Depression is a common feature in patients with type 2 diabetes and often remains undetected and ... more Depression is a common feature in patients with type 2 diabetes and often remains undetected and untreated, causing increased morbidity and mortality. We explored the prevalence of co-morbid depression and its associated factors, including major life-events among patients with type 2 diabetes in Bangladesh. We conducted a cross-sectional study among 515 patients with type 2 diabetes between September 2013 and July 2014 in a tertiary hospital in Dhaka city. We assessed depression using Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) with predefined cut-off scores of 5, 10, 15 and 20 to indicate minimal, mild, moderate, moderately-severe, and severe depression. Associations between depression and its associated factors were explored using univariate and multivariate regression. Overall, 61.9% participants had depressive symptoms, and the prevalence was higher among females (70.9%) compared to males (50.6%). One-third (35.7%) of participants had mild depression and 36.2% had moderate to severe depression. In the multivariate analysis, factors significantly associated with depression were: age≤60 years (OR: 2.1, 95% CI=1.2-3.6; p≤0.006), female gender (OR=1.9, 95% CI=1.3-3.0; p≤0.002), those having 1-3 complications (OR=2.3, 95% CI=1.2-4.3; p=0.010), experienced loss of business or crop failure (OR=2.1, 95% CI=1.2-3.6; p=0.006), major family conflicts (OR=2.2, 95% CI=1.4-3.5; p≤0.001), separation or deaths of family members or divorce (OR=2.2, 95% CI=1.4-3.5; p≤0.001), and those who experienced unavailability of food or medicines (OR=2.2, 95% CI=1.0-4.5; p=0.038). Patients with diabetes, especially females, those having other complications, and major life-events should routinely be screened for symptoms of depression with adequate management of these conditions.
Aims: To explore the association between knowledge on diabetes and glycemic control among patient... more Aims: To explore the association between knowledge on diabetes and glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes in Bangladesh. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 515 patients with type 2 diabetes attending a tertiary hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Trained interviewers were used to collect data on socioeconomic status, time since the onset of diabetes, co-morbidities, anthropometric measurements, blood tests, knowledge and perceptions about the causes, management, and complications of diabetes through face to face interviewers based on a structured questionnaire. Diabetes knowledge was reported using a composite score. Chi square tests and correlation analysis were performed to measure the association between knowledge on diabetes and glycemic control. Results: Overall, 45.6% participants had good, 37.7% moderate and 16.7% poor knowledge on diabetes. The mean composite score was 0.75 ± 0.28 and the proportion of participants with a score of ≤50% was 16.7%. Only 24.3% participants identified physical inactivity as a risk factor for diabetes. Knowledge on diabetes was significantly associated with education, gender, monthly income, duration of diabetes, body mass index, family history of diabetes, and marital status but not with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Correlation matrix showed weak negative association between diabetes knowledge score and glycemic control (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Patients with type 2 diabetes in Bangladesh have limited knowledge on the causes, management and risk factors for diabetes, despite receiving professional health education and care in a tertiary diabetic hospital. Strategies to improve the quality of diabetes education and identifying other potential factors for glycemic control are important for ensuring optimum management of diabetes in Bangladesh.
Ondanks wereldwijde betrokkenheid en geweldige inspanningen lukt het echter nog niet om een voldo... more Ondanks wereldwijde betrokkenheid en geweldige inspanningen lukt het echter nog niet om een voldoende terugdringing van ziekte en sterfte te bewerkstelligen. Mede daardoor richt de aandacht zich terecht ook steeds meer op het -veelal gebrekkige -functioneren van de gezondheidssystemen in landen die het hardst getroffen zijn. De problemen van deze systemen in vooral lage-inkomenslanden zijn velerlei. Ze spitsen zich toe op tekort aan zorgpersoneel, gebrekkige infrastructuur, zwak bestuur en management, geen bescherming tegen hoge persoonlijke uitgaven voor zorg, niet goed werkende systemen van doorverwijzing, het langs elkaar heen werken van verschillende diensten, en een veelheid van met buitenlandse hulp gefinancierde gezondheidsprogramma's. De beste garantie voor toegang tot kwalitatief goede zorg voor iedereen is een sterke eerstelijnsgezondheidszorg, die medische en sociale actie combineert. Helaas ontbreekt die zorg in veel lage-inkomenslanden. Wat in veel landen wel aanwezig is zijn gecoördineerde, internationale acties rond specifieke ziekten, zoals HIV/AIDS, terwijl een combinatie van benaderingen het meest gewenst zou zijn.
Studies show there is a double burden of underweight and overweight in Bangladesh amidst a global... more Studies show there is a double burden of underweight and overweight in Bangladesh amidst a global background of increasing rates of overweight in low-income settings. The aim of this review was to determine the rates of change in the prevalence of underweight and of overweight among Bangladeshi women of reproductive age, to investigate whether there has been a shift from underweight to overweight in this population, and, if a shift was documented, to identify potential determinants. Data was obtained via electronic searches of the PubMed, CINAHL, and Embase databases. Studies and survey reports were eligible for inclusion if they provided data on the prevalence of underweight and of overweight among women of reproductive age as well as sociodemographic information. A meta-analysis was performed by reviewing data extracted from the included studies. Using data from 5 successive national demographic and health surveys, the average annual rates of change in underweight and in overweight were calculated, along with their associations with potential determinants. In Bangladesh, the prevalence of overweight exceeded that of underweight in 2014. A higher average annual rate of reduction of underweight was found among wealthier, highly educated, urban-living women, while a higher average annual rate of increase of overweight was found among poorer, uneducated, rural-living women. The shift in body mass index from underweight to overweight was most positively associated with urban residence, age, higher socioeconomic status, and higher education attainment.
Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 2011
Introduction Patients ≥ 80 years of age are increasingly receiving intravenous thrombolysis for a... more Introduction Patients ≥ 80 years of age are increasingly receiving intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) despite lack of firm evidence. This systematic review assesses the safety and efficacy of intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase in ≥ 80 versus < 80 year old patients with AIS. Methods The existing literature was systematically analysed for outcome measures of mortality, functional recovery by modified Rankin scale and symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage (SICH) at 3 months following intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase in <80 and ≥ 80 year old patients with AIS. Statistical tests were performed for heterogeneity and publication bias. A detailed sensitivity analysis was performed and Forest plot was constructed for each of the outcome measures. Results 13 studies were identified. The overall OR was 2.77 (95% CI 2.25 to 3.40) for death, 0.49 (95% CI 0.40 to 0.61) for achieving a favourable outcome and 1.31 (95% CI 0.93 to 1.84) for SICH in ≥ 80 year o...
Background: Mobile phone technologies including SMS (short message service) have been used to imp... more Background: Mobile phone technologies including SMS (short message service) have been used to improve the delivery of health services in many countries. However, data on the effects of mobile health technology on patient outcomes in resource-limited settings are limited. The aim of this study therefore is to measure the impact of a mobile phone SMS service on treatment success of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes in an urban area of Bangladesh. Methods/design: This is a single-centred randomized controlled intervention trial (prospective) comparing standard-of-care with standard-of-care plus a mobile phone-based SMS intervention for 6 months. A total of 216 participants with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes will be recruited. Data will be collected at the outpatient department of Bangladesh Institute of Health Science (BIHS) hospital at baseline and after 6 months. The primary outcome measure will be change in HbA1c between baseline and 6 months. The secondary outcome measures are self-reported medication adherence, clinic attendance, self-reported adoption of healthy behaviours, diabetes knowledge, quality of life and cost effectiveness of the SMS intervention. The inclusion criteria will be as follows: diagnosed as patients with type 2 diabetes by the BIHS physician, using oral medication therapy, living in Dhaka city, registered with the BIHS hospital, using a mobile phone, willing to return for follow up after 6 months and providing written informed consent. Participants will be allocated to control and intervention arms after recruitment using a randomization software. Data will be collected on socio-demographic and economic information, mobile phone use and habits, knowledge of prevention, management and complications of diabetes, self-perceived quality of life assessment, self-reported diseases, medical history, family history of diseases, medication history, medication adherence, health seeking behaviour, tobacco use, physical activity, diet, mental health status, life events and disability, anthropometric measurements of weight, height, blood pressure and blood tests for HbA1c. Discussion: Mobile phone SMS services have the potential to communicate with diabetes patients and to build awareness about the disease, improve self-management and avoid complications also in resource-limited setting. If this intervention proves to be efficient and cost-effective in the current trial, large-scale implementation could be undertaken.
In 1999, the International Monetary Fund and World Bank announced a renewed set of conditions for... more In 1999, the International Monetary Fund and World Bank announced a renewed set of conditions for debt relief and financial assistance (IMF/World Bank 1999a; World Bank 2000). Consequent to the new framework, poverty reduction itself has become the main development policy ...
Background: Priority setting in population health is increasingly based on explicitly formulated ... more Background: Priority setting in population health is increasingly based on explicitly formulated values. The Patients Rights Act of the Norwegian tax-based health service guaranties all citizens health care in case of a severe illness, a proven health benefit, and proportionality between need and treatment. This study compares the values of the country's health policy makers with these three official principles.
Introduction: This study examined the short-and long-term effects of a quality improvement collab... more Introduction: This study examined the short-and long-term effects of a quality improvement collaborative on patient outcomes, professional performance, and structural aspects of chronic care management of type 2 diabetes in an integrated care setting.
Type 2 diabetes is a serious burden on global health care resources and its world-wide prevalence... more Type 2 diabetes is a serious burden on global health care resources and its world-wide prevalence is expected to increase considerably in the future . Comprehensive information on the cost of diabetes is required for informed policy decisions on the most appropriate ways to manage disease in a cost-effective manner. It is particularly important to investigate the relationship between the occurrence of complications and costs, in order to estimate both the health effects and cost consequences of alternative therapeutic options to postpone or prevent the most common complications of diabetes.
Aims and objectives: The aim of the study was to describe the clinical spectrum of the patients p... more Aims and objectives: The aim of the study was to describe the clinical spectrum of the patients presenting with bronchiectasis at the referral clinic for the respiratory diseases in eastern Nepal. An attempt would also be made to provide an overview of factors responsible for poor lung health in the community. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective observational study conducted at the Adult Chest Clinic of the Department of Internal Medicine at the B.P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS), Dharan Nepal. The medical records of all the consecutive patients presenting with the diagnosis of bronchiectasis in the Adult Chest Clinic of Department of Medicine from January 2003 to December 2004 (two years) were reviewed for patient characteristics (age, gender, place of residence, occupation, smoking history, exposure to indoor air pollution due to use of biomass smoke, past and family history related to tuberculosis, and clinical characteristics such as clinical features and duration of symptoms Results: During the study period of two years, 100 patients presented with the diagnosis of bronchiectasis, 80 (80%) patients were smokers and 50 (50%) patients had history of signifi cant exposure to indoor air pollution. Abnormal Chest X-ray was seen in 85(85%) patients. Post tubercular bronchiectasis was the most common etiological diagnosis Smoking status and exposure to indoor air pollution were important determinant for hospitalisation in patients with post tubercular bronchiectasis. Conclusions: In Nepal bronchiectasis remains one of the important chronic respiratory diseases, post tubercular variety being the commonest type .Tuberculosis, tobacco smoking and exposure to indoor air pollution contributes towards higher morbidity of this diseases.
We have shown that a Breakthrough Series-based implementation program increases the number of pat... more We have shown that a Breakthrough Series-based implementation program increases the number of patients with acute ischemic stroke treated with alteplase 4.5% in real-life settings. It is unclear whether such an implementation program is cost-effective.
... Prof. Robert Ayres, INSEAD, France Dr. Dirk Bryant, World Resources Institute, USA Mr. Munyar... more ... Prof. Robert Ayres, INSEAD, France Dr. Dirk Bryant, World Resources Institute, USA Mr. Munyaradzi Chenje, on behalf of Environmental Resource Centre for Southern Africa/IMERCSA, Zimbabwe Mr. Clement Dorm-Adzobu, together with other reviewers from the Network on ...
... 2 Meghan L. Stack is a research associate in the Department of International Health at the Bl... more ... 2 Meghan L. Stack is a research associate in the Department of International Health at the Bloomberg School. ... The results are used widely in economics and regulatory assessments to represent the worth of population-level interventions that reduce the number of expected ...
Depression is a common feature in patients with type 2 diabetes and often remains undetected and ... more Depression is a common feature in patients with type 2 diabetes and often remains undetected and untreated, causing increased morbidity and mortality. We explored the prevalence of co-morbid depression and its associated factors, including major life-events among patients with type 2 diabetes in Bangladesh. We conducted a cross-sectional study among 515 patients with type 2 diabetes between September 2013 and July 2014 in a tertiary hospital in Dhaka city. We assessed depression using Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) with predefined cut-off scores of 5, 10, 15 and 20 to indicate minimal, mild, moderate, moderately-severe, and severe depression. Associations between depression and its associated factors were explored using univariate and multivariate regression. Overall, 61.9% participants had depressive symptoms, and the prevalence was higher among females (70.9%) compared to males (50.6%). One-third (35.7%) of participants had mild depression and 36.2% had moderate to severe depression. In the multivariate analysis, factors significantly associated with depression were: age≤60 years (OR: 2.1, 95% CI=1.2-3.6; p≤0.006), female gender (OR=1.9, 95% CI=1.3-3.0; p≤0.002), those having 1-3 complications (OR=2.3, 95% CI=1.2-4.3; p=0.010), experienced loss of business or crop failure (OR=2.1, 95% CI=1.2-3.6; p=0.006), major family conflicts (OR=2.2, 95% CI=1.4-3.5; p≤0.001), separation or deaths of family members or divorce (OR=2.2, 95% CI=1.4-3.5; p≤0.001), and those who experienced unavailability of food or medicines (OR=2.2, 95% CI=1.0-4.5; p=0.038). Patients with diabetes, especially females, those having other complications, and major life-events should routinely be screened for symptoms of depression with adequate management of these conditions.
Aims: To explore the association between knowledge on diabetes and glycemic control among patient... more Aims: To explore the association between knowledge on diabetes and glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes in Bangladesh. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 515 patients with type 2 diabetes attending a tertiary hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Trained interviewers were used to collect data on socioeconomic status, time since the onset of diabetes, co-morbidities, anthropometric measurements, blood tests, knowledge and perceptions about the causes, management, and complications of diabetes through face to face interviewers based on a structured questionnaire. Diabetes knowledge was reported using a composite score. Chi square tests and correlation analysis were performed to measure the association between knowledge on diabetes and glycemic control. Results: Overall, 45.6% participants had good, 37.7% moderate and 16.7% poor knowledge on diabetes. The mean composite score was 0.75 ± 0.28 and the proportion of participants with a score of ≤50% was 16.7%. Only 24.3% participants identified physical inactivity as a risk factor for diabetes. Knowledge on diabetes was significantly associated with education, gender, monthly income, duration of diabetes, body mass index, family history of diabetes, and marital status but not with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Correlation matrix showed weak negative association between diabetes knowledge score and glycemic control (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Patients with type 2 diabetes in Bangladesh have limited knowledge on the causes, management and risk factors for diabetes, despite receiving professional health education and care in a tertiary diabetic hospital. Strategies to improve the quality of diabetes education and identifying other potential factors for glycemic control are important for ensuring optimum management of diabetes in Bangladesh.
Ondanks wereldwijde betrokkenheid en geweldige inspanningen lukt het echter nog niet om een voldo... more Ondanks wereldwijde betrokkenheid en geweldige inspanningen lukt het echter nog niet om een voldoende terugdringing van ziekte en sterfte te bewerkstelligen. Mede daardoor richt de aandacht zich terecht ook steeds meer op het -veelal gebrekkige -functioneren van de gezondheidssystemen in landen die het hardst getroffen zijn. De problemen van deze systemen in vooral lage-inkomenslanden zijn velerlei. Ze spitsen zich toe op tekort aan zorgpersoneel, gebrekkige infrastructuur, zwak bestuur en management, geen bescherming tegen hoge persoonlijke uitgaven voor zorg, niet goed werkende systemen van doorverwijzing, het langs elkaar heen werken van verschillende diensten, en een veelheid van met buitenlandse hulp gefinancierde gezondheidsprogramma's. De beste garantie voor toegang tot kwalitatief goede zorg voor iedereen is een sterke eerstelijnsgezondheidszorg, die medische en sociale actie combineert. Helaas ontbreekt die zorg in veel lage-inkomenslanden. Wat in veel landen wel aanwezig is zijn gecoördineerde, internationale acties rond specifieke ziekten, zoals HIV/AIDS, terwijl een combinatie van benaderingen het meest gewenst zou zijn.
Studies show there is a double burden of underweight and overweight in Bangladesh amidst a global... more Studies show there is a double burden of underweight and overweight in Bangladesh amidst a global background of increasing rates of overweight in low-income settings. The aim of this review was to determine the rates of change in the prevalence of underweight and of overweight among Bangladeshi women of reproductive age, to investigate whether there has been a shift from underweight to overweight in this population, and, if a shift was documented, to identify potential determinants. Data was obtained via electronic searches of the PubMed, CINAHL, and Embase databases. Studies and survey reports were eligible for inclusion if they provided data on the prevalence of underweight and of overweight among women of reproductive age as well as sociodemographic information. A meta-analysis was performed by reviewing data extracted from the included studies. Using data from 5 successive national demographic and health surveys, the average annual rates of change in underweight and in overweight were calculated, along with their associations with potential determinants. In Bangladesh, the prevalence of overweight exceeded that of underweight in 2014. A higher average annual rate of reduction of underweight was found among wealthier, highly educated, urban-living women, while a higher average annual rate of increase of overweight was found among poorer, uneducated, rural-living women. The shift in body mass index from underweight to overweight was most positively associated with urban residence, age, higher socioeconomic status, and higher education attainment.
Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 2011
Introduction Patients ≥ 80 years of age are increasingly receiving intravenous thrombolysis for a... more Introduction Patients ≥ 80 years of age are increasingly receiving intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) despite lack of firm evidence. This systematic review assesses the safety and efficacy of intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase in ≥ 80 versus < 80 year old patients with AIS. Methods The existing literature was systematically analysed for outcome measures of mortality, functional recovery by modified Rankin scale and symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage (SICH) at 3 months following intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase in <80 and ≥ 80 year old patients with AIS. Statistical tests were performed for heterogeneity and publication bias. A detailed sensitivity analysis was performed and Forest plot was constructed for each of the outcome measures. Results 13 studies were identified. The overall OR was 2.77 (95% CI 2.25 to 3.40) for death, 0.49 (95% CI 0.40 to 0.61) for achieving a favourable outcome and 1.31 (95% CI 0.93 to 1.84) for SICH in ≥ 80 year o...
Background: Mobile phone technologies including SMS (short message service) have been used to imp... more Background: Mobile phone technologies including SMS (short message service) have been used to improve the delivery of health services in many countries. However, data on the effects of mobile health technology on patient outcomes in resource-limited settings are limited. The aim of this study therefore is to measure the impact of a mobile phone SMS service on treatment success of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes in an urban area of Bangladesh. Methods/design: This is a single-centred randomized controlled intervention trial (prospective) comparing standard-of-care with standard-of-care plus a mobile phone-based SMS intervention for 6 months. A total of 216 participants with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes will be recruited. Data will be collected at the outpatient department of Bangladesh Institute of Health Science (BIHS) hospital at baseline and after 6 months. The primary outcome measure will be change in HbA1c between baseline and 6 months. The secondary outcome measures are self-reported medication adherence, clinic attendance, self-reported adoption of healthy behaviours, diabetes knowledge, quality of life and cost effectiveness of the SMS intervention. The inclusion criteria will be as follows: diagnosed as patients with type 2 diabetes by the BIHS physician, using oral medication therapy, living in Dhaka city, registered with the BIHS hospital, using a mobile phone, willing to return for follow up after 6 months and providing written informed consent. Participants will be allocated to control and intervention arms after recruitment using a randomization software. Data will be collected on socio-demographic and economic information, mobile phone use and habits, knowledge of prevention, management and complications of diabetes, self-perceived quality of life assessment, self-reported diseases, medical history, family history of diseases, medication history, medication adherence, health seeking behaviour, tobacco use, physical activity, diet, mental health status, life events and disability, anthropometric measurements of weight, height, blood pressure and blood tests for HbA1c. Discussion: Mobile phone SMS services have the potential to communicate with diabetes patients and to build awareness about the disease, improve self-management and avoid complications also in resource-limited setting. If this intervention proves to be efficient and cost-effective in the current trial, large-scale implementation could be undertaken.
In 1999, the International Monetary Fund and World Bank announced a renewed set of conditions for... more In 1999, the International Monetary Fund and World Bank announced a renewed set of conditions for debt relief and financial assistance (IMF/World Bank 1999a; World Bank 2000). Consequent to the new framework, poverty reduction itself has become the main development policy ...
Background: Priority setting in population health is increasingly based on explicitly formulated ... more Background: Priority setting in population health is increasingly based on explicitly formulated values. The Patients Rights Act of the Norwegian tax-based health service guaranties all citizens health care in case of a severe illness, a proven health benefit, and proportionality between need and treatment. This study compares the values of the country's health policy makers with these three official principles.
Introduction: This study examined the short-and long-term effects of a quality improvement collab... more Introduction: This study examined the short-and long-term effects of a quality improvement collaborative on patient outcomes, professional performance, and structural aspects of chronic care management of type 2 diabetes in an integrated care setting.
Type 2 diabetes is a serious burden on global health care resources and its world-wide prevalence... more Type 2 diabetes is a serious burden on global health care resources and its world-wide prevalence is expected to increase considerably in the future . Comprehensive information on the cost of diabetes is required for informed policy decisions on the most appropriate ways to manage disease in a cost-effective manner. It is particularly important to investigate the relationship between the occurrence of complications and costs, in order to estimate both the health effects and cost consequences of alternative therapeutic options to postpone or prevent the most common complications of diabetes.
Aims and objectives: The aim of the study was to describe the clinical spectrum of the patients p... more Aims and objectives: The aim of the study was to describe the clinical spectrum of the patients presenting with bronchiectasis at the referral clinic for the respiratory diseases in eastern Nepal. An attempt would also be made to provide an overview of factors responsible for poor lung health in the community. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective observational study conducted at the Adult Chest Clinic of the Department of Internal Medicine at the B.P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS), Dharan Nepal. The medical records of all the consecutive patients presenting with the diagnosis of bronchiectasis in the Adult Chest Clinic of Department of Medicine from January 2003 to December 2004 (two years) were reviewed for patient characteristics (age, gender, place of residence, occupation, smoking history, exposure to indoor air pollution due to use of biomass smoke, past and family history related to tuberculosis, and clinical characteristics such as clinical features and duration of symptoms Results: During the study period of two years, 100 patients presented with the diagnosis of bronchiectasis, 80 (80%) patients were smokers and 50 (50%) patients had history of signifi cant exposure to indoor air pollution. Abnormal Chest X-ray was seen in 85(85%) patients. Post tubercular bronchiectasis was the most common etiological diagnosis Smoking status and exposure to indoor air pollution were important determinant for hospitalisation in patients with post tubercular bronchiectasis. Conclusions: In Nepal bronchiectasis remains one of the important chronic respiratory diseases, post tubercular variety being the commonest type .Tuberculosis, tobacco smoking and exposure to indoor air pollution contributes towards higher morbidity of this diseases.
We have shown that a Breakthrough Series-based implementation program increases the number of pat... more We have shown that a Breakthrough Series-based implementation program increases the number of patients with acute ischemic stroke treated with alteplase 4.5% in real-life settings. It is unclear whether such an implementation program is cost-effective.
... Prof. Robert Ayres, INSEAD, France Dr. Dirk Bryant, World Resources Institute, USA Mr. Munyar... more ... Prof. Robert Ayres, INSEAD, France Dr. Dirk Bryant, World Resources Institute, USA Mr. Munyaradzi Chenje, on behalf of Environmental Resource Centre for Southern Africa/IMERCSA, Zimbabwe Mr. Clement Dorm-Adzobu, together with other reviewers from the Network on ...
... 2 Meghan L. Stack is a research associate in the Department of International Health at the Bl... more ... 2 Meghan L. Stack is a research associate in the Department of International Health at the Bloomberg School. ... The results are used widely in economics and regulatory assessments to represent the worth of population-level interventions that reduce the number of expected ...
Uploads
Papers by Louis Niessen