Rarely do localities, countries, and regions develop over centuries and millennia in isolation; r... more Rarely do localities, countries, and regions develop over centuries and millennia in isolation; rather, they develop in complex interaction with others. The societies of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), a region also referred to as North Africa and West Asia (NAWA), are not an exception. Their economic, political, cultural, scientific, intellectual, and artistic formations have come about from a complex set of flows, innovations, interactions, and exchanges with those outside and within the region. Ever since the idea of "global" or "worldliness" has been part of people's consciousness, the region has been immensely influenced by various global forces. It has also profoundly impacted developments in other parts of the world, including what is generally called the "West." Yet the Middle East has long been viewed from an "exceptionalist" lens in much of the Western press, cinema, television, literature, and scholarship. This exceptionalism depicts peoples and societies as being resilient to change, entrapped by their own history, culture, and religion, and prone to tribalism and nativism. In such a view, culture and religion rarely change, and contemporary conflicts are often attributed to stubborn religious and sectarian rivalries dating back centuries, if not millennia. News media, for instance, are replete with explanations of the Middle East as a region of continuous war, sectarian bloodshed, the cradle of extremism, oppression of women, and religious conflicts, as if these are the result of an innate, inward-looking, and change-resistant culture. Only rarely do analysts take into consideration O n e
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific r... more HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.
In 2011, the year of the Arab uprisings, The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class by Guy Standing h... more In 2011, the year of the Arab uprisings, The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class by Guy Standing hit the bookstands. The concept precariat describes the condition of life and labour among educated urbanized youth in the twenty-first century more lucidly and persuasively than the key policy literature on the region, as exemplified in The Arab Human Development Report (AHDR) 2016: Youth and the Prospects for Human Development in a Changing Reality . This paper argues that any meaningful conceptualization of youth in North Africa and West Asia going forward should incorporate the notion of precariat and the condition of precariousness.
The International Journal of Critical Pedagogy, May 15, 2012
The experience of hip-hop in El Alto, Bolivia is at once familiar as it shares much of the sound,... more The experience of hip-hop in El Alto, Bolivia is at once familiar as it shares much of the sound, symbols and oppositional aspects with youth counterparts around the world, and also unique insofar as it takes on an explicit educational dimension. In El Alto, an environment where schools are scarce, poverty and unemployment rife, and mistrust of government and elite institutions widespread, the practice and culture of hip-hop seem to be fulfilling a role of popular, non-institutionalized public sphere education. Hip-hop has served as a means for youth to narrate their stories, write alternative histories, and act pedagogically and politically, especially during the political mobilizations in the past decade. Through life histories of two of the young men involved in popularizing hip-hop locally, this paper analyzes youth as public pedagogues and the streets, songs, and local cultural centers as public sphere schools.
Youth are coming of age in a digital era and learning and exercising citizenship in fundamentally... more Youth are coming of age in a digital era and learning and exercising citizenship in fundamentally different ways compared to previous generations. Around the globe, a monumental generational rupture is taking place that is being facilitated—not driven in some inevitable and teleological process—by new media and communication technologies. The bulk of research and theorizing on generations in the digital age has come out of North America and Europe; but to fully understand the rise of an active generation requires a more inclusive global lens, one that reaches to societies where high proportions of educated youth live under conditions of political repression and economic exclusion. The Middle East and North Africa (MENA), characterized by authoritarian regimes, surging youth populations, and escalating rates of both youth connectivity and unemployment, provides an ideal vantage point to understand generations and power in the digital age. Building toward this larger perspective, this...
Chapter 1: Introduction: Wired and Revolutionary in the Middle East and North Africa Linda Herrer... more Chapter 1: Introduction: Wired and Revolutionary in the Middle East and North Africa Linda Herrera & Rehab Sakr Section I: Virtual Learning for Critical Citizenship Chapter 2: Youth and Citizenship in the Digital Age: A View from Egypt Linda Herrera (republished from Harvard Educational Review) Chapter 3: Morocco On-Trial: De-colonial Logic and Transformative Practice in Cyberspace Charis Boutieri Chapter 4: Children's Citizenship: Revolution and the Seeds of an Alternative Future in Egypt Chiara Diana Chapter 5: Cyberspace in Turkey: A "youthful" space for expressing powerful discontent and suffering Demet Lukuslu Chapter 6: Distorting Digital Citizenship: Khaled Said, Facebook, and Egypt's Streets Amro Ali & Dina El-Sharnouby Section II: Internet, Geopolitics and Redefining the Political Chapter 7: "Hungry for Freedom" Palestine Youth Activism in the Era of Social Media Mira Nabulsi Chapter 8: Opening Networks, Sealing Borders: Youth and Racist Discourse on the Internet Miranda Christou & Elena Ioannidou Chapter 9: Computer Intimacy: Digitally-Mediated Democratization of Arab Youth Culture Catherine Cornet Chapter 10: "We Are Not All Malala": Children and Citizenship in the Age of Internet & Drones Fauzia Rahman Chapter 11: The Power of Online Networks: Citizenship among Muslim Brotherhood Cyber Youth Rehab Sakr Chapter 12: Digital Technology as Surveillance: The Green Movement in Iran Narges Bajoghli
Revue du monde musulman et de la Méditerranée, 1999
... REMMMn" 85-86, 149-159. 150 1 Linda Herrera. ... In 19th century Egypt, Timothy ... more ... REMMMn" 85-86, 149-159. 150 1 Linda Herrera. ... In 19th century Egypt, Timothy Mitchell argues that schooling began to be replaced, rather than reformed, by a modern system of education which was characterized by classrooms, desks, discipline and order. ...
... 9. Malika Zeghal recalls that Mohammed V left the domain of education in the hands of both th... more ... 9. Malika Zeghal recalls that Mohammed V left the domain of education in the hands of both the modernists and the'ulamâ (Zeghal 2003: 9), but it seems that religious education was totally entrusted to'ulamâ. This situation is currently changing. ...
International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2009
Certain conditions of the contemporary period are bringing to the fore a shifting regional politi... more Certain conditions of the contemporary period are bringing to the fore a shifting regional politics in which today's young people, the most numerous and educated generation in history, are recognized simultaneously as critical objects and agents of change. Youth in the Muslim Middle East are struggling to exert their youthfulness in the present and prepare for life transitions in the future in a context of ubiquitous neoliberal reforms, authoritarian regimes, and ongoing regional conflicts with no resolution in sight. At the same time, due to their sheer numbers and the meteoric spread of ever mutating youth-led cultures and movements via horizontal spaces made possible by the new media and information and communication technology (ICT), youth embody a force of cultural regeneration.
International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2001
Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears... more Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact
Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears... more Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact
Education, Islam, and Modernity: Beyond Westernization and Centralization ... Imperial Classroom:... more Education, Islam, and Modernity: Beyond Westernization and Centralization ... Imperial Classroom: Islam, the State, and Education in the Late Ottoman Empire by Benjamin C. Fortna. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. 304 pp. $74.00 (cloth). ISBN 0-19924-840-0.
International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2001
Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears... more Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact
Rarely do localities, countries, and regions develop over centuries and millennia in isolation; r... more Rarely do localities, countries, and regions develop over centuries and millennia in isolation; rather, they develop in complex interaction with others. The societies of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), a region also referred to as North Africa and West Asia (NAWA), are not an exception. Their economic, political, cultural, scientific, intellectual, and artistic formations have come about from a complex set of flows, innovations, interactions, and exchanges with those outside and within the region. Ever since the idea of "global" or "worldliness" has been part of people's consciousness, the region has been immensely influenced by various global forces. It has also profoundly impacted developments in other parts of the world, including what is generally called the "West." Yet the Middle East has long been viewed from an "exceptionalist" lens in much of the Western press, cinema, television, literature, and scholarship. This exceptionalism depicts peoples and societies as being resilient to change, entrapped by their own history, culture, and religion, and prone to tribalism and nativism. In such a view, culture and religion rarely change, and contemporary conflicts are often attributed to stubborn religious and sectarian rivalries dating back centuries, if not millennia. News media, for instance, are replete with explanations of the Middle East as a region of continuous war, sectarian bloodshed, the cradle of extremism, oppression of women, and religious conflicts, as if these are the result of an innate, inward-looking, and change-resistant culture. Only rarely do analysts take into consideration O n e
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific r... more HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.
In 2011, the year of the Arab uprisings, The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class by Guy Standing h... more In 2011, the year of the Arab uprisings, The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class by Guy Standing hit the bookstands. The concept precariat describes the condition of life and labour among educated urbanized youth in the twenty-first century more lucidly and persuasively than the key policy literature on the region, as exemplified in The Arab Human Development Report (AHDR) 2016: Youth and the Prospects for Human Development in a Changing Reality . This paper argues that any meaningful conceptualization of youth in North Africa and West Asia going forward should incorporate the notion of precariat and the condition of precariousness.
The International Journal of Critical Pedagogy, May 15, 2012
The experience of hip-hop in El Alto, Bolivia is at once familiar as it shares much of the sound,... more The experience of hip-hop in El Alto, Bolivia is at once familiar as it shares much of the sound, symbols and oppositional aspects with youth counterparts around the world, and also unique insofar as it takes on an explicit educational dimension. In El Alto, an environment where schools are scarce, poverty and unemployment rife, and mistrust of government and elite institutions widespread, the practice and culture of hip-hop seem to be fulfilling a role of popular, non-institutionalized public sphere education. Hip-hop has served as a means for youth to narrate their stories, write alternative histories, and act pedagogically and politically, especially during the political mobilizations in the past decade. Through life histories of two of the young men involved in popularizing hip-hop locally, this paper analyzes youth as public pedagogues and the streets, songs, and local cultural centers as public sphere schools.
Youth are coming of age in a digital era and learning and exercising citizenship in fundamentally... more Youth are coming of age in a digital era and learning and exercising citizenship in fundamentally different ways compared to previous generations. Around the globe, a monumental generational rupture is taking place that is being facilitated—not driven in some inevitable and teleological process—by new media and communication technologies. The bulk of research and theorizing on generations in the digital age has come out of North America and Europe; but to fully understand the rise of an active generation requires a more inclusive global lens, one that reaches to societies where high proportions of educated youth live under conditions of political repression and economic exclusion. The Middle East and North Africa (MENA), characterized by authoritarian regimes, surging youth populations, and escalating rates of both youth connectivity and unemployment, provides an ideal vantage point to understand generations and power in the digital age. Building toward this larger perspective, this...
Chapter 1: Introduction: Wired and Revolutionary in the Middle East and North Africa Linda Herrer... more Chapter 1: Introduction: Wired and Revolutionary in the Middle East and North Africa Linda Herrera & Rehab Sakr Section I: Virtual Learning for Critical Citizenship Chapter 2: Youth and Citizenship in the Digital Age: A View from Egypt Linda Herrera (republished from Harvard Educational Review) Chapter 3: Morocco On-Trial: De-colonial Logic and Transformative Practice in Cyberspace Charis Boutieri Chapter 4: Children's Citizenship: Revolution and the Seeds of an Alternative Future in Egypt Chiara Diana Chapter 5: Cyberspace in Turkey: A "youthful" space for expressing powerful discontent and suffering Demet Lukuslu Chapter 6: Distorting Digital Citizenship: Khaled Said, Facebook, and Egypt's Streets Amro Ali & Dina El-Sharnouby Section II: Internet, Geopolitics and Redefining the Political Chapter 7: "Hungry for Freedom" Palestine Youth Activism in the Era of Social Media Mira Nabulsi Chapter 8: Opening Networks, Sealing Borders: Youth and Racist Discourse on the Internet Miranda Christou & Elena Ioannidou Chapter 9: Computer Intimacy: Digitally-Mediated Democratization of Arab Youth Culture Catherine Cornet Chapter 10: "We Are Not All Malala": Children and Citizenship in the Age of Internet & Drones Fauzia Rahman Chapter 11: The Power of Online Networks: Citizenship among Muslim Brotherhood Cyber Youth Rehab Sakr Chapter 12: Digital Technology as Surveillance: The Green Movement in Iran Narges Bajoghli
Revue du monde musulman et de la Méditerranée, 1999
... REMMMn" 85-86, 149-159. 150 1 Linda Herrera. ... In 19th century Egypt, Timothy ... more ... REMMMn" 85-86, 149-159. 150 1 Linda Herrera. ... In 19th century Egypt, Timothy Mitchell argues that schooling began to be replaced, rather than reformed, by a modern system of education which was characterized by classrooms, desks, discipline and order. ...
... 9. Malika Zeghal recalls that Mohammed V left the domain of education in the hands of both th... more ... 9. Malika Zeghal recalls that Mohammed V left the domain of education in the hands of both the modernists and the'ulamâ (Zeghal 2003: 9), but it seems that religious education was totally entrusted to'ulamâ. This situation is currently changing. ...
International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2009
Certain conditions of the contemporary period are bringing to the fore a shifting regional politi... more Certain conditions of the contemporary period are bringing to the fore a shifting regional politics in which today's young people, the most numerous and educated generation in history, are recognized simultaneously as critical objects and agents of change. Youth in the Muslim Middle East are struggling to exert their youthfulness in the present and prepare for life transitions in the future in a context of ubiquitous neoliberal reforms, authoritarian regimes, and ongoing regional conflicts with no resolution in sight. At the same time, due to their sheer numbers and the meteoric spread of ever mutating youth-led cultures and movements via horizontal spaces made possible by the new media and information and communication technology (ICT), youth embody a force of cultural regeneration.
International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2001
Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears... more Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact
Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears... more Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact
Education, Islam, and Modernity: Beyond Westernization and Centralization ... Imperial Classroom:... more Education, Islam, and Modernity: Beyond Westernization and Centralization ... Imperial Classroom: Islam, the State, and Education in the Late Ottoman Empire by Benjamin C. Fortna. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. 304 pp. $74.00 (cloth). ISBN 0-19924-840-0.
International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2001
Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears... more Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact
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