or ICL system can significantly reduce the income risks that graduates would experience under a loan system. If education subsidies are dropped to zero the tax rate in a GT would have to be about 6%. In an ICL system with full risk pooling the repayment rate would be higher, ranging from 10%-6%, depending on the size of the default/solidarity premium on the interest rate. If default risks are shifted to society the repayment rate may be lower, but this goes at a cost of a smaller reduction in government outlays. Replacing ex ante subsidies with ex post su...
The world economy has taken some very serious blows. The financial crisis which broke around a ye... more The world economy has taken some very serious blows. The financial crisis which broke around a year and a half ago in Southeast Asia has spread to vulnerable countries outside Asia. In part owing to a stagnation in exports, growth in Western Europe has also weakened significantly. But the US economy has been able to sustain high growth rates despite the international problems. In our central projection world trade is improving this spring on the back of rebounding demand in Asia. In spite of this, production growth in the EU economy remains limited to 11/2%, slightly accelerating to 2% in the year 2000. The United States should be able to make a soft landing with growth rates between 2% and 21/2%. However, a more gloomy picture, characterized by a prolonged stagnation of world trade, cannot be excluded. Coping with the crisis In the second half of last year the western economies clearly started to be adversely affected by the crisis which had broken in Southeast Asia in mid 1997. Im...
Ook op het terrein van volksgezondheid en zorg kunnen MKBA’s een nuttige rol spelen bij de beleid... more Ook op het terrein van volksgezondheid en zorg kunnen MKBA’s een nuttige rol spelen bij de beleidsvoorbereiding. Daarbij kan worden aangesloten bij de bestaande richtlijnen voor kosteneffectiviteitsonderzoek in de zorg. Deze richtlijnen komen echter niet altijd overeen met de Algemene leidraad MKBA. Een aanzet tot een praktische MKBA-werkwijzer voor de zorg kan de Leidraad MKBA helpen vertalen naar het beleidsterrein van de zorg.
Een maatschappelijke kosten-batenanalyse (MKBA) biedt een overzicht van de voor- en nadelen van e... more Een maatschappelijke kosten-batenanalyse (MKBA) biedt een overzicht van de voor- en nadelen van een maatregel, zoals de aanleg van een weg of woonwijk. Door deze voor- en nadelen zoveel mogelijk te kwantificeren en in euro's uit te drukken, geeft een MKBA inzicht in het effect van de maatregel op de welvaart in Nederland. Met die informatie kan een MKBA de politieke besluitvorming ondersteunen en verhelderen. Om de kwaliteit en de vergelijkbaarheid van MKBA's te waarborgen hebben het Centraal Planbureau (CPB) en het Planbureau voor de Leefomgeving (PBL) in 2013 een algemene MKBA-leidraad opgesteld. De ministeries zullen de komende jaren werkwijzers maken, waarin de principes van de algemene leidraad worden geconcretiseerd voor het eigen beleidsterrein. Dit rapport van het RIVM is bedoeld als een eerste stap om te komen tot zo'n werkwijzer voor volksgezondheid en zorg. In het rapport laten we zien wat de consequenties zijn als vanuit de MKBA-methode naar dit terrein wordt...
Maandstatistiek van de bevolking (Hague, Netherlands : 1982), 1997
The future development of labour supply [in the Netherlands] depends on two factors: (1) demograp... more The future development of labour supply [in the Netherlands] depends on two factors: (1) demographic changes: population by age sex level of educational attainment and ethnicity; (2) changes in labour force participation rates. Three scenarios of labour supply in the period 1995-2020 are based on alternative assumptions on future changes in these factors. The main trend is the increase of labour force participation of women. Ageing has a negative impact on labour supply as the labour force participation rates of the elder age groups are relatively low. The increase of the level of educational attainment has a moderate positive impact. (EXCERPT) (SUMMARY IN ENG)
This CPB Discussion Paper presents new estimates for the price elasticity of the residual demand ... more This CPB Discussion Paper presents new estimates for the price elasticity of the residual demand for health insurance. This elasticity measures the loss in market share of a health insurer as a consequence of a unilateral increase in price, assuming other firms keep their prices constant. The main findings are as follows: the price elasticity of residual demand for social
This article analyses differences in landownership between smallholders using survey data from si... more This article analyses differences in landownership between smallholders using survey data from six villages in a land abundant region in Indonesia. Differences in landholdings are only partially explained by differences in labour availability. Land‐holdings are positively correlated with educational level, and early settlers have more land than late settlers. The hypothesis is put forward that early settlers are wealthier, and
International Journal of Health Care Finance and Economics, 2008
Aim To estimate the price sensitivity of consumer choice of health insurance firm. Method Using p... more Aim To estimate the price sensitivity of consumer choice of health insurance firm. Method Using paneldata of the flows of insured between pairs of Dutch sickness funds during the period 1993-2002, we estimate the sensitivity of these flows to differences in insurance premium. Results The price elasticity of residual demand for health insurance was low during the period 1993-2002, confirming earlier findings based on annual changes in market share. We find small but significant elasticities for basic insurance but insignificant elasticities for supplementary insurance. Young enrollees are more price sensitive than older enrollees. Conclusion Competition was weak in the market for health insurance during the period under study. For the market-based reforms that are currently under way, this implies that measures to promote competition in the health insurance industry may be needed.
European Heart Journal - Quality of Care and Clinical Outcomes
Aims Screening for atrial fibrillation (AF) is recommended by the European Society of Cardiology ... more Aims Screening for atrial fibrillation (AF) is recommended by the European Society of Cardiology guideline to prevent strokes. Cost-effectiveness analyses of different screening programs for AF are difficult to compare, because of varying settings and models used. We compared the impact and cost-effectiveness of various AF screening programs in the Netherlands. Methods and results The base case economic analysis was conducted from the societal perspective. Health effects and costs were analysed using a Markov model. The main model inputs were derived from the ARISTOTLE, RE-LY and ROCKET AF trial combined with Dutch observational data. Univariate, probabilistic sensitivity and various scenario analyses were performed. The maximum number of newly detected AF patients in The Netherlands ranged from 4554 to 39 270, depending on the screening strategy used. Adequate treatment with anticoagulation would result in a maximum of more than 3000 strokes prevented using single time point AF scr...
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Papers by Marc Pomp