Papers by Morton Lippmann
Inhalation Toxicology, 2004
This study investigated the surface chemistry of urban fine particles (PM(2.5)), and quantified t... more This study investigated the surface chemistry of urban fine particles (PM(2.5)), and quantified the adsorbed and desorbed species after exposure to bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Urban background and roadside PM(2.5) samples of different mass concentration and total weight were collected in triplicate in the South Bronx region of New York City. Simultaneously, the concentrations of other atmospheric pollutants (CO, NO(x), SO(2), O(3), elemental carbon) were measured, and weather conditions were recorded. The collected PM(2.5) samples underwent one of three treatments: no treatment, treatment in vitro with BALF, or treatment in a saline solution (control). The surfaces of untreated, saline-treated, and BALF-treated PM(2.5) samples were analyzed using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). These results were then compared with ambient air pollutant concentrations, weather variables, selected BALF characteristics, and results from a previous London study conducted using identical preparation methods by XPS analysis only. Both XPS and ToF-SIMS detected PM(2.5) surface species and observed changes in surface concentrations after treatment. XPS analysis showed the surface of untreated urban PM(2.5) consisted of 79 to 87% carbon and 10 to 16% oxygen with smaller contributions of N, S, Si, and P in the samples from both background and roadside locations. A wider variety of other inorganic and organic species (including metals, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, and nitrogen-containing molecules) was detected with ToF-SIMS. Surface characteristics of particles from the roadside and background sites were very similar, except for higher (p <.05) nitrate concentrations at the roadside, which were attributable to higher roadside NO(x) concentrations. Comparable species and quantities were identified in a previous study of London PM(2.5), where PM(2.5) surface chemistry differed considerably depending on the source, particularly in surface concentrations of oxygen and trace species. After treatment with BALF the N-C signal detected by XPS analysis increased in the average by 372 +/- 203%, indicating significant surface adsorption of protein or other N-containing biomolecules. Lower (nonsignificant) N-C signals were observed for smoker BALF, compared to nonsmoker BALF. ToF-SIMS data confirmed protein adsorption after BALF treatment--smoker BALF resulted in lower levels of adsorbed proteins compared to nonsmoker BALF. ToF-SIMS also indicated an adsorption of phospholipid on the treated PM(2.5) surfaces. The primary phospholipid in BALF is dipalmitoylphospatidylcholine (DPPC), although positive identification was not possible due to low concentrations at the PM(2.5) surface. Oxygen content of PM(2.5) surfaces was the most significant determinant of both N-C and phospholipid adsorption. The XPS signal of the soluble species NH(+)(4), NO(2-)(3), Si, and S decreased in both saline- and BALF-treated samples, showing that these species may be bioavailable in the lung. Similarly, ToF-SIMS analysis suggests the bioavailability of Na(+) and Al(+) as well as NH(+)(4) and Si(+).
Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2001
ABSTRACT The influence of five variables in the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OS... more ABSTRACT The influence of five variables in the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) sampling data collected from 1979-1997 in three exposure groups were examined for their association with the reported levels of occupational exposure to airborne chemicals. The exposure groups evaluated were: 1) asbestos abatement workers exposed to asbestos fibers; 2) automotive body repair shop workers exposed to toluene during spray painting; and 3) embalmers exposed to formaldehyde. The variables (data elements) examined were type, year and scope of inspection, size of the employer, and union status. Multiple linear regression was used to investigate, using three statistical models, the influence of these variables on occupational exposure levels. In the asbestos and toluene exposure groups, a consistent time-related trend in mean exposures was observed with decreasing exposure levels being seen under each statistical model. By contrast, no consistent relationship between year of inspection and exposure levels was seen for the formaldehyde exposure group. Higher exposures were detected during comprehensive inspections than during partial scope inspections in each exposure group under all three regression models, suggesting that scope may be a source of bias in this data. Higher mean exposures were measured during complaint inspections than planned inspections across all regression models in the toluene and formaldehyde exposure groups. However, this trend was reversed for the asbestos case study, in which higher mean exposures were measured during planned inspections under each model. Type of inspection and union status were not consistently found to be associated with mean exposure levels in any of the exposure groups. The strengths and limitations of the OSHA sampling data in providing insights regarding occupational exposures, as well as their utility beyond assessing regulatory compliance are discussed. The results of this study are compared with those obtained in a previous study of OSHA compliance data that examined the potential association of the same variables with exposure levels in three different exposure groups.
Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 1993
This Stokinger lecture honors the long-time Principal Toxicologist of the U.S. Public Health Serv... more This Stokinger lecture honors the long-time Principal Toxicologist of the U.S. Public Health Service (1951–1971) and Chairman of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists' (ACGIH) Chemical Substances Threshold Limit Values (TLV) Committee (1961–1977) by looking forward to the challenges facing the new ACGIH technical committee on Community Air Quality Guidelines. This committee will need to build upon the long experience gained by the Chemical Substances TLV Committee in terms of: (1) its tradition of careful evaluation of all of the relevant and available data on exposure-response relationships in both humans and laboratory animals; and (2) its willingness to apply biologically based judgment when the data are, as is usually the case, incomplete and/or inconsistent. It will also have to confront the differences inherent in the different populations at potential risk, that is, nearly all workers for the TLVs versus all segments of the total population for Community Air Quality Guidelines. Whereas the considerations leading to TLVs essentially exclude those people at the age extremes, as well as people too sick to work, the Community Air Quality Guidelines must give primary consideration to just such potentially hypersensitive segments of the population. When exposure-response data for such populations are examined, there is seldom much evidence establishing threshold concentrations. In this paper, evidence is presented showing that significant public health impacts occur in human populations exposed to particulate matter, ozone, and lead at levels well below the current National Ambient Air Quality Standards. The implications of such observations to the design and interpretation of animal toxicology studies that can effectively address the data needs of the Committee on Community Air Quality Guidelines are also discussed.
Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 1998
Environment International, 1980
Brit J Anaesth, 1993
... After the needle is placed in the spinal ligaments, the stopcock valve is turned to seal the ... more ... After the needle is placed in the spinal ligaments, the stopcock valve is turned to seal the air in the balloon and open the connection between the Foley catheter and the cxtradural needle. ... 17. Lepage JY, Pinaud ML, Helias JH, Corian AY, Le-Normand Y, Souron RJ. ...
A compartmental model to describe mucociliary transport and particle clearance in the tracheobron... more A compartmental model to describe mucociliary transport and particle clearance in the tracheobronchial trees was described. A method was proposed for determining the mucociliary transport rate as a function of the airway depth from the retention curve directly. Each airway generation was represented by an escalator. For Weibel's lung model there were 17 airway generations in the tracheobronchial tree. The
Issues in Environmental Science and Technology, 1998
Environmental Toxicants, 2009
Critical reviews in toxicology, 2015
The World Trade Center (WTC) twin towers in New York City collapsed on 9/11/2001, converting much... more The World Trade Center (WTC) twin towers in New York City collapsed on 9/11/2001, converting much of the buildings' huge masses into dense dust clouds of particles that settled on the streets and within buildings throughout Lower Manhattan. About 80-90% of the settled WTC Dust, ranging in particle size from ∼2.5 μm upward, was a highly alkaline mixture of crushed concrete, gypsum, and synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs) that was readily resuspendable by physical disturbance and low-velocity air currents. High concentrations of coarse and supercoarse WTC Dust were inhaled and deposited in the conductive airways in the head and lungs, and subsequently swallowed, causing both physical and chemical irritation to the respiratory and gastroesophageal epithelia. There were both acute and chronic adverse health effects in rescue/recovery workers; cleanup workers; residents; and office workers, especially in those lacking effective personal respiratory protective equipment. The numerous hea...
Environmental health perspectives, 2006
Nonlinearity in Biology, Toxicology, and Medicine, 2004
Nonlinearity in Biology, Toxicology, and Medicine, 2: 379422, 2004 Copyright C ASP ISSN: 1540-14... more Nonlinearity in Biology, Toxicology, and Medicine, 2: 379422, 2004 Copyright C ASP ISSN: 1540-1421 DOI: 10.1080/154014204909000308 ... ABSTRACTS FROM THE NONLINEARITY CONFERENCE, JUNE 2004 ... An Overview of the Hormesis Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
Atmospheric Environment (1967), 1982
Deposition of particles in the tracheobronchial and pulmonary airways is computed as a function o... more Deposition of particles in the tracheobronchial and pulmonary airways is computed as a function of particle size, correcting for deposition in the parallel nasal and oral airways with oronasal breathing. Thoracic deposition is lower at all sizes for oronasal breathing than for mouth breathing via tube, and is negligible for aerodynamic equivalent diameters of 10 urn or larger.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 2000
... m o rta lity (a cu te) + + + n r n r n m 2 . C ifu en tes & V eg a (2 0 0 0 ) S a n t... more ... m o rta lity (a cu te) + + + n r n r n m 2 . C ifu en tes & V eg a (2 0 0 0 ) S a n tia g o , C h ile m o rta lity (a cu te) to ta l a n d resp ira to ry n r ¡ + ¡ + n m 3 . O stro & L ip sett (2 0 0 0 ) ... m o rta lity (a cu te) V a lley, C A ca rd iov a scu la r + + ¡ ¡ ¡ resp ira to ry ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ a ll ca u ses ¡ ¡ + ¡ ¡ ...
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1980
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Papers by Morton Lippmann