Papers by Lindsay Orchowski
Engaging Boys and Men in Sexual Assault Prevention, 2022
Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment, 2013
This study examined the bivariate associations between intimate partner violence (IPV) type (vict... more This study examined the bivariate associations between intimate partner violence (IPV) type (victimization and perpetration) and seeking alcohol and substance abuse treatment, and the unique association between IPV and treatment seeking when controlling for cooccurring anxiety and mood disorders and alcohol and substance use disorders. Methods: Data were derived from wave 2 of the National Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Individuals who reported being in a relationship in the past year and who endorsed Z1 alcohol or drug problems during the prior year were included in the analyses. Separate models were used to examine the associations between IPV and alcohol and substance use treatment. Results: Findings suggest that individuals who endorsed IPV perpetration [odds ratios (OR) = 1.73; confidence interval (CI), 1.40-2.14] and victimization (OR = 2.38; CI, 1.98-2.86) were more likely to have sought alcohol treatment than those who did not endorse those types of IPV. IPV perpetration (OR = 1.75; CI, 1.26-2.43) and IPV victimization (OR = 1.61; CI, 1.10-2.34) were associated with a significant increase in the odds of seeking drug treatment. Results from logistic regressions controlling for covariates, including demographic variables and psychiatric disorders, revealed that only IPV victimization was significantly associated with alcohol treatment utilization (OR = 1.11, P <0.01). Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of assessing IPV among those seeking alcohol treatment.
Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science
Journal of Interpersonal Violence
This study sought to characterize online disclosure of, and reactions to, sexual violence victimi... more This study sought to characterize online disclosure of, and reactions to, sexual violence victimization via the Twitter hashtag #ChurchToo, which emerged following the hashtag #MeToo as a call for disclosure of victimization within religious contexts. Thematic content analysis of 1,017 original content, English-language tweets containing the hashtag was conducted. Twitter users who chose to disclose personal experiences of violence often shared specific details about their abuse and described institutional harm they experienced. Institutional harm included negative responses from their religious communities (e.g., minimizing, denying, blaming, and silencing). Among tweets categorized as responses to disclosure, subthemes included both positive (e.g., raising awareness, emotional support) and negative (e.g., distracting and egocentric) reactions. The commentary on Twitter reflected a concerted desire to establish accountability for perpetrators of interpersonal violence within religi...
Journal of Community Psychology
Handbook of Interpersonal Violence and Abuse Across the Lifespan
Despite numerous studies documenting widespread underreporting of sexual assault, there remains a... more Despite numerous studies documenting widespread underreporting of sexual assault, there remains an assumption among some individuals that people lie about being sexually assaulted. Overestimation of the prevalence of false accusations perpetuates
The present study evaluated the efficacy of a sexual assault risk-reduction program that included... more The present study evaluated the efficacy of a sexual assault risk-reduction program that included a physical self-defense component for college women (N = 500). Program group women significantly increased their protective behaviors over the 6-month follow-up period compared to the waiting-list control group. However, there were no significant differences between the two groups regarding rates of sexual victimization, assertive communication, or feelings of self-efficacy over the follow-up periods. Program group women who were victimized during the 3-month follow-up period evidenced less self-blame and greater offender blame for their assaults than control group women who were victimized following the program. Given that program women evidenced a greater awareness of sexual assault at the end of the study than control group women, the difficulty in addressing the impact of programming on rates of sexual victimization is discussed. Sexual assault is pervasive on college campuses and h...
Journal of Interpersonal Violence
The Confluence Model of Sexual Aggression is a well-established framework for understanding facto... more The Confluence Model of Sexual Aggression is a well-established framework for understanding factors that contribute to men’s perpetration of sexual aggression against women, highlighting the roles of hostile masculinity, impersonal sex orientation, and exposure to pornography. To date, only one study has applied aspects of the Confluence Model to examine predictors of sexual aggression in adolescent males, and the study did not include pornography exposure as a predictor. The current study evaluates the Confluence Model as a framework for understanding the perpetration of both contact and noncontact sexual aggression in a sample of 935 heterosexual 10th-grade adolescent boys. Composite scores for hostile masculinity and impersonal sex orientation were generated. Nearly all the variables included in the hostile masculinity and impersonal sex constructs were associated with perpetration. Zero-inflated Poisson regression models revealed distinct combinations of salient predictors when ...
Archives of Sexual Behavior
The present study examined the mediating role of sexual assertiveness in the relationship between... more The present study examined the mediating role of sexual assertiveness in the relationship between psychological, physical, and sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization and unprotected sex as a result of condom use resistance among sexually active young women attending community college. Women reported engagement in unprotected sex as a result of a partner’s use of one of 32 forms of condom use resistance (e.g., physical force, deception, or other forms of coercion to avoid using a condom during intercourse). Women ages 18–24 years ( N = 212) attending community college were recruited through paper advertisements to complete assessments of social and dating behavior in the campus computer laboratory. Only the women with a history of sexual intercourse ( N = 178; 84% of the sample) were included in analyses. More frequent engagement in unprotected sex as a result of a partner’s condom use resistance was associated with physical, psychological, and sexual IPV victimization. Sexual assertiveness mediated the relationship between physical IPV victimization and the frequency of unprotected sex as a result of condom use resistance. Efforts to prevent dating violence and enhance the sexual health of community college women may benefit from focusing on targeting sexual assertiveness as a protective factor.
Archives of Sexual Behavior
Exposure to pornography in general has been linked with adolescent dating violence and sexual agg... more Exposure to pornography in general has been linked with adolescent dating violence and sexual aggression, but less is known about exposure to violent pornography specifically. The current study examined the association of violent pornography exposure with different forms of teen dating violence (TDV) using baseline survey data from a sample of Grade 10 high school students who reported being in a dating relationship in the past year (n = 1694). Gender-stratified logistic regression models generated odds ratios adjusted for demographics, substance use, history of suspension/expulsion, gender equitable attitudes, and tolerance of rape myths to identify significant associations between violent pornography exposure and self-reported physical, sexual, and threatening TDV perpetration and victimization. Violent pornography exposure was associated with all types of TDV, though patterns differed by gender. Boys exposed to violent pornography were 2–3 times more likely to report sexual TDV perpetration and victimization and physical TDV victimization, while girls exposed to violent pornography were over 1.5 times more likely to be perpetrate threatening TDV compared to their non-exposed counterparts. Comprehensive prevention strategies for TDV may consider the potential risks associated with exposure to violent pornography, particularly for boys, and provide an alternative source of education about healthy sexual behavior and relationships.
Violence and Gender
Little is known regarding the association between alcohol use and violence among community colleg... more Little is known regarding the association between alcohol use and violence among community college women. Accordingly, this study investigated daily-level associations between alcohol use and intimate partner victimization (IPV) in a sample of young women (ages 18-24) in a community college setting, and the potentially protective role of education aspirations and living with family. Using a calendar-based assessment, women enrolled in a large community college (N = 212) completed past-month surveys of IPV and alcohol use. Unadjusted Generalized Estimating Equations showed nonsignificant positive associations between alcohol consumption (any alcohol use and number of drinks) and IPV at the daily level. Adjusted models showed a slight (but nonsignificant) increase in the odds of experiencing IPV on a drinking day. Those reporting a family income above $20,000 were at increased risk of experiencing violence. Living with family and wanting to attain a master's or doctoral degree reduced the risk of experiencing IPV on drinking days. Although the literature suggests that drinking among 4-year college women elevates the odds of experiencing IPV, our findings suggest the importance of examining contextual variables when understanding risk among community college women. Particularly, the role of family and educational aspirations may serve as protective factors in the association between alcohol use and IPV on a daily basis. As this is the first day-level study of IPV and alcohol use among community college women, further research is warranted to better explicate these findings.
Journal of Adolescence
INTRODUCTION In South Africa, one in three men have reported perpetrating rape. Adolescence prese... more INTRODUCTION In South Africa, one in three men have reported perpetrating rape. Adolescence presents a unique developmental period for primary prevention of violence. However, few studies characterize the epidemiology of sexual violence among adolescents in South Africa. METHOD We evaluated rates of sexual violence behaviors using a baseline survey of N = 200 South African adolescents, age 13-15, recruited for participation in an intervention trial. The intervention focused on preventing onset of depression and sexual risk behavior among adolescents. This sample of adolescents were at elevated risk for depression and recruited using house-to-house methods in the community. Sexual perpetration behaviors were assessed using the Sexual Experiences Survey - Short Form Perpetration. RESULTS Adolescents most frequently reported the use of coercion, incapacitation, force or threats of force to perpetrate oral sex (15%) followed by sexual touching (14%), anal sex (8%), and vaginal sex at (6%). Perpetration was more common among males compared to females with males perpetrating at a rate of 34.5% vs. 20.5% among females. Attempted perpetration was reported at alarming rates including: vaginal sex (8%), oral sex (8%), and anal sex (5%). CONCLUSIONS Primary prevention of sexual violence perpetration, including gender- and developmentally-tailored approaches, are urgently needed for adolescents.
American Journal of Sexuality Education
ABSTRACT Research is needed to understand intersecting health risks among community college stude... more ABSTRACT Research is needed to understand intersecting health risks among community college students. Applying a syndemic framework, the present research explored childhood sexual victimization, adolescent sexual victimization, intimate partner violence (IPV), marijuana use, alcohol consumption, and symptoms of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder as additive as well as interactive correlates of women's condom use. Questionnaires were administered to a sample of 212 women between the ages of 18 to 24 attending a community college. A series of logistic regression analyses documented that an increased number of psychosocial risk factors was associated with not using a condom during sexual intercourse. Experiencing both adolescent sexual victimization and lifetime IPV, compared to experiencing one form of victimization, increased the odds of not using a condom. Endorsing both lifetime IPV and past year marijuana use, compared to endorsing only one of these factors, also increased the odds of not using a condom. These findings highlight the importance of targeting intersections between adolescent sexual victimization, IPV, marijuana use, and sexual risk behavior when developing educational programs for community college women.
Journal of Sexual Aggression
ABSTRACT How support providers respond to disclosure of sexual victimisation influences recovery.... more ABSTRACT How support providers respond to disclosure of sexual victimisation influences recovery. Scripts may be useful in preparing support providers to respond appropriately to disclosure of sexual violence, however little is known regarding how institutions of higher education inform community members on appropriate responses to sexual assault disclosure. The current review analysed the websites of 60 members of the Association of American Universities (AAU) to examine how online resources educated students, faculty, family members and residential advisors on appropriately responding to disclosure of sexual violence. University websites often included information on positive and negative social reactions to disclosure. Websites infrequently included scripts of what to say/not to say to a survivor or provided information on vicarious traumatisation. As information on how to support a survivor was not consistently located on a single webpage, work is needed to consolidate information to insure that information on how to support survivors is easily accessed.
Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, Jan 13, 2017
This study tested mediating processes hypothesized to explain the therapeutic benefit of an effic... more This study tested mediating processes hypothesized to explain the therapeutic benefit of an efficacious motivational interview (MI). The constructs of interest were motivation to change, cognitive dissonance about current drinking, self-efficacy for change, perceived young adult drinking norms, future drinking intentions, and the use of protective behavioral strategies. A randomized controlled trial compared the efficacy of a brief MI to a time- and attention-matched control of meditation and relaxation training for alcohol use. Participants were underage, past-month heavy drinkers recruited from community (i.e., non 4-year college or university) settings (N = 167; ages 17-20; 58% female; 61% White). Statistical analyses assessed mechanisms of MI effects on follow up (6-week, 3-month) percent heavy drinking days (HDD) and alcohol consequences (AC) with a series of temporally lagged mediation models. MI efficacy for reducing 6-week HDD was mediated by baseline to postsession changes ...
Violence against women, 2015
A prospective design was utilized to explore the impact of social reactions to sexual assault dis... more A prospective design was utilized to explore the impact of social reactions to sexual assault disclosure among college women who experienced sexual victimization over a 4-month academic quarter. Women completed baseline, 4- and 7-month assessments of symptomatology, beliefs about why sexual assault occurs, victimization, and social reactions to sexual assault disclosure. Accounting for symptomatology or beliefs reported prior to the assault, positive social reactions were not associated with victims' subsequent symptomatology or beliefs. However, accounting for symptomatology or beliefs reported prior to the assault, higher negative social reactions were associated with victims' post-assault reports of hostility, fear, and beliefs about why sexual assault occurs.
Violence against women, Jan 6, 2015
The present study describes the 4- and 7-month postintervention outcomes of a sexual assault risk... more The present study describes the 4- and 7-month postintervention outcomes of a sexual assault risk reduction program for women, which was part of an evaluation that included a prevention program for men. Relative to the control group, participants evidenced more relational sexual assertiveness and self-protective behavior, and were more likely to indicate that they utilized active verbal and physical self-defense strategies. Whether or not women experienced subsequent victimization did not differ between groups. Relative to control group women who were victimized, program participants who were victimized between the 4- and 7-month follow-up blamed the perpetrator more and evidenced less self-blame.
Violence against women and children, Vol 2: Navigating solutions., 2011
Violence and Victims, 2012
College students’ responses to a hypothetical sexual assault scenario involving alcohol use by th... more College students’ responses to a hypothetical sexual assault scenario involving alcohol use by the victim and/or perpetrator were examined (N = 295). Participants reported on victim/perpetrator responsibility, the extent to which the scenario would be considered rape, and their likelihood of providing positive or negative responses to the victim. Compared to women, men indicated that they would provide more negative and less positive social reactions to the victim, were less likely to identify the scenario as rape, and endorsed less perpetrator responsibility. When the victim was drinking, participants endorsed greater victim responsibility and lower perpetrator responsibility for the assault. Participants indicated that they would provide the victim with less emotional support when only the perpetrator was drinking, compared to when both the individuals were drinking.
Violence and Victims, 2012
This study implemented a prospective design to explore college women’s perceived risk to experien... more This study implemented a prospective design to explore college women’s perceived risk to experience sexual victimization over a 2-month interim (N = 143). Compared to women without such histories, women with a history of unwanted sexual contact via arguments/pressure, or a history of unwanted sexual intercourse via administration of alcohol/drugs reported higher perceived risk to subsequently experience these forms of victimization. Compared to women who were not victimized, women who subsequently experienced unwanted sexual intercourse via administration of alcohol/drugs or arguments/pressure reported higher levels of risk to experience these forms of victimization. Controlling for victimization history, higher levels of risk to experience sexual intercourse over the interim via arguments predicted this form of victimization over the follow-up. Implications are discussed.
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Papers by Lindsay Orchowski