We determine the optimal level of bonuses in the case of Co-production between an agent and multi... more We determine the optimal level of bonuses in the case of Co-production between an agent and multiusers. There is Co-production when the outcome is the result of both the agent's effort and the user's effort and type. Paying bonuses to the agent encourages him to vary his effort according to the user he meets. This variety in the agent's effort results in an increase in inequality. Hence, the optimal level of bonuses is muted when the principal cares about equality among users. This is typically the case in education or health.
Cette etude a pour objet d'evaluer le bien-fonde de la mise en œuvre d'un principe de lib... more Cette etude a pour objet d'evaluer le bien-fonde de la mise en œuvre d'un principe de libre acces aux recherches en sciences humaines et sociales (SHS) en France, a partir d'une etude de ses effets sur la consultation des articles. Il s'agit de savoir si une politique de libre acces ameliore effectivement ou non la visibilite des recherches, et dans quelle mesure. L'etude apporte des eclairages indispensables a la prise de decision au sujet de la diffusion des resultats de la recherche et sur l'effet observe des restrictions d'acces sur l'acces des publics (chercheurs et grand public) a ces resultats. Les enjeux du debat sont le choix de la « barriere mobile », c'est-a-dire la duree apres la publication pour la mise en libre acces par la revue elle-meme, et la duree de « l'embargo », c'est-a-dire la duree minimale avant l'autorisation donnee par la revue a l'auto-archivage par le chercheur de ses articles. L'etude a consiste a ...
Document incomplet sur OLIS Incomplete document on OLIS STD/DOC(2005)4 Unclassified English-Or. E... more Document incomplet sur OLIS Incomplete document on OLIS STD/DOC(2005)4 Unclassified English-Or. English Cancels & replaces the same document of 12 August 2005 STD/DOC(2005)4 2 OECD STATISTICS WORKING PAPER SERIES The OECD Statistics Working Paper Series-managed by the OECD Statistics Directorate is designed to make available in a timely fashion and to a wider readership selected studies prepared by staff in the Secretariat or by outside consultants working on OECD projects. The papers included are of a technical, methodological or statistical policy nature and relate to statistical work relevant to the organisation. The Working Papers are generally available only in their original language-English or French-with a summary in the other.
Despite the rapid growth in e-government research over the past few years, there is little consen... more Despite the rapid growth in e-government research over the past few years, there is little consensus among researchers about the factors that affect the demand side of on-line government services, and a theory of the use of government Internet services is still lacking. This paper attempts to fill this gap by proposing a standard economic approach based on individual rational choice behavior and by exploiting a unique data set collected in 2005 on a random sample of 5,603 French respondents. Estimating a Heckman's model of selection to control for selection bias, the results confirm that i. selection biases are particularly pregnant, ii. a standard economic approach based on a cost analysis is particularly well adapted to explain the use of on-line administrative services. In particular, we find that the relative access cost to on-line administrative services (measured by the occupational status), the cost to find administrative information (captured by Internet and computer skills) and the cost of processing administrative information (identified by the professional status and the level of education) as well as the availability of Internet services play a major role in the trade-off between on-line and off-line administrative channels.
Despite the rapid growth in e-government research over the past few years, there is little consen... more Despite the rapid growth in e-government research over the past few years, there is little consensus among researchers about the factors that affect the demand side of on-line government services, and a theory of the use of government Internet services is still lacking. This paper attempts to fill this gap by proposing a standard economic approach based on individual rational choice behavior and by exploiting a unique data set collected in 2005 on a random sample of 5,603 French respondents. Estimating a Heckman's model of selection to control for selection bias, the results confirm that i. selection biases are particularly pregnant, ii. a standard economic approach based on a cost analysis is particularly well adapted to explain the use of on-line administrative services. In particular, we find that the relative access cost to on-line administrative services (measured by the occupational status), the cost to find administrative information (captured by Internet and computer skills) and the cost of processing administrative information (identified by the professional status and the level of education) as well as the availability of Internet services play a major role in the trade-off between on-line and off-line administrative channels.
In the telecommunications industry, the ladder-of-investment approach claims that service-based c... more In the telecommunications industry, the ladder-of-investment approach claims that service-based competition (when entrants lease access to incumbents’ facilities) can serve as a “stepping stone” for facility-based entry (when entrants build their own infrastructures to provide services). In this paper, we build an empirical model that encompasses a complete ladder-of-investment, composed of three rungs: bitstream access, local loop unbundling and new access facilities. Using data from the European Commission’s “Broadband access in the EU” reports covering 15 European member states for 17 semesters, we test the ladder-of-investment hypothesis. We find no empirical support for this hypothesis, that is, for the transition from local loop unbundling to new access infrastructures, and weak empirical support for the transition from bitstream access lines to local loop unbundling. These results are robust when we take into account the migration effect, the number of access rungs, the development of broadband cable, the regulatory performance, and the evolution of local loop unbundling prices.
In this paper we propose a model which shows that the impact of copyright infringement on music a... more In this paper we propose a model which shows that the impact of copyright infringement on music artists depends on the type of revenue that they receive (royalties from record companies, profits for self-released artists, revenues from live concerts). We then test the hypotheses derived from the model on a dataset consisting of a survey of 710 artists representative of the whole population of French professional musicians. The results are consistent with our model in so far as: (i) those artists with a recording contract who do more live performances are more tolerant of piracy; and (ii) self-released artists are less tolerant of piracy, and that their attitude is therefore closer to that of record companies.
In this paper we propose a model which shows that the impact of copyright infringement on music a... more In this paper we propose a model which shows that the impact of copyright infringement on music artists depends on the type of revenue that they receive (royalties from record companies, profits for self-released artists, revenues from live concerts). We then test the hypotheses derived from the model on a dataset consisting of a survey of 710 artists representative of the whole population of French professional musicians. The results are consistent with our model in so far as: (i) those artists with a recording contract who do more live performances are more tolerant of piracy; and (ii) self-released artists are less tolerant of piracy, and that their attitude is therefore closer to that of record companies.
ABSTRACT The contribution of information and communication technologies to growth leads to many d... more ABSTRACT The contribution of information and communication technologies to growth leads to many discussions nourished by analyses characterised by significant methodological difficulties. For instance, scholars highlight that the delay of any country in the adoption of these technologies and that the inadequacy of public policies to support their dissemination stifle growth. Empirical findings suggest that information and communication technologies are actively involved in the growth of developed economies, even if the mechanisms for this contribution remain obscure, other than the direct benefits of the very high productivity of the sector itself on the rest of the economy, related to both improving product performance and allowing a continuous decline in product prices.
In this paper we propose a model which shows that the impact of copyright infringement on music a... more In this paper we propose a model which shows that the impact of copyright infringement on music artists depends on the type of revenue that they receive (royalties from record companies, pro…ts for self-released artists, revenues from live concerts). We then test the hypotheses derived from the model on a dataset consisting of a survey of 710 artists representative of the whole population of French professional musicians. The results are consistent with our model in so far as: (i) those artists with a recording contract who do more live performances are more tolerant of piracy; and (ii) self-released artists are less tolerant of piracy, and that their attitude is therefore closer to that of record companies.
Despite the rapid growth in e-government research over the past few years, there is little consen... more Despite the rapid growth in e-government research over the past few years, there is little consensus among researchers about the factors that affect the demand side of on-line government services, and a theory of the use of government Internet services is still lacking. This paper attempts to fill this gap by proposing a standard economic approach based on individual rational choice behavior and by exploiting a unique data set collected in 2005 on a random sample of 5,603 French respondents. Estimating a Heckman's model of selection to control for selection bias, the results confirm that i. selection biases are particularly pregnant, ii. a standard economic approach based on a cost analysis is particularly well adapted to explain the use of on-line administrative services. In particular, we find that the relative access cost to on-line administrative services (measured by the occupational status), the cost to find administrative information (captured by Internet and computer skills) and the cost of processing administrative information (identified by the professional status and the level of education) as well as the availability of Internet services play a major role in the trade-off between on-line and off-line administrative channels.
... la démarche suivante. Dans un premier temps, nous proposons une perspective historique rappel... more ... la démarche suivante. Dans un premier temps, nous proposons une perspective historique rappelant brièvement les principales caractéristiques de l'industrie musicale dans les périodes artisanale, industrielle et numérique. ...
... suivante. Dans un premier temps, nous proposons une perspective historique rappelant brièveme... more ... suivante. Dans un premier temps, nous proposons une perspective historique rappelant brièvement les principales caractéristiques de l'industrie musicale dans les périodes artisanale, industrielle et numérique. Ensuite, nous ...
Cette étude a pour objet d'évaluer le bien-fondé de la mise en oeuvre d'un principe de libre accè... more Cette étude a pour objet d'évaluer le bien-fondé de la mise en oeuvre d'un principe de libre accès aux recherches en sciences humaines et sociales (SHS) en France, à partir d'une étude de ses effets sur la consultation des articles. Il s'agit de savoir si une politique de libre accès améliore effectivement ou non la visibilité des recherches, et dans quelle mesure. L'étude apporte des éclairages indispensables à la prise de décision au sujet de la diffusion des résultats de la recherche et sur l'effet observé des restrictions d'accès sur l'accès des publics (chercheurs et grand public) à ces résultats. Les enjeux du débat sont le choix de la « barrière mobile », c'est-à-dire la durée après la publication pour la mise en libre accès par la revue elle-même, et la durée de
We determine the optimal level of bonuses in the case of Co-production between an agent and multi... more We determine the optimal level of bonuses in the case of Co-production between an agent and multiusers. There is Co-production when the outcome is the result of both the agent's effort and the user's effort and type. Paying bonuses to the agent encourages him to vary his effort according to the user he meets. This variety in the agent's effort results in an increase in inequality. Hence, the optimal level of bonuses is muted when the principal cares about equality among users. This is typically the case in education or health.
Cette etude a pour objet d'evaluer le bien-fonde de la mise en œuvre d'un principe de lib... more Cette etude a pour objet d'evaluer le bien-fonde de la mise en œuvre d'un principe de libre acces aux recherches en sciences humaines et sociales (SHS) en France, a partir d'une etude de ses effets sur la consultation des articles. Il s'agit de savoir si une politique de libre acces ameliore effectivement ou non la visibilite des recherches, et dans quelle mesure. L'etude apporte des eclairages indispensables a la prise de decision au sujet de la diffusion des resultats de la recherche et sur l'effet observe des restrictions d'acces sur l'acces des publics (chercheurs et grand public) a ces resultats. Les enjeux du debat sont le choix de la « barriere mobile », c'est-a-dire la duree apres la publication pour la mise en libre acces par la revue elle-meme, et la duree de « l'embargo », c'est-a-dire la duree minimale avant l'autorisation donnee par la revue a l'auto-archivage par le chercheur de ses articles. L'etude a consiste a ...
Document incomplet sur OLIS Incomplete document on OLIS STD/DOC(2005)4 Unclassified English-Or. E... more Document incomplet sur OLIS Incomplete document on OLIS STD/DOC(2005)4 Unclassified English-Or. English Cancels & replaces the same document of 12 August 2005 STD/DOC(2005)4 2 OECD STATISTICS WORKING PAPER SERIES The OECD Statistics Working Paper Series-managed by the OECD Statistics Directorate is designed to make available in a timely fashion and to a wider readership selected studies prepared by staff in the Secretariat or by outside consultants working on OECD projects. The papers included are of a technical, methodological or statistical policy nature and relate to statistical work relevant to the organisation. The Working Papers are generally available only in their original language-English or French-with a summary in the other.
Despite the rapid growth in e-government research over the past few years, there is little consen... more Despite the rapid growth in e-government research over the past few years, there is little consensus among researchers about the factors that affect the demand side of on-line government services, and a theory of the use of government Internet services is still lacking. This paper attempts to fill this gap by proposing a standard economic approach based on individual rational choice behavior and by exploiting a unique data set collected in 2005 on a random sample of 5,603 French respondents. Estimating a Heckman's model of selection to control for selection bias, the results confirm that i. selection biases are particularly pregnant, ii. a standard economic approach based on a cost analysis is particularly well adapted to explain the use of on-line administrative services. In particular, we find that the relative access cost to on-line administrative services (measured by the occupational status), the cost to find administrative information (captured by Internet and computer skills) and the cost of processing administrative information (identified by the professional status and the level of education) as well as the availability of Internet services play a major role in the trade-off between on-line and off-line administrative channels.
Despite the rapid growth in e-government research over the past few years, there is little consen... more Despite the rapid growth in e-government research over the past few years, there is little consensus among researchers about the factors that affect the demand side of on-line government services, and a theory of the use of government Internet services is still lacking. This paper attempts to fill this gap by proposing a standard economic approach based on individual rational choice behavior and by exploiting a unique data set collected in 2005 on a random sample of 5,603 French respondents. Estimating a Heckman's model of selection to control for selection bias, the results confirm that i. selection biases are particularly pregnant, ii. a standard economic approach based on a cost analysis is particularly well adapted to explain the use of on-line administrative services. In particular, we find that the relative access cost to on-line administrative services (measured by the occupational status), the cost to find administrative information (captured by Internet and computer skills) and the cost of processing administrative information (identified by the professional status and the level of education) as well as the availability of Internet services play a major role in the trade-off between on-line and off-line administrative channels.
In the telecommunications industry, the ladder-of-investment approach claims that service-based c... more In the telecommunications industry, the ladder-of-investment approach claims that service-based competition (when entrants lease access to incumbents’ facilities) can serve as a “stepping stone” for facility-based entry (when entrants build their own infrastructures to provide services). In this paper, we build an empirical model that encompasses a complete ladder-of-investment, composed of three rungs: bitstream access, local loop unbundling and new access facilities. Using data from the European Commission’s “Broadband access in the EU” reports covering 15 European member states for 17 semesters, we test the ladder-of-investment hypothesis. We find no empirical support for this hypothesis, that is, for the transition from local loop unbundling to new access infrastructures, and weak empirical support for the transition from bitstream access lines to local loop unbundling. These results are robust when we take into account the migration effect, the number of access rungs, the development of broadband cable, the regulatory performance, and the evolution of local loop unbundling prices.
In this paper we propose a model which shows that the impact of copyright infringement on music a... more In this paper we propose a model which shows that the impact of copyright infringement on music artists depends on the type of revenue that they receive (royalties from record companies, profits for self-released artists, revenues from live concerts). We then test the hypotheses derived from the model on a dataset consisting of a survey of 710 artists representative of the whole population of French professional musicians. The results are consistent with our model in so far as: (i) those artists with a recording contract who do more live performances are more tolerant of piracy; and (ii) self-released artists are less tolerant of piracy, and that their attitude is therefore closer to that of record companies.
In this paper we propose a model which shows that the impact of copyright infringement on music a... more In this paper we propose a model which shows that the impact of copyright infringement on music artists depends on the type of revenue that they receive (royalties from record companies, profits for self-released artists, revenues from live concerts). We then test the hypotheses derived from the model on a dataset consisting of a survey of 710 artists representative of the whole population of French professional musicians. The results are consistent with our model in so far as: (i) those artists with a recording contract who do more live performances are more tolerant of piracy; and (ii) self-released artists are less tolerant of piracy, and that their attitude is therefore closer to that of record companies.
ABSTRACT The contribution of information and communication technologies to growth leads to many d... more ABSTRACT The contribution of information and communication technologies to growth leads to many discussions nourished by analyses characterised by significant methodological difficulties. For instance, scholars highlight that the delay of any country in the adoption of these technologies and that the inadequacy of public policies to support their dissemination stifle growth. Empirical findings suggest that information and communication technologies are actively involved in the growth of developed economies, even if the mechanisms for this contribution remain obscure, other than the direct benefits of the very high productivity of the sector itself on the rest of the economy, related to both improving product performance and allowing a continuous decline in product prices.
In this paper we propose a model which shows that the impact of copyright infringement on music a... more In this paper we propose a model which shows that the impact of copyright infringement on music artists depends on the type of revenue that they receive (royalties from record companies, pro…ts for self-released artists, revenues from live concerts). We then test the hypotheses derived from the model on a dataset consisting of a survey of 710 artists representative of the whole population of French professional musicians. The results are consistent with our model in so far as: (i) those artists with a recording contract who do more live performances are more tolerant of piracy; and (ii) self-released artists are less tolerant of piracy, and that their attitude is therefore closer to that of record companies.
Despite the rapid growth in e-government research over the past few years, there is little consen... more Despite the rapid growth in e-government research over the past few years, there is little consensus among researchers about the factors that affect the demand side of on-line government services, and a theory of the use of government Internet services is still lacking. This paper attempts to fill this gap by proposing a standard economic approach based on individual rational choice behavior and by exploiting a unique data set collected in 2005 on a random sample of 5,603 French respondents. Estimating a Heckman's model of selection to control for selection bias, the results confirm that i. selection biases are particularly pregnant, ii. a standard economic approach based on a cost analysis is particularly well adapted to explain the use of on-line administrative services. In particular, we find that the relative access cost to on-line administrative services (measured by the occupational status), the cost to find administrative information (captured by Internet and computer skills) and the cost of processing administrative information (identified by the professional status and the level of education) as well as the availability of Internet services play a major role in the trade-off between on-line and off-line administrative channels.
... la démarche suivante. Dans un premier temps, nous proposons une perspective historique rappel... more ... la démarche suivante. Dans un premier temps, nous proposons une perspective historique rappelant brièvement les principales caractéristiques de l'industrie musicale dans les périodes artisanale, industrielle et numérique. ...
... suivante. Dans un premier temps, nous proposons une perspective historique rappelant brièveme... more ... suivante. Dans un premier temps, nous proposons une perspective historique rappelant brièvement les principales caractéristiques de l'industrie musicale dans les périodes artisanale, industrielle et numérique. Ensuite, nous ...
Cette étude a pour objet d'évaluer le bien-fondé de la mise en oeuvre d'un principe de libre accè... more Cette étude a pour objet d'évaluer le bien-fondé de la mise en oeuvre d'un principe de libre accès aux recherches en sciences humaines et sociales (SHS) en France, à partir d'une étude de ses effets sur la consultation des articles. Il s'agit de savoir si une politique de libre accès améliore effectivement ou non la visibilité des recherches, et dans quelle mesure. L'étude apporte des éclairages indispensables à la prise de décision au sujet de la diffusion des résultats de la recherche et sur l'effet observé des restrictions d'accès sur l'accès des publics (chercheurs et grand public) à ces résultats. Les enjeux du débat sont le choix de la « barrière mobile », c'est-à-dire la durée après la publication pour la mise en libre accès par la revue elle-même, et la durée de
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