Papers by Luciano D'ANDREA
Chapter One Changes in Science RATIONALE Responsible Research and Innovation and Open Science are... more Chapter One Changes in Science RATIONALE Responsible Research and Innovation and Open Science are part of a broader context of changes affecting science and innovation. Forming an opinion about features, contents, and trajectories of these changes is extremely important to approach RRI and OS properly (see box below). In general, although different from each other, these interpretive models agree that a paradigm shift is occurring in the way science is conceived and organised, contributes to innovation processes and interacts with the rest of society. Overall, because of this shift, the consolidated social model of science-often symbolically associated with the image of the "Ivory Tower"-is fading away and a new social model for science is emerging, although still unnamed. 7 CHANGES IN SCIENCE Different interpretive models have been developed of the deep and broad changes which were and still are occurring in science and innovation. Mode 1/Mode 2 Model. This model opposes the traditional mode of knowledge production (Mode 1) to a newly emerging one (Mode 2). In Mode 1, research is developed in the academic context and is generated under the internal impulse of specific disciplinary research dynamics. Topics, research design and end-users are autonomously identified in the academic realm. In Mode 2, knowledge is generated within the context of application, is used to solve problems, tends to be transdisciplinary in nature and is increasingly conducted with the involvement of different communities and types of stakeholders. Post-academic science. This approach observes a set of trends transforming academic science into a postacademic one. In the context of post-academic science, research is increasingly produced outside the Academia, its results are subject to public scrutiny, it is pushed to produce knowledge which could have an economic and social value, is increasingly produced following industrial models and standards, and is subject to political steering. Quadruple helix model. This approach highlights the prominent role acquired by universities in the innovation process, which is increasingly produced through a complex and continuously evolving system of relationships involving State, Academia, Industry and civil society (hence the image of the "quadruple helix"). Post-normal science. This model stresses how contemporary research increasingly deals with issues entailing higher decision stakes and a higher level of uncertainty. As a result, science increasingly requires the direct involvement of all those who, for different reasons, are affected by the issues under investigation, the development of new channels and ways to communicate science to facilitate political debate, a greater involvement of policy actors in all phases of the research process and the coexistence of competing interpretive solutions from which competing solutions may derive. The consolidated social model of science sees it as: ○ Substantially autonomous from society ○ Largely separated from the facts, worries and practicalities of society and, in general, of the real world ○ based on forms of self-direction (it mainly advances on the basis of scientists' interests) ○ Internally organised in well-defined disciplinary fields ○ not involved in the actual implications and use of its outputs (in terms of knowledge, discoveries, technologies, but also impacts and risks). The emerging model thinks science as: ○ Fully embedded in society and strongly connected with political, economic, and societal dynamics (de facto limiting its autonomy) ○ Open to the external lay actors and sensitive towards expectations, needs, worries and problems of society ○ Increasingly adopting multidisciplinary approaches ○ based on forms of co-direction and co-production with stakeholders and the public at large ○ Directly concerned with the actual implications and use of its outputs. These are two abstract models, none of which exists in the real world. Moreover, the situation largely varies according to national contexts, disciplinary areas and even research institutions. However, identifying this general tendency is a necessary step for starting up a reflection on the role and benefits of responsible and open science. This shift is to be understood as strongly linked to a broader move from modernity to the socalled post-modernity. Modern society was characterised by strong social structures (social rules, social norms, behavioural patterns, social values, etc.) embodied by authoritative, powerful, hierarchically structured organisations (parties, state organisations, trade unions, etc.). In the post-modern age-under the pressure of different factors like population growth, mass education, globalisation, pervasive diffusion of increasingly powerful technologies, and mass consumption-such structures and organisations started weakening, while the autonomy of individuals (e.g., to make their choices, to shape their own identity, to develop their worldview, etc.) and the groups they are part of is increasing. The effect is that all the social institutions of modernity, including science, are asked to adapt to a horizontally structured and highly diversified society and to individuals much more inclined to distrust them, to challenge their authority, and to question their results and procedures, also asking for more transparency and accountability.
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), May 27, 2022
This report (Deliverable 3.3) is aimed at providing guidance to help the six implementing organis... more This report (Deliverable 3.3) is aimed at providing guidance to help the six implementing organisations (IOs) successfully face the challenges connected to the development and the implementation of RRI-oriented policies after the end of the project for a 5-year period. In planning GRACE, Guidance has been considered necessary since, once the project will be ended, the continuation of the GAs initiated under the project and the launch of new ones will require institutional arrangements and approaches different from those applied during the project lifetime. Moreover, IOs will no longer benefit from the systematic support of other cooperating partners. The document is organised into three Parts. Part One is aimed at extrapolating a set of lessons learned, emerging from the experience of IOs. This part is mainly based on the outputs of the three Mutual Learning Workshops respectively held on May 28-29, 2019 (Brussels), November 3-4, 2020 (online) and May 20-21, 2021 (online). The first...
Public Participation, Science and Society, 2018
fteval JOURNAL for Research and Technology Policy Evaluation
Citizen Science (CS) has gained increased recognition over the last two decades. This turn is occ... more Citizen Science (CS) has gained increased recognition over the last two decades. This turn is occurring in strong connection with the profound transformations that have affected science over the last few decades, leading towards a new social model of science characterised by greater openness to society regarding research content actors involved, research processes, and expected societal and economic impact. CS is at the centre of this complex change dynamics as a tool that strongly sustains the shift towards the “open social model” of science supporting a new approach to the science-society relationship. However CS is rarely evaluated for its long-term structural effects on science and the science-society relationship. This article addresses this topic, having as a point of departure the ongoing EC-funded Step Change project, aimed at promoting five Citizen Science Initiatives (CSIs) in different research fields (health, energy, and environment). Under the project, an Evaluation Fra...
Public Participation, Science and Society
This is the 3rd document of the series, devoted to the experiences related to science education. ... more This is the 3rd document of the series, devoted to the experiences related to science education. Its aim is helping GRACE partners reflect on possible GAs to develop in this area during the project implementation period or in the framework of the 8-year Roadmap towards RRI.<br> The overall aim of Science Education is to enhance education processes to attract and better equip future researchers and other societal actors with the necessary knowledge to fully responsibly join research and innovation processes. This also includes initiatives aimed at boosting science literacy in society and sparking the interest of children in science and technology.<br> This short document also considers education initiatives aimed at supporting the diffusion of RRI in higher education settings. The document is organised in four sections, respectively devoted to: Science education with and for schools Science education outreach Internal skills in science education and RRI Governance structu...
This is the 2nd document of the series, devoted to the experiences related to citizen engagement ... more This is the 2nd document of the series, devoted to the experiences related to citizen engagement in science. Its aim is helping GRACE partners reflect on possible GAs to develop in this area during the project implementation period or in the framework of the 8-year Roadmap towards RRI. On the basis of the consulted literature, the document has been organised in five sections, respectively devoted to: Science communication Participatory mechanisms Citizen science Open innovation Governance structures for public engagement.
This document represents the Mutual Learning Plan which defines approach, contents and activities... more This document represents the Mutual Learning Plan which defines approach, contents and activities of the mutual learning process which will be developed throughout the GRACE project. The document is organised in 4 sections: Section One is devoted to the institutional framework. Section Two provides a short description of the theoretical and methodological approach to mutual learning adopted in GRACE. Section Three focuses on the contents of the mutual learning process. Section Four presents a plan of activities.
Covid-19 and Governance, 2021
COVID-19 and Governance focuses on the relationship between governance institutions and approache... more COVID-19 and Governance focuses on the relationship between governance institutions and approaches to Covid-19 and health outcomes. Organized by region, the book is structured to follow the spread of Covid-19 in the course of 2020, through Asia, the Middle East, Europe, the Americas, and Africa. The analyses explore a number of key themes, including public health systems, government capability, and trust in government – as well as underlying variables of social cohesion and inequality. Engaged and free of jargon, this book speaks to a wide global public – including scholars, students and policymakers – on a topic that has profound and broad appeal.
Journal of Science Communication, 2005
The article proposes a reflection on science communication and on the communicative processes cha... more The article proposes a reflection on science communication and on the communicative processes characteristic to the production of new-found knowledge. It aims to outline the role that sociology can play within this frame for greater understanding. The article first defines the main evolutionary trends in scientific research in recent decades, with particular reference to the emergence of new social actors. Following on from this, it will look at some of the epistemological conditions that may strengthen the sociologist's role in the cognition of scientific production. Using this as a premise, we will look at a typology for science communication and its components, as well as some of its governing principles. The conclusion of the article indicates the added value that can be gained from the use of such a model, with the particular aim of identifying indicators that allow the evaluation of scientific research in sociological terms as well as those already in existence.
Public Participation, Science and Society, 2018
List of f igures vii List of tables viii List of boxes ix Notes on contributors x Foreword xii Pr... more List of f igures vii List of tables viii List of boxes ix Notes on contributors x Foreword xii Preface xiv Acknowledgement xvi Acronyms and abbreviations xvii PART I Analytical framework: how to study public engagement 1 1 Introduction: PE in the context of research and innovation 3 2 Methodology: exploring and evaluating innovative PE processes 19 3 Conceptual framework: PE as part of dynamic and responsible governance of R&I 27 4 Research questions 36 PART II Results: learnings from innovative PE processes 39 5 Empirical data: what kind of cases are studied 41 6 What makes PE innovative 45 vi Contents 7 What is participatory performance? 8 How to evaluate PE 9 Discussion: what are the benefits and limitations of PE in developing better R&I activity? References Index Tables 2.1 Contents of the statistical analysis 5.1 Basic information about the 38 innovative PE cases: title, coordinator, year and type 6.1 Orientation of the PE initiatives toward societal challenges 6.2 Distribution of PE cases and categories per societal challenges 6.3 Types of promoters of innovative PE processes 6.4 Summary of the impacts of the studied PE processes 6.5 Share of different types of impacts in the studied PE processes 7.1 Participatory performance functions of innovative PE 7.2 Innovative PE processes contributing to opening of European R&I culture 8.1 List of ten preliminary criteria of successful PE 8.2 An extended list of success factors divided to 'procedural virtues' and 'utilitarian goods' 8.3 Short-listed set of success criteria 8.4 The synthetic model of PE evaluation Contributors Mikko Rask is Adjunct Professor and Principal Investigator at the University of Helsinki. He is also the coordinator of the University of Helsinki Demola. He has had 20 years of experience as a researcher in several international and national level projects on citizen deliberation, technology assessment, foresight, research and innovation policy, and sustainability issues. He has published widely on these themes in several international books and journals, taught courses and lectured at several universities. He was also the co-founder and first chair of the Finnish Institute for Deliberative Democracy. He recently coordinated the EUfunded PE2020 project. Saulė Mačiukaitė-Žvinienė has a doctoral degree of social sciences and is an active member of academia and society. She is Senior Researcher at Vilnius University, a Policy Adviser for the President of the Republic of Lithuania on innovation, research and education, and an Expert of the European Commission. She is the author of number of scholarly publications in peer-reviewed journals and studies on policy evaluation, deliberative democracy, science and innovation policy and governance. She has participated in numerous international projects, activities of the United Nations, European University Association and the European Commission as a national correspondent.
Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Jan 28, 2016
To explore the social, cultural, psychological and organizational factors associated with inequal... more To explore the social, cultural, psychological and organizational factors associated with inequality in the workplace among clinical microbiologists (CM) and infectious disease (ID) specialists in European hospitals. We analysed data from 52 interviews and five focus groups involving 82 CM/ID specialists selected from university, research or community hospitals in five countries, one each in Northern, Western, Eastern, Southeastern and Southwestern Europe. The 80 hours of recordings were transcribed, and the anonymous database coding process was cross-checked iteratively by six researchers. Inequality affects all the institutions in all the countries we looked at, denying or reducing access to professional assets with intensity and form that vary largely according to the cultural and organizational context. Discrimination is generally not explicit and uses disrespectful microbehaviours that are hard to respond to when they occur. Inequality affected also loans, distribution of resea...
Matériaux & Techniques, 2014
In this article we expand the analysis previously proposed [L. d'Andrea, A. Declich, F. Feudo, Hi... more In this article we expand the analysis previously proposed [L. d'Andrea, A. Declich, F. Feudo, Hidden societal implications of materials, Updating the awareness on what is at stake, Matériaux & Techniques, 102 (2014) 504] concerning the link between materials and modernity, particularly the role of materials in the process of construction of modernity. On the basis of this relationship, we will deal with two interconnected issues. In the first part, we discuss, albeit in general terms, the role played by sociological research in understanding science and technology. This allows us to highlight the deep transformations that the relationship between science and society has undergone in past decades. In the second part, we introduce both the current state and possible future developments of the sociological study of materials, considering trends emerging in the complex relationship between science, technology and society. This also lead us to reflect on some (more practical than theoretical) implications of a sociological approach to materials (relevant, for example, for Life Cycle Assessment).
Matériaux & Techniques, 2014
In a sociological perspective, materials are to be viewed as the focus of social relations. Actua... more In a sociological perspective, materials are to be viewed as the focus of social relations. Actually, materials are activated by and even created within social relation systems and in turn they create and activate new social relation systems connected to i.e. their extraction, production, use, management, reuse, recycling and disposal. On the basis of various European research projects carried out by the authors, the paper will be aimed at analyzing such social relations in the framework of the innovation cycle which necessarily involves a large number of societal actors, including research institutions, technological developers, industries, financial institutions, political players, civil society organizations, professional groups and local communities. Since from beginning of the innovation cycle, two sets of societal relations can be identified. The first set can be referred to as the societal technological process. Any product and material, to be discovered or imagined and then developed, produced, marketed and managed, necessarily required the creation and development of social practices and interactions closely intertwined with the scientific and technological activities. In this sense, any product and material are the result of a socio-technical system, in which the boundaries between the social dimension and the technological dimension are blurred. The second set can be called the societal political process. This includes all dynamics of a political nature (local, national, transnational) connected with a product and material, such decision-making, adoption of standards, fund raising and management, or power relations between political and administrative levels. Both this components are necessary. In fact, they are the upstream factors allowing a material to actually exist in social, economic and technological terms (otherwise they should remain an inactive and unexploitable physical matter) and often in physical terms (in that case materials simply should not even exist at all). Taking into consideration such upstream dynamics allows to perceive under a different perspective the same nature and features of the life cycle of a material and product as well as to go beyond the presently adopted social life cycle assessment practices. As for the downstream aspects, they usually are referred to as social impacts. Certainly, any product and material has direct impacts on different aspects of social life (e.g. working environment, wages, quality of life, consumption patterns). However, materials are also part (and often the core) of social regimes aimed at turning uncontrolled and partially unknown dangers into at least partially managed and measurable risks. Dangers can be of physical nature (e.g. energy shortage, illness, water shortage, etc.) as well as of social nature (social conflicts, poverty, threatens to personal rights, etc.). As any regimes, materials and products in turn inevitably generate new dangers requiring further regimes to be managed. Viewing materials as part of this dynamics turning around the triadic relation between dangers, social regimes and risks could be helpful for going beyond the social life cycle assessment. In the final part of the paper, the issue of the co-evolution between science and society (and therefore between materials and human agency) will be deepened and some considerations will be made on what is at stake with a more aware understanding of the intertwined interactions between materials and social relations. In the last years a growing attention has been paid-also by European institutions-to the social dimension of materials and technologies. Yet with the 6th and 7th European Framework Research Programme and, with more emphasis, with the coming programme Horizon 2020, European institutions have developed policies that are more and more focused on the tight interaction between research and those society sectors (private sector, civil society, professional network, Local Authorities, etc.) that are more involved in innovation processes. The objective of these policies is to make Member States more
La DG V "Occupazione, Relazioni industriali e Affari sociali" della Commissione delle Comunità Eu... more La DG V "Occupazione, Relazioni industriali e Affari sociali" della Commissione delle Comunità Europee ha affidato al Centro di Cooperazione Familiare, nel novembre del 1995, l'incarico di realizzare un manuale sulle buone prassi nella condivisione di responsabilità tra donne e uomini nel child care. Alla redazione del manuale è stata finalizzata, inoltre, una ricognizione sulle esperienze e le storie di successo che, nei paesi europei e in Italia, hanno coinvolto in maniera significativa gli uomini, e in particolare i padri, nella cura dei propri figli, o dei bambini in generale. Tale incarico si inserisce nel quadro di una serie di programmi che l'Unione Europea sta realizzando all'interno degli stati aderenti. Il Terzo e il Quarto Programma Quadro sulle Eguali Opportunità tra uomini e donne, ad esempio, sottolineano la scarsa adeguatezza dei servizi sociali miranti alla condivisione di responsabilità tra i sessi nel management domestico e nelle attività di child care e la necessità di promuovere la piena partecipazione delle donne al mercato del lavoro attraverso iniziative volte a riconciliare responsabilità professionali e familiari, sia per gli uomini che per le donne. L'équipe che ha realizzato la ricognizione è stata composta da: Marina Cacace, giurista, direttore della ricerca; Alfonso Alfonsi, sociologo; Agnese Moro, psicosociologo; Flaviana Pessina, sociologo. Nel mese di aprile 1996, inoltre, l'équipe ha convocato un seminario di lavoro per discutere, con alcuni esperti europei, i primi risultati della ricognizione.
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Papers by Luciano D'ANDREA