The current state-of-the-art on the design, fabrication, and use of corrosion protection systems ... more The current state-of-the-art on the design, fabrication, and use of corrosion protection systems for bridge stay cables and their anchorages in the United States was assessed. Various types of multiple-barrier corrosion protection systems are being used to provide corrosion protection. The systems were reviewed and specific areas of concern were investigated. In addition, information relating to the design, fabrication, installation and use of corrosion protection systems for other industrial and military applications which may be applicable to stay cables was compiled and reviewed. Based on the information collected from literature, material manufacturers, research engineers, and State agencies, selection criteria and suggested specifications were developed in combination with the "Recommendations for Stay Cable Design, Testing, and Installation" latest publication by the Post-Tensioning Institute. This document is intended to provide a guide for owners, inspectors, design firms, material manufacturers, and construction contractors.
Four different cathodic protection systems were installed in sele tie beams and footings of the Q... more Four different cathodic protection systems were installed in sele tie beams and footings of the Queen Isabella Causeway which links South Padre Island to the mainland of Texas. This paper describes concrete preparation and the installation of the different cathod protection systems at the Queen Isabella Causeway. The procedures employed to install the anodes, the problems encountered in the installation and productivity measurements are presented. An evaluation was conducted of the installation of the different ano systems using constructability, productivity, safety and environm and aesthetics as the parameters for the evaluation. For the covering abstract see ITRD E117314.
The current state-of-the-art on the design, fabrication, and use of corrosion protection systems ... more The current state-of-the-art on the design, fabrication, and use of corrosion protection systems for bridge stay cables and their anchorages in the United States was assessed. Various types of multiple-barrier corrosion protection systems are being used to provide corrosion protection. The systems were reviewed and specific areas of concern were investigated. In addition, information relating to the design, fabrication, installation and use of corrosion protection systems for other industrial and military applications which may be applicable to stay cables was compiled and reviewed. Based on the information collected from literature, material manufacturers, research engineers, and State agencies, selection criteria and suggested specifications were developed in combination with the "Recommendations for Stay Cable Design, Testing, and Installation" latest publication by the Post-Tensioning Institute. This document is intended to provide a guide for owners, inspectors, design firms, material manufacturers, and construction contractors.
Bazzoni and Lazzari have proposed a new criterion for the cathodic protection of prestressed conc... more Bazzoni and Lazzari have proposed a new criterion for the cathodic protection of prestressed concrete. The criterion is based on the use of mixed metal-oxide-activated anodes which exhibit a stable polarized potential over a wide range of current densities when embedded in concrete. The criterion proposes that a ``safe`` anode/structure feeding voltage can be calculated that will both provide corrosion control in the area covered by the anode system and will prevent the steel reinforcement potential reaching values where hydrogen ions can be reduced to hydrogen and the consequent possibility of embrittlement of high strength prestressing members. This paper describes a laboratory study made to examine the validity of the proposed criterion. The results of the study appear to support criterion as both safe and effective for new prestressed concrete structures and possibly for existing structures as well.
This is the final report for a study to evaluate the use of sacrificial cathodic protection (CP) ... more This is the final report for a study to evaluate the use of sacrificial cathodic protection (CP) for reinforced and prestressed concrete bridge members. CP using impressed current is an accepted and common method used to provide CP to steel in concrete. Sacrificial CP, however, is relatively easy to apply, does not require that the anode be electrically isolated from the steel, and does not require an external power supply. In the past, attempts to apply sacrificial anode CP to bridge structures have met with limited success because conventional sacrificial anode alloys operate at a low fixed potential and the conductivity of concrete often does not permit satisfactory current output. The Florida Department of Transportation (DOT) has applied arc-sprayed zinc to several bridges in the marine environment. This study examined the performance of existing sacrificial alloys in different environments for sacrificial CP and developed new sacrificial alloys for protecting steel in concrete...
Many of the bridge decks crossing the coastal water of Virginia's Tidewater Area are supporte... more Many of the bridge decks crossing the coastal water of Virginia's Tidewater Area are supported by prestressed concrete piles. In th last several years, many of those piles with corroding reinforcem were grout jacketed; however, this practice has not been successf in halting corrosion. It is now recognized that application of cathodic protection is the only rehabilitation measure that will truly prevent or stop corrosion of the prestressing steel tendons And, for this application, the galvanic mode of cathodic protecti or prevention, depending on the stage of corrosion, is particular suitable and advantageous. Recent advances in the development of galvanic anodes and methods of installation make it practical to galvanic mode of CP to protect these substructures. In order to evaluate the use of galvanic CP, the Virginia Department of Transportation has applied four galvanic anode systems to selecte piles of the Willoughby Bay Bridge of Interstate 64 in Norfolk, Virginia. The syste...
A large number of ocean and harbor concrete structures have been in service for more than a centu... more A large number of ocean and harbor concrete structures have been in service for more than a century. However, the cost associated with repair of these structures damaged by corrosion of steel in concrete is a major maintenance expense for the owners. Due to wave and tidal action of sea water, these structures are divided into atmospheric, tidal, and submerged zones. The most devastating corrosion damage occurs at the splash area which is somewhere between the lower part of the atmospheric zone and upper part of the tidal zone. However, it is generally believed that steel corrosion in the submerged concrete is stifled because the oxygen concentration in the concrete is too low to sustain the corrosion activity. To investigate the corrosion mechanism in partially submerged concrete structures, the corrosion potentials, total corrosion current, and macro-cell corrosion current of the steel in concrete specimens were monitored. The results obtained from the three zones (submerged, tidal, and atmospheric zones) were compared and discussed. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 857776.
This is the interim report for a study to evaluate the use of sacrificial cathodic protection for... more This is the interim report for a study to evaluate the use of sacrificial cathodic protection for reinforced and prestressed concrete bridge members. Cathodic protection (CP) using impressed current is an accepted and common method used to provide corrosion protection to steel in concrete. Sacrificial cathodic protection, however, is relatively easy to apply, does not require that the anode be electrically isolated from the steel, and does not require an external power supply. Attempts to apply sacrificial anode CP to bridge structures have met with limited success because conventional sacrificial anode alloys operate at a low fixed potential and the conductivity of concrete often does not permit satisfactory current output. The Florida Department of Transportation has applied arc-sprayed zinc to several bridges in the marine environment. This study examined the performance of existing sacrificial alloys in different environments for sacrificial CP, and developed new sacrificial all...
Thermally sprayed titanium anodes for cathodic protection of reinforced concrete have been applie... more Thermally sprayed titanium anodes for cathodic protection of reinforced concrete have been applied to several structures in th field on a trial basis. The first installation was in 1994 on the Depoe Bay Bridge in Oregon. Since then, three other field trials been installed, energized and tested. The results of the field tr to date indicate that the systems in general are operating at relatively low output levels and are achieving criteria for catho protection of steel in concrete. Recent laboratory test results indicate that surface preparation using sand blasting appears to provide the best overall bond strength of the titanium to the concrete substrate. Adhesion strength was determined to be highes when the titanium coating was developed after only two passes fro the spray gun. Arc sprayed titanium is somewhat more difficult to apply than arc sprayed zinc, due to the hardness of the wire and subsequent wear of the spray tips. Titanium, however, is relative inert in the environment ...
To improve sprayed sacrificial zinc anode cathodic protection system, the Federal Highway Adminis... more To improve sprayed sacrificial zinc anode cathodic protection system, the Federal Highway Administration has sponsored a comprehensive program to develop a new sacrificial alloy for use as an anode to cathodically protect reinforced prestressed concrete structures. Under this program, a new sacrificial aluminum alloy has been developed. This paper presents the results of laboratory and field studies using this alloy.
Above-ground storage tank bottoms are subject to corrosion. The tank bottoms have been protected ... more Above-ground storage tank bottoms are subject to corrosion. The tank bottoms have been protected from corrosion by several methods, including oil sand, asphalt sand or impressed current cathodic protection. The insulating property of the oil and asphalt supposes to stop corrosion; however, the effectiveness of this approach has been questioned due to corrosion failure resulting from insufficient dielectric protection. Impressed current CP electrochemically stops the corrosion on the tank plates in contact with sand or soil underneath. However, it cannot protect the plate once it loses the contact with the soil. In addition, if the transformer rectifier or the system hardware fails, the cathodic protection is not effective until it repairs or replaced. A new sacrificial anode system was developed using aluminum mesh with a high pH modified sand backfill to overcome the problems raised by the other corrosion control systems. This paper will discuss the new sacrificial anode CP system.
FIGURE 13. Correlation between surface pH and log (1/Ru) for (a) the same time period as in Figur... more FIGURE 13. Correlation between surface pH and log (1/Ru) for (a) the same time period as in Figure 12.
Cathodic protection systems for newly constructed RC structures are the most effective technique ... more Cathodic protection systems for newly constructed RC structures are the most effective technique for long-term corrosion prevention of reinforcing steel. Their installation is simple and their maintenance cost is low. Since cathodic protection is not a passive corrosion prevention method, reinforcing steel corrosion can be actively prevented regardless of the concrete's condition during its entire structural life.
The current state-of-the-art on the design, fabrication, and use of corrosion protection systems ... more The current state-of-the-art on the design, fabrication, and use of corrosion protection systems for bridge stay cables and their anchorages in the United States was assessed. Various types of multiple-barrier corrosion protection systems are being used to provide corrosion protection. The systems were reviewed and specific areas of concern were investigated. In addition, information relating to the design, fabrication, installation and use of corrosion protection systems for other industrial and military applications which may be applicable to stay cables was compiled and reviewed. Based on the information collected from literature, material manufacturers, research engineers, and State agencies, selection criteria and suggested specifications were developed in combination with the "Recommendations for Stay Cable Design, Testing, and Installation" latest publication by the Post-Tensioning Institute. This document is intended to provide a guide for owners, inspectors, design firms, material manufacturers, and construction contractors.
Four different cathodic protection systems were installed in sele tie beams and footings of the Q... more Four different cathodic protection systems were installed in sele tie beams and footings of the Queen Isabella Causeway which links South Padre Island to the mainland of Texas. This paper describes concrete preparation and the installation of the different cathod protection systems at the Queen Isabella Causeway. The procedures employed to install the anodes, the problems encountered in the installation and productivity measurements are presented. An evaluation was conducted of the installation of the different ano systems using constructability, productivity, safety and environm and aesthetics as the parameters for the evaluation. For the covering abstract see ITRD E117314.
The current state-of-the-art on the design, fabrication, and use of corrosion protection systems ... more The current state-of-the-art on the design, fabrication, and use of corrosion protection systems for bridge stay cables and their anchorages in the United States was assessed. Various types of multiple-barrier corrosion protection systems are being used to provide corrosion protection. The systems were reviewed and specific areas of concern were investigated. In addition, information relating to the design, fabrication, installation and use of corrosion protection systems for other industrial and military applications which may be applicable to stay cables was compiled and reviewed. Based on the information collected from literature, material manufacturers, research engineers, and State agencies, selection criteria and suggested specifications were developed in combination with the "Recommendations for Stay Cable Design, Testing, and Installation" latest publication by the Post-Tensioning Institute. This document is intended to provide a guide for owners, inspectors, design firms, material manufacturers, and construction contractors.
Bazzoni and Lazzari have proposed a new criterion for the cathodic protection of prestressed conc... more Bazzoni and Lazzari have proposed a new criterion for the cathodic protection of prestressed concrete. The criterion is based on the use of mixed metal-oxide-activated anodes which exhibit a stable polarized potential over a wide range of current densities when embedded in concrete. The criterion proposes that a ``safe`` anode/structure feeding voltage can be calculated that will both provide corrosion control in the area covered by the anode system and will prevent the steel reinforcement potential reaching values where hydrogen ions can be reduced to hydrogen and the consequent possibility of embrittlement of high strength prestressing members. This paper describes a laboratory study made to examine the validity of the proposed criterion. The results of the study appear to support criterion as both safe and effective for new prestressed concrete structures and possibly for existing structures as well.
This is the final report for a study to evaluate the use of sacrificial cathodic protection (CP) ... more This is the final report for a study to evaluate the use of sacrificial cathodic protection (CP) for reinforced and prestressed concrete bridge members. CP using impressed current is an accepted and common method used to provide CP to steel in concrete. Sacrificial CP, however, is relatively easy to apply, does not require that the anode be electrically isolated from the steel, and does not require an external power supply. In the past, attempts to apply sacrificial anode CP to bridge structures have met with limited success because conventional sacrificial anode alloys operate at a low fixed potential and the conductivity of concrete often does not permit satisfactory current output. The Florida Department of Transportation (DOT) has applied arc-sprayed zinc to several bridges in the marine environment. This study examined the performance of existing sacrificial alloys in different environments for sacrificial CP and developed new sacrificial alloys for protecting steel in concrete...
Many of the bridge decks crossing the coastal water of Virginia's Tidewater Area are supporte... more Many of the bridge decks crossing the coastal water of Virginia's Tidewater Area are supported by prestressed concrete piles. In th last several years, many of those piles with corroding reinforcem were grout jacketed; however, this practice has not been successf in halting corrosion. It is now recognized that application of cathodic protection is the only rehabilitation measure that will truly prevent or stop corrosion of the prestressing steel tendons And, for this application, the galvanic mode of cathodic protecti or prevention, depending on the stage of corrosion, is particular suitable and advantageous. Recent advances in the development of galvanic anodes and methods of installation make it practical to galvanic mode of CP to protect these substructures. In order to evaluate the use of galvanic CP, the Virginia Department of Transportation has applied four galvanic anode systems to selecte piles of the Willoughby Bay Bridge of Interstate 64 in Norfolk, Virginia. The syste...
A large number of ocean and harbor concrete structures have been in service for more than a centu... more A large number of ocean and harbor concrete structures have been in service for more than a century. However, the cost associated with repair of these structures damaged by corrosion of steel in concrete is a major maintenance expense for the owners. Due to wave and tidal action of sea water, these structures are divided into atmospheric, tidal, and submerged zones. The most devastating corrosion damage occurs at the splash area which is somewhere between the lower part of the atmospheric zone and upper part of the tidal zone. However, it is generally believed that steel corrosion in the submerged concrete is stifled because the oxygen concentration in the concrete is too low to sustain the corrosion activity. To investigate the corrosion mechanism in partially submerged concrete structures, the corrosion potentials, total corrosion current, and macro-cell corrosion current of the steel in concrete specimens were monitored. The results obtained from the three zones (submerged, tidal, and atmospheric zones) were compared and discussed. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 857776.
This is the interim report for a study to evaluate the use of sacrificial cathodic protection for... more This is the interim report for a study to evaluate the use of sacrificial cathodic protection for reinforced and prestressed concrete bridge members. Cathodic protection (CP) using impressed current is an accepted and common method used to provide corrosion protection to steel in concrete. Sacrificial cathodic protection, however, is relatively easy to apply, does not require that the anode be electrically isolated from the steel, and does not require an external power supply. Attempts to apply sacrificial anode CP to bridge structures have met with limited success because conventional sacrificial anode alloys operate at a low fixed potential and the conductivity of concrete often does not permit satisfactory current output. The Florida Department of Transportation has applied arc-sprayed zinc to several bridges in the marine environment. This study examined the performance of existing sacrificial alloys in different environments for sacrificial CP, and developed new sacrificial all...
Thermally sprayed titanium anodes for cathodic protection of reinforced concrete have been applie... more Thermally sprayed titanium anodes for cathodic protection of reinforced concrete have been applied to several structures in th field on a trial basis. The first installation was in 1994 on the Depoe Bay Bridge in Oregon. Since then, three other field trials been installed, energized and tested. The results of the field tr to date indicate that the systems in general are operating at relatively low output levels and are achieving criteria for catho protection of steel in concrete. Recent laboratory test results indicate that surface preparation using sand blasting appears to provide the best overall bond strength of the titanium to the concrete substrate. Adhesion strength was determined to be highes when the titanium coating was developed after only two passes fro the spray gun. Arc sprayed titanium is somewhat more difficult to apply than arc sprayed zinc, due to the hardness of the wire and subsequent wear of the spray tips. Titanium, however, is relative inert in the environment ...
To improve sprayed sacrificial zinc anode cathodic protection system, the Federal Highway Adminis... more To improve sprayed sacrificial zinc anode cathodic protection system, the Federal Highway Administration has sponsored a comprehensive program to develop a new sacrificial alloy for use as an anode to cathodically protect reinforced prestressed concrete structures. Under this program, a new sacrificial aluminum alloy has been developed. This paper presents the results of laboratory and field studies using this alloy.
Above-ground storage tank bottoms are subject to corrosion. The tank bottoms have been protected ... more Above-ground storage tank bottoms are subject to corrosion. The tank bottoms have been protected from corrosion by several methods, including oil sand, asphalt sand or impressed current cathodic protection. The insulating property of the oil and asphalt supposes to stop corrosion; however, the effectiveness of this approach has been questioned due to corrosion failure resulting from insufficient dielectric protection. Impressed current CP electrochemically stops the corrosion on the tank plates in contact with sand or soil underneath. However, it cannot protect the plate once it loses the contact with the soil. In addition, if the transformer rectifier or the system hardware fails, the cathodic protection is not effective until it repairs or replaced. A new sacrificial anode system was developed using aluminum mesh with a high pH modified sand backfill to overcome the problems raised by the other corrosion control systems. This paper will discuss the new sacrificial anode CP system.
FIGURE 13. Correlation between surface pH and log (1/Ru) for (a) the same time period as in Figur... more FIGURE 13. Correlation between surface pH and log (1/Ru) for (a) the same time period as in Figure 12.
Cathodic protection systems for newly constructed RC structures are the most effective technique ... more Cathodic protection systems for newly constructed RC structures are the most effective technique for long-term corrosion prevention of reinforcing steel. Their installation is simple and their maintenance cost is low. Since cathodic protection is not a passive corrosion prevention method, reinforcing steel corrosion can be actively prevented regardless of the concrete's condition during its entire structural life.
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