Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research, 2003
Solids at the water-sediment interface in combined sewers are known to be important for pollution... more Solids at the water-sediment interface in combined sewers are known to be important for pollution potential during storm washout via CSOs. They have been investigated in several studies, but nonetheless, little is known about the origins, build-up, transport and nature of these solids. From a review of current knowledge it is apparent that whilst there is general agreement that these solids are largely organic and have high polluting potential, their modes of transport and definition are not generally agreed upon. It is possible that there may be several "types" of these solids, defined as either: "near bed solids" or "fluid sediments/dense undercurrents", possibly representing transport modes in flows with different ranges of ambient (dry weather) velocities and with differing sewerage layouts. Current knowledge is presented and new ideas for resolving the uncertainties regarding the nature, movement and effects of this material are outlined.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research, 2002
Previous research on the Marais catchment in Paris demonstrated the very high zinc and cadmium co... more Previous research on the Marais catchment in Paris demonstrated the very high zinc and cadmium contamination of runoff from zinc roofing. Thus further investigations were aimed at evaluating the relative importance of this type of roofing in Paris and its potential contribution to zinc and cadmium loads in wet weather flows. According to these results, about 40% of the surface of roofs in Paris is covered with rolled zinc (1016 ha), and this proportion is not likely to vary significantly in the next years, due to architectural rules. The Zn and Cd concentrations measured in runoff from these roofs are in accordance with literature
Experiments performed on "Marais" catchment, in central Paris, aimed to follow up the q... more Experiments performed on "Marais" catchment, in central Paris, aimed to follow up the quality of wet weather flows from the entry to the exit of a combined sewer network. SS, VSS, COD, BOD5, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn concentrations were measured for an important number of rain events in roof, yard, street runoff, as well as in dry and wet weather flows at the catchment outlet. Mass entry-exit totals, at the scale of the catchment, were calculated over 31 rain events in order to evaluate the contribution of different types of runoff, of sanitary sewage and of sewer sediments to the total wet weather pollutant loads at the catchment outlet. The erosion of in-sewer pollutant stocks was found to be the main source of particles and of organic matter in wet weather flows, whereas heavy metal loads mainly originated from roof runoff, due to the corrosion of metallic roofs. Particles eroded inside the sewer during rain events were found to be quite different from the particles constituting t...
Wastewater transfer during dry and wet weather in Parisian combined sewer M. Kafi *, MC Gromaire ... more Wastewater transfer during dry and wet weather in Parisian combined sewer M. Kafi *, MC Gromaire **, M Saad ** and G. Chebbo**,** Laboratoire de Génie Urbain, Environnement et Habitat, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 5, Bd Descartes - Cité Descartes, 77454 Marne la Vallée Cedex ...
Settling velocities of TSS and of particulate pollutants (COP, PDCO, PTKN, PCu, PPb, PZn, PPAH) m... more Settling velocities of TSS and of particulate pollutants (COP, PDCO, PTKN, PCu, PPb, PZn, PPAH) measured on a wide range of wet weather flow (WWF) samples collected at different levels of the Parisian combined sewer system are reported. The recorded V30 (0.01 to 0.1 mm s(-1)) and V50 (0.09 to 0.6 mm s(-1)) values exceed by a factor 10 those of dry weather sewage and also exceed the values measured for pavement runoff. These values lie however often below the 0.28 mm s(-1) reference value considered in France for the design of WWF settling facilities. A decrease in settleability is observed between a small upstream catchment and larger scaled downstream catchments. The settling behaviour of particulate pollutants varies depending on the considered parameter and can differ significantly from the TSS behaviour, due to a non homogeneous distribution of micropolluants over the different classes of particles. PZn and PTKN appear far less settleable than TSS, whereas PPAH show higher settleability.
An observatory of urban pollutants was created in Paris in order to assess, at the urban catchmen... more An observatory of urban pollutants was created in Paris in order to assess, at the urban catchment scale, the quality of sanitary sewage and pollutant loads during dry weather periods in the Paris combined sewer. Investigations were carried out for six urban catchments (varying from 42 to 2580 ha) focusing on a wide range of parameters, including: suspended solids (SS),
An experimental catchment area was set up by CEREVE in the centre of Paris, in order to obtain an... more An experimental catchment area was set up by CEREVE in the centre of Paris, in order to obtain an accurate description of the pollution caused by urban wet weather flows at different locations within the combined sewer system, and hence to estimate the contribution of runoff, waste water and sewer sediments to the total pollution. The results obtained show a change in quality between the runoff entering the sewer network and the combined storm water flow at the sewer's outlet. In particular, an increase was observed in the concentrations of SS, VSS, COD, BOD 5 , Cu and in the settling velocities of particles. The assessment of the contribution of different sources to the pollution showed that the organic layer at water-sediment interface in the sewer is the main source of wet weather flow pollution for suspended solids, volatile solids, particle-bound COD and BOD 5 , and copper. For cadmium, lead and zinc, it was shown that roof runoff constitutes the main source of wet weather flow pollution in 'Le Marais' catchment, due to the corrosion of the roofing materials. q
A substantial database of annual metal runoff loads, obtained from a 14-month field exposure camp... more A substantial database of annual metal runoff loads, obtained from a 14-month field exposure campaign on 12 different metal roofing materials at two sites within Paris conurbation, is presented herein. Thirteen metallic species have been considered. A comparison among the various roofing materials yields a ranking of their runoff pollution potential, which highlights that aluminum, coated products, and stainless steel display the lower emission levels, before zinc and copper materials. Lead materials appear to release more metallic species, and tend to do so in quite large quantities. Whatever the material family considered, older materials apparently release more metallic species with higher levels of emission. In considering zinc emissions from zinc-based materials, it is clear that surface coatings significantly reduce zinc emissions (40% less for the Zn3(PO4)2 surface-treated Anthra zinc, compared to natural zinc; and 99% less for prepainted galvanized steel compared to standard galvanized steel). In the case of Anthra zinc however, surface treatment induces the release of Ni into the runoff, and Ni constitutes a priority pollutant in the European Water Framework Directive (2000/60 CE). A high level of consistency with literature data has been found for Zn runoff when considering runoff rates reported at the same inclination.
Roof maintenance practices often involve the application of biocide products to fight against mos... more Roof maintenance practices often involve the application of biocide products to fight against moss, lichens and algae. The main component of these products is benzalkonium chloride, a mixture of alkyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium chlorides with mainly C12 and C14 alkyl chain lengths, which is toxic for the aquatic environment. This paper describes, on the basis of an in-situ pilot scale study, the evolution of roof runoff contamination over a one year period following the biocide treatment of roof frames. Results show a major contamination of roof runoff immediately after treatment (from 5 to 30 mg/L), followed by an exponential decrease. 175-375 mm of cumulated rainfall is needed before the runoff concentrations become less than EC50 values for fish (280 μg/l). The residual concentration in the runoff water remains above 4 μg/L even after 640 mm of rainfall. The level of benzalkonium ions leaching depends on the roofing material, with lower concentrations and total mass leached from ceramic tiles than from concrete tiles, and on the state of the tile (new or worn out). Mass balance calculations indicate that a large part of the mass of benzalkonium compounds applied to the tiles is lost, probably due to biodegradation processes.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research, 2005
In-situ observations were performed at two different spatial and temporal scales, in order to get... more In-situ observations were performed at two different spatial and temporal scales, in order to get a better identification of the nature of the organic layer situated at the water-sediment interface, and which had previously been identified as major of combined sewer overflows organic loads. Its composition and its build up mechanisms during dry weather periods are presented. Results showed that the concept of dry weather accumulation and more generally the way organic sewer sediments are modelled needs to be reconsidered.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research, 2003
A new method for water-sediment interface observation has been designed. This system is based on ... more A new method for water-sediment interface observation has been designed. This system is based on a small diameter endoscope protected by a graduated plastic tube. It makes it possible to visualise in a non-destructive manner the sediments and the water-sediment interface. The endoscope was used to investigate Le Marais catchment (Paris): an immobile organic layer was observed at the water-sediment interface. This layer appears in pools of gross bed sediment, at the upstream of collectors, in zones where velocity is slow and where bed shear stress is less than 0.03 N/m2.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research, 2003
In environmental modelling, estimating the confidence level in conceptual model parameters is nec... more In environmental modelling, estimating the confidence level in conceptual model parameters is necessary but difficult. Having a realistic estimation of the uncertainties related to the parameters is necessary i) to assess the possible origin of the calibration difficulties (correlation between model parameters for instance), and ii) to evaluate the prediction confidence limits of the calibrated model. In this paper, an application of the Metropolis algorithm, a general Monte Carlo Markov chain sampling method, for the calibration of a four-parameter lumped urban stormwater quality model is presented. Unlike traditional optimisation approaches, the Metropolis algorithm identifies not only a "best parameter set", but a probability distribution of parameters according to measured data. The studied model includes classical formulations for the pollutant accumulation during dry weather period and their washoff during a rainfall event. Results indicate mathematical shortcomings ...
Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research, 2003
Solids at the water-sediment interface in combined sewers are known to be important for pollution... more Solids at the water-sediment interface in combined sewers are known to be important for pollution potential during storm washout via CSOs. They have been investigated in several studies, but nonetheless, little is known about the origins, build-up, transport and nature of these solids. From a review of current knowledge it is apparent that whilst there is general agreement that these solids are largely organic and have high polluting potential, their modes of transport and definition are not generally agreed upon. It is possible that there may be several "types" of these solids, defined as either: "near bed solids" or "fluid sediments/dense undercurrents", possibly representing transport modes in flows with different ranges of ambient (dry weather) velocities and with differing sewerage layouts. Current knowledge is presented and new ideas for resolving the uncertainties regarding the nature, movement and effects of this material are outlined.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research, 2002
Previous research on the Marais catchment in Paris demonstrated the very high zinc and cadmium co... more Previous research on the Marais catchment in Paris demonstrated the very high zinc and cadmium contamination of runoff from zinc roofing. Thus further investigations were aimed at evaluating the relative importance of this type of roofing in Paris and its potential contribution to zinc and cadmium loads in wet weather flows. According to these results, about 40% of the surface of roofs in Paris is covered with rolled zinc (1016 ha), and this proportion is not likely to vary significantly in the next years, due to architectural rules. The Zn and Cd concentrations measured in runoff from these roofs are in accordance with literature
Experiments performed on "Marais" catchment, in central Paris, aimed to follow up the q... more Experiments performed on "Marais" catchment, in central Paris, aimed to follow up the quality of wet weather flows from the entry to the exit of a combined sewer network. SS, VSS, COD, BOD5, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn concentrations were measured for an important number of rain events in roof, yard, street runoff, as well as in dry and wet weather flows at the catchment outlet. Mass entry-exit totals, at the scale of the catchment, were calculated over 31 rain events in order to evaluate the contribution of different types of runoff, of sanitary sewage and of sewer sediments to the total wet weather pollutant loads at the catchment outlet. The erosion of in-sewer pollutant stocks was found to be the main source of particles and of organic matter in wet weather flows, whereas heavy metal loads mainly originated from roof runoff, due to the corrosion of metallic roofs. Particles eroded inside the sewer during rain events were found to be quite different from the particles constituting t...
Wastewater transfer during dry and wet weather in Parisian combined sewer M. Kafi *, MC Gromaire ... more Wastewater transfer during dry and wet weather in Parisian combined sewer M. Kafi *, MC Gromaire **, M Saad ** and G. Chebbo**,** Laboratoire de Génie Urbain, Environnement et Habitat, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 5, Bd Descartes - Cité Descartes, 77454 Marne la Vallée Cedex ...
Settling velocities of TSS and of particulate pollutants (COP, PDCO, PTKN, PCu, PPb, PZn, PPAH) m... more Settling velocities of TSS and of particulate pollutants (COP, PDCO, PTKN, PCu, PPb, PZn, PPAH) measured on a wide range of wet weather flow (WWF) samples collected at different levels of the Parisian combined sewer system are reported. The recorded V30 (0.01 to 0.1 mm s(-1)) and V50 (0.09 to 0.6 mm s(-1)) values exceed by a factor 10 those of dry weather sewage and also exceed the values measured for pavement runoff. These values lie however often below the 0.28 mm s(-1) reference value considered in France for the design of WWF settling facilities. A decrease in settleability is observed between a small upstream catchment and larger scaled downstream catchments. The settling behaviour of particulate pollutants varies depending on the considered parameter and can differ significantly from the TSS behaviour, due to a non homogeneous distribution of micropolluants over the different classes of particles. PZn and PTKN appear far less settleable than TSS, whereas PPAH show higher settleability.
An observatory of urban pollutants was created in Paris in order to assess, at the urban catchmen... more An observatory of urban pollutants was created in Paris in order to assess, at the urban catchment scale, the quality of sanitary sewage and pollutant loads during dry weather periods in the Paris combined sewer. Investigations were carried out for six urban catchments (varying from 42 to 2580 ha) focusing on a wide range of parameters, including: suspended solids (SS),
An experimental catchment area was set up by CEREVE in the centre of Paris, in order to obtain an... more An experimental catchment area was set up by CEREVE in the centre of Paris, in order to obtain an accurate description of the pollution caused by urban wet weather flows at different locations within the combined sewer system, and hence to estimate the contribution of runoff, waste water and sewer sediments to the total pollution. The results obtained show a change in quality between the runoff entering the sewer network and the combined storm water flow at the sewer's outlet. In particular, an increase was observed in the concentrations of SS, VSS, COD, BOD 5 , Cu and in the settling velocities of particles. The assessment of the contribution of different sources to the pollution showed that the organic layer at water-sediment interface in the sewer is the main source of wet weather flow pollution for suspended solids, volatile solids, particle-bound COD and BOD 5 , and copper. For cadmium, lead and zinc, it was shown that roof runoff constitutes the main source of wet weather flow pollution in 'Le Marais' catchment, due to the corrosion of the roofing materials. q
A substantial database of annual metal runoff loads, obtained from a 14-month field exposure camp... more A substantial database of annual metal runoff loads, obtained from a 14-month field exposure campaign on 12 different metal roofing materials at two sites within Paris conurbation, is presented herein. Thirteen metallic species have been considered. A comparison among the various roofing materials yields a ranking of their runoff pollution potential, which highlights that aluminum, coated products, and stainless steel display the lower emission levels, before zinc and copper materials. Lead materials appear to release more metallic species, and tend to do so in quite large quantities. Whatever the material family considered, older materials apparently release more metallic species with higher levels of emission. In considering zinc emissions from zinc-based materials, it is clear that surface coatings significantly reduce zinc emissions (40% less for the Zn3(PO4)2 surface-treated Anthra zinc, compared to natural zinc; and 99% less for prepainted galvanized steel compared to standard galvanized steel). In the case of Anthra zinc however, surface treatment induces the release of Ni into the runoff, and Ni constitutes a priority pollutant in the European Water Framework Directive (2000/60 CE). A high level of consistency with literature data has been found for Zn runoff when considering runoff rates reported at the same inclination.
Roof maintenance practices often involve the application of biocide products to fight against mos... more Roof maintenance practices often involve the application of biocide products to fight against moss, lichens and algae. The main component of these products is benzalkonium chloride, a mixture of alkyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium chlorides with mainly C12 and C14 alkyl chain lengths, which is toxic for the aquatic environment. This paper describes, on the basis of an in-situ pilot scale study, the evolution of roof runoff contamination over a one year period following the biocide treatment of roof frames. Results show a major contamination of roof runoff immediately after treatment (from 5 to 30 mg/L), followed by an exponential decrease. 175-375 mm of cumulated rainfall is needed before the runoff concentrations become less than EC50 values for fish (280 μg/l). The residual concentration in the runoff water remains above 4 μg/L even after 640 mm of rainfall. The level of benzalkonium ions leaching depends on the roofing material, with lower concentrations and total mass leached from ceramic tiles than from concrete tiles, and on the state of the tile (new or worn out). Mass balance calculations indicate that a large part of the mass of benzalkonium compounds applied to the tiles is lost, probably due to biodegradation processes.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research, 2005
In-situ observations were performed at two different spatial and temporal scales, in order to get... more In-situ observations were performed at two different spatial and temporal scales, in order to get a better identification of the nature of the organic layer situated at the water-sediment interface, and which had previously been identified as major of combined sewer overflows organic loads. Its composition and its build up mechanisms during dry weather periods are presented. Results showed that the concept of dry weather accumulation and more generally the way organic sewer sediments are modelled needs to be reconsidered.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research, 2003
A new method for water-sediment interface observation has been designed. This system is based on ... more A new method for water-sediment interface observation has been designed. This system is based on a small diameter endoscope protected by a graduated plastic tube. It makes it possible to visualise in a non-destructive manner the sediments and the water-sediment interface. The endoscope was used to investigate Le Marais catchment (Paris): an immobile organic layer was observed at the water-sediment interface. This layer appears in pools of gross bed sediment, at the upstream of collectors, in zones where velocity is slow and where bed shear stress is less than 0.03 N/m2.
Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research, 2003
In environmental modelling, estimating the confidence level in conceptual model parameters is nec... more In environmental modelling, estimating the confidence level in conceptual model parameters is necessary but difficult. Having a realistic estimation of the uncertainties related to the parameters is necessary i) to assess the possible origin of the calibration difficulties (correlation between model parameters for instance), and ii) to evaluate the prediction confidence limits of the calibrated model. In this paper, an application of the Metropolis algorithm, a general Monte Carlo Markov chain sampling method, for the calibration of a four-parameter lumped urban stormwater quality model is presented. Unlike traditional optimisation approaches, the Metropolis algorithm identifies not only a "best parameter set", but a probability distribution of parameters according to measured data. The studied model includes classical formulations for the pollutant accumulation during dry weather period and their washoff during a rainfall event. Results indicate mathematical shortcomings ...
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Papers by M. Gromaire