The purpose of this analysis is to provide insight into Hungarian secondary school students' pref... more The purpose of this analysis is to provide insight into Hungarian secondary school students' preferences related to the European Union (EU). The survey conducted among 18-19-year-old students was completed through interviews with teachers interested in geography education. In the positive perception of the EU, the four basic freedoms, especially the free movement of people, appeared most frequently. Nearly half of the unfavorable properties can be associated with social problems. The investigation revealed three pattern types: in addition to the preferred Western European and Mediterranean countries, the far less preferred Balkan Peninsula and the block of countries neighboring Hungary appeared.
Seasonality, meaning that the vast majority of tourist locations do not distribute arrivals evenl... more Seasonality, meaning that the vast majority of tourist locations do not distribute arrivals evenly throughout the year, in tourism, it is widely regarded as one of the most crucial problems for the majority of the world’s destinations, particularly in terms of sustainability. Nevertheless, despite its importance and that this unbalanced nature has become one of tourism’s most distinguishing characteristics, we can say that no globally comparable international measurement of seasonality is currently available. Based on the abovementioned phenomena, the main objective of the present study and research is to detect and analyse the tourism seasonality of a case study area, the Sopron-Fertő destination (Hungary), using multiple methodologies such as the Gini index, a representative consumer questionnaire and expert interviews. The analysis demonstrates seasonality in tourism demand between 2008–2021, based on which implications on product development and new directions and challenges, in...
Rural restructuring became a frame definition to describe the changing circumstances of rurality ... more Rural restructuring became a frame definition to describe the changing circumstances of rurality within modernization and post-modernization processes. When it comes to modernization, differentiation mostly denotes an increasing urban lifestyle, higher level of mobility and flexibility and dynamic society of the rural. However, a brief overview on rural spaces proved, that in many cases the new challenges of modernization or post-modern values indicate a fragmentation in societies. The approach to reach a higher level of mobility due to the centralized spatial structure of workplaces results in a distinction between social groups; what is more, demographic decline intensifies because of the relatively high mobility of certain rural groups. This paper focuses on those social groups, which have a relatively low level of mobility, therefore they get isolated in a rural locality. The settlements, where most of the local society lacks mobility, could cause the perforation of the settlement system, thus the isolation of some rural social groups leads to a dysfunctional settlement structure. In these terms, perforation means a process, in which a settlement loses connections with local centres or other communities due to the low mobility of residents. Therefore, perforation refers to the lack of local networks, an immobile society, and a set of problems, like unemployment, deprivation, or deviant behaviour. According to the author's presumptions, the mobility of residents could express the volume of perforation as the more isolated the residents are, the less network functions in a rural settlement system can be found. For this reason, this research measures the mobility level of residents in a Hungarian rural locality named Baranyai-Hegyhát, located in the Southern-Transdanubia Region. According to survey data, a mathematical model can describe mobility patterns in this area, which is used as a method to find isolating settlements in a disabled space. The theoretical concept of perforation is supposed to be an experimental approach to interpret complex isolation processes in rural spaces, as such, in this paper, we are to test our theory with the method of the Corrected Mobility Index.
The role of oriental art was significant in architecture at the turn of the 19th and 20th century... more The role of oriental art was significant in architecture at the turn of the 19th and 20th century. While the Art Nouveau movement in Western Europe was influenced by the Japanese and Persian art, Hungary made efforts to find the origin of the Hungarian architecture. This study presents the Asian trip of architect Károly Róbert Kertész, published in his work entitled Architecture of Ceylon. In the 1930’s architect István Medgyaszay was invited to India to design a museum in Mumbai. His archive, containing the plans, photographs and letters born during the trip, can be found in the Medgyaszay Memorial House. During the reconstruction of Medgyaszay’s Indian trip (2021) some mysterious watercolour plans were discovered among his designs. Additionally, as a result of the research in Mumbai (2020) this study introduces István Medgyaszay’s friendship with Perin Jamshedji Mistri, the first professional woman architect in India; and highlights the role of Jenő Cholnoky geographer in the work...
The primary goal of the survey conducted was to work out adequate methods for the exploration of ... more The primary goal of the survey conducted was to work out adequate methods for the exploration of the consumer attitudes of tourists visiting South Transdanubia (Hungary) and to typify these attitudes, especially to analyse tourists’ behaviour concerning local products. The source of the primary findings of the paper is a guest questionnaire survey conducted in 2018. These data were analysed – relying on professional literature – by cluster analysis and factor analysis. During the research comprehensive information was gained about the typical consumer habits of tourists arriving at South Transdanubia, which habits show several similarities and matches to consumer trends revealed by the literature research. Getting to know these consumer attitudes allowed the authors to create consumer types with the help of which the structure and size of the potential consumer base can be known.
A világgazdasági válság 2010-es csúcspontja után a munkanélküliségi ráta mérséklődött; 2017 augus... more A világgazdasági válság 2010-es csúcspontja után a munkanélküliségi ráta mérséklődött; 2017 augusztusára 4,2%-ra csökkent. Ezzel egy időben egyre több területen jelent meg a munkaerőhiány veszélye, illetve a rendelkezésre álló szabad munkaerő integrációjának nehézsége, amellyel összefüggésben egyre hangsúlyosabbá vált a foglalkoztathatóság kérdése. A vizsgálat célja a foglalkoztathatóság területi dimenziójának mérése, elméleti és gyakorlati keretének kidolgozása, a fogalom konceptualizálása. Célja továbbá a hátrányos helyzetű térségekben élő álláskeresőkre érvényes fogalmi modell kidolgozása. A primer kutatás bázisát a leghátrányosabb helyzetű álláskeresők csoportjában egy éven át folytatott komplex kérdőíves felmérés adja. A vizsgálat a szekunder források alapján összegzi a foglalkoztathatósággal kapcsolatos főbb faktorokat, a primer források alapján értékeli azokat a tényezőket, amelyek a komplex programmal fejlesztendő járásokban még aktivizálható humán bázis foglalkoztathatóságát akadályozzák. A kutatás eredményei hasznosak mindazoknak, akik a foglalkoztatás növelésében, a foglalkoztathatóság-korlátozó tényezők oldásában érdekeltek. KULCSSZAVAK: foglalkoztathatóság, munkaerőpiac, hátrányos helyzetű csoportok JEL-kódok: J22, R23 Bevezetés A 2008-as világgazdasági válságot követően a munkanélküliség hazánkban is növekedést mutatott, a probléma az egyik legsúlyosabb társadalmigazdasági kihívássá vált, amely erőteljesen érintette azokat a személyeket,
International students have a significant impact on the national economy in numerous fields, whic... more International students have a significant impact on the national economy in numerous fields, which is first and foremost realised in the sectors directly affected by their expenditures. Further, these economic impacts have spillover effects through intersectoral relations. Their patterns are in correlation, inter alia, with the system of supplier networks, the characteristics of products and product groups, and the contributions realised in the fields required to produce goods and services. Accordingly, the effect of one consumption unit is multiplied as it ‘passes through’ through these relations systems, and thus, many other sectors of the economy may also benefit from it beyond the producers and service providers directly involved. To measure these spillover effects, the present study relied on the findings of a questionnaire survey conducted among students in the academic year of 2019/2020 (n=6296 students), the input-output analysis (IOA) published by the Hungarian Central Statistical Office (HCSO), and the multipliers calculated based on that as well as other data items of the HCSO. The results showed that in 2020, as a result of international students’ consumption, 213 billion HUF worth of total output and approximately 124 billion worth of gross value-added were generated in the national economy as a whole. Moreover, student consumption also generated imports, amounting to approximately 25 billion HUF. In addition to the above dimensions, the consumption of students generated employment, and thus, income. As a consequence of the spending by the respective groups of international students, approximately 20,000 new jobs were created in the national economy as a whole, and the generated income exceeded 67 billion HUF, of which 53 billion were spent on wages and salaries. The results of the study are beneficial for all those who are affected by the presence of international students, the higher education institutions hosting them, and businesses building on their demands, and in a broad sense, the entire population of the host cities. They can also be useful for decision makers at the national, regional, and local levels.
position, the state and quality of the local environment, the market relations, the socio-cultura... more position, the state and quality of the local environment, the market relations, the socio-cultural endowments, and the local decision-making and institutional system (Rechnitzer 1993). Territorial capital is one of the most popular topics in regional research. However, a generally accepted definition has not been established so far (Jóna 2013, Tóth 2013). One of its first appearances in the study of endogenous development based on territorial capital was in the work of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD 2001) entitled 'Territorial Outlook'. According to this work, each region has a unique territorial capital-unique in that it provides a different return on certain investments at different points in the local space, where these investments match local opportunities better and make better use of them. The work also includes a division of territorial capital factors into three types. Based on these elements, we can distinguish among material (physical) factors, non-visible connections, and intangible (invisible) factors. The territorial capital model also pays considerable attention to the background conditions of endogenous development, which have a considerable impact on regional competitiveness. The local actors are of paramount importance in the impact of territorial capital on the spatial differentiation of economic potential, as they can use their resources more efficiently and reduce the risk inherent in their decisions through their knowledge of the local conditions. Territorial cohesion, which includes environmental quality, territorial efficiency and territorial identity as well, can be a key factor in the competitiveness of regions. Endogenous resources can be divided into traditional and innovative elements. The former group includes private and social fixed capital stock, natural and cultural resources, the infrastructure, human and social capital. The latter includes relationship capital, corporate and R&D cooperation, networks, interconnection, receptivity and economies of agglomeration. Together, these factors contribute to the development of an area's image (Camagni 2008, 2009). Research centered around measuring territorial capital has primarily focused on the relationship between territorial capital and economic growth. The main indicators analysed through surveys were territoriality, natural resources, educational level of the local population, intellectual capital, the proportion of intellectual employees, the performance of the local economy, the state of infrastructure, the private capital stock, civic activity, the local government, the institutional system and the social situation (
Jelen interjú célja, hogy bemutassa a professzor asszony életének azokat a mozzanatait, amelyek m... more Jelen interjú célja, hogy bemutassa a professzor asszony életének azokat a mozzanatait, amelyek meghatározóak voltak a földrajz iránt kialakuló elköteleződésében, továbbá ismertesse iskoláinak, tanárainak a szakmai életútjára gyakorolt hatását. A félig strukturált interjú számos kérdéscsoportot érintett, többek között a kutatási irányváltásokat, a sikereket, a nemzetközi szakmai kapcsolatok jelentőségét, valamint a magyar geográfia fő erényeit és kihívásait. Akadémiai doktor; munkájának elismerését nemzetközi tudományos testületi tagságok, illetve díjak, kitüntetések jelzik. Kiemelkedő nemzetközi tudományos kapcsolatrendszere is segítette abban, hogy a karsztok ökológiai elemzésében eredményei nóvumnak számítanak. 2004-ben Keveiné Bárány Ilonát a Magyar Köztársaság Arany Érdemkeresztjével tüntették ki. Pályája során kiemelt szerep jutott a fiatalok oktatásának, az utánpótlás-nevelésnek, amelyben az együttműködésre építő holisztikus szemléletmódjával sokak tudományos előmenetelét ind...
The aim of this study is to develop a theoretical framework for measuring an important segment of... more The aim of this study is to develop a theoretical framework for measuring an important segment of labour economics, namely the spatial structure of employability, especially for disadvantaged groups and regions. Based on secondary sources, it summarises the main factors of employability, providing a starting point for researchers working on the econometric branch of social sciences to develop an employability index using this conceptual background. The base of the primary research is the complex questionnaire survey administered to a group of the most disadvantaged job seekers. The study evaluates the factors hindering the employability of human resources that can be activated in the most disadvantaged districts. The research results are useful for those who are interested in increasing employment and reducing the impact of employability-limiting factors.
DETUROPE - The Central European Journal of Tourism and Regional Development, 2019
In the decades, following the political transition more and more researchers started to study the... more In the decades, following the political transition more and more researchers started to study the Hungarian small towns because of the increasing number of settlements belonging to this category and their dominant role in the urban network. The literature studying the opportunities in foreign direct investment do not deal or only negligently deal with the effects of social and economic processes on the life of small towns. After reviewing the different approaches of location theories, we can get an overall picture in the relation of settlements and direct investment. This gives answers to the specific forms of direct investment flow and settling in East-Central Europe as well. Besides this, the presence of German minority as the indicator of the settling of direct investment is a missing segment of literature. This study presents the partial results of our research, which aims to complement this missing literature and studies the presence of German direct investment in the small towns of Hungarian settlement structure. It analyses the historical German-Hungarian relations, through which it describes the role of German minority in the economy and the settling of direct investments. The research studies the sectoral structure, the special pattern and it differentiates the importance of German direct investment with the help of data from the available databases (DUIHK 25member list and creditreform.hu-HVG TOP 500 enterprises), structured in-depth interviews (leaders of settlements, directors of companies and civilian organizations related to German minority) and regression analysis. The impact of foreign direct investment on social life, its role in living a life of a small town dweller and in obtaining the title of township are introduced by two short case studies. One of the settlements is Bonyhád, having one of the largest German minority and the other is Újhartyán, belonging to the outer ring of agglomeration of Budapest. Besides their favourable potentials the presence of German minority plays a crucial role in forming the economic and social life of these settlements. Our study shows the presence of German direct investment adjusting to the spatial structure of Hungarian economy and its sectoral differentiation is specific to a given region.
Az innovációk termelésének főáramú elméletéből következtethetünk arra, hogy az innovációk létrejö... more Az innovációk termelésének főáramú elméletéből következtethetünk arra, hogy az innovációk létrejöttének színterei meghatározó mértékben a városi központok és agglomerációk. Kutatásunk célja a tudományos megközelítések plurálisabbá tétele a térbeli innovációtermelésről. A szakirodalom szintetizáló áttekintésével választ adunk arra a kutatási kérdésre, hogy az innováció milyen mértékben köthető a központi urbánus és a vidéki periférikus területekhez. A dolgozat következtetése az, hogy az innováció folyamatával kapcsolatban a kutatások túlnyomó többsége a központokat vizsgálja, pedig az megtalálható a perifériákon is. A perifériák innovációs tevékenysége azonban sok esetben lassú, rejtett és a helyi hagyományokra és adottságokra épül. Az innováció így a központokban sűrűsödhet, de a perifériákon is jelen lehet. A perifériákon viszont kevésbé észlelhető, mert az innovációs folyamat végső szakaszai a városokhoz kapcsolódhatnak. Emiatt további kifejtést és vizsgálatokat igényel a szakirod...
A Covid–19 világjárvány okozta turbulenciák és ellátási zavarok felhívták a figyelmet a biztonság... more A Covid–19 világjárvány okozta turbulenciák és ellátási zavarok felhívták a figyelmet a biztonság, azon belül is a működés- és ellátásbiztonság, illetve a stratégiai iparágakon belüli önellátás képességének a fontosságára. A járvány nyomán leginkább az egészségipar került előtérbe, az iparági elemzések és a GDP-arányos védelmi kiadások azonban a védelmi ipar felértékelődését is mutatják. A globális védelmi kiadások GDP-hez viszonyított arányának évek óta tartó csökkenő trendje a 2018. évi mélypont után növekedni kezdett. 2019-ben a változás még csak enyhe, 4 bázispontos, majd 2020-ban, a Covid–19 járvány okozta turbulenciák kibontakozásának évében az emelkedés már mintegy 17 bázispontos az előző évhez képest. Ezzel a GDP-arányos védelmi kiadások szintje ismét 2,3% fölé emelkedett, amely 2013 óta a legmagasabb érték. Ebben a fordulatban – a geopolitikai feszültségek mellett – közrejátszhatott az önellátás, a nemzet- és az ellátásbiztonság felértékelődése is a Covid–19 járvány alatt. ...
Over the past decade, due in part to the global economic crisis, a significant part of the bank b... more Over the past decade, due in part to the global economic crisis, a significant part of the bank branches have been closed in the European banking system, but in Hungary this proportion has been significantly higher than the European average. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to explore what aspects of commercial banks are taken into account when deciding where to be present within bank branches. This will also reveal the spatial dimension of public access to financial services. The present study seeks to answer the question of which socio-economic factors and in what form they affect the spatial structure of bank branches. The settlement-level examination can also provide additional indication of which settlements may be affected by further bank branch closures. Linear regression based on Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) parameter estimation was used to explore the factors influencing the location of bank branches. In addition, the possible clustering of bank branches was obser...
This article analyses the economic impact of inbound student mobility in Hungary. The research is... more This article analyses the economic impact of inbound student mobility in Hungary. The research is based on an innovative approach not only showing the geoeconomic impact based on expenditures of the different groups of incoming students (Erasmus+, degree mobility of self-funded or scholarship holder students), but also links the data to specific sectors of the national and local economies. Thus, the paper reveals that international student mobility affects not only the internationalization of the higher education institutions or even the entire higher education sector, but also the wider macro environment, carrying geopolitical considerations. Based on the findings, a new aspect or “side effect” of the global and/or governmental “soft power” initiatives (e.g. Erasmus+, Belt and Road Initiative, Stipendium Hungaricum) can be identified in economic development. With the Hungarian case, the article intends to contribute to a better understanding of the changing geopolitics of higher education in the twenty-first century.
The scholarly journal Modern Geográfia has been providing a publication platform for researchers ... more The scholarly journal Modern Geográfia has been providing a publication platform for researchers of geography and, more broadly, the natural and social sciences for 15 years now. Effective dissemination of scientific results is of paramount importance in broadening the horizons of both basic and applied research. The aim of the present study is to explore the role of Modern Geográfia in the above process, thus to outline its profile and possible directions for its further development. The applied method can be an effective help in formulating the portfolio and the strategic goals of other scholarly journals. The methodological basis of the research is provided by the statistical analysis of the journal based on a primary database containing several indicators. The results cover the number of articles published in the journal, in addition to the dynamics of the publications, its profiling, the presentation of the affected topics, and the evaluation of the trends of recent years. In a...
The purpose of this analysis is to provide insight into Hungarian secondary school students' pref... more The purpose of this analysis is to provide insight into Hungarian secondary school students' preferences related to the European Union (EU). The survey conducted among 18-19-year-old students was completed through interviews with teachers interested in geography education. In the positive perception of the EU, the four basic freedoms, especially the free movement of people, appeared most frequently. Nearly half of the unfavorable properties can be associated with social problems. The investigation revealed three pattern types: in addition to the preferred Western European and Mediterranean countries, the far less preferred Balkan Peninsula and the block of countries neighboring Hungary appeared.
Seasonality, meaning that the vast majority of tourist locations do not distribute arrivals evenl... more Seasonality, meaning that the vast majority of tourist locations do not distribute arrivals evenly throughout the year, in tourism, it is widely regarded as one of the most crucial problems for the majority of the world’s destinations, particularly in terms of sustainability. Nevertheless, despite its importance and that this unbalanced nature has become one of tourism’s most distinguishing characteristics, we can say that no globally comparable international measurement of seasonality is currently available. Based on the abovementioned phenomena, the main objective of the present study and research is to detect and analyse the tourism seasonality of a case study area, the Sopron-Fertő destination (Hungary), using multiple methodologies such as the Gini index, a representative consumer questionnaire and expert interviews. The analysis demonstrates seasonality in tourism demand between 2008–2021, based on which implications on product development and new directions and challenges, in...
Rural restructuring became a frame definition to describe the changing circumstances of rurality ... more Rural restructuring became a frame definition to describe the changing circumstances of rurality within modernization and post-modernization processes. When it comes to modernization, differentiation mostly denotes an increasing urban lifestyle, higher level of mobility and flexibility and dynamic society of the rural. However, a brief overview on rural spaces proved, that in many cases the new challenges of modernization or post-modern values indicate a fragmentation in societies. The approach to reach a higher level of mobility due to the centralized spatial structure of workplaces results in a distinction between social groups; what is more, demographic decline intensifies because of the relatively high mobility of certain rural groups. This paper focuses on those social groups, which have a relatively low level of mobility, therefore they get isolated in a rural locality. The settlements, where most of the local society lacks mobility, could cause the perforation of the settlement system, thus the isolation of some rural social groups leads to a dysfunctional settlement structure. In these terms, perforation means a process, in which a settlement loses connections with local centres or other communities due to the low mobility of residents. Therefore, perforation refers to the lack of local networks, an immobile society, and a set of problems, like unemployment, deprivation, or deviant behaviour. According to the author's presumptions, the mobility of residents could express the volume of perforation as the more isolated the residents are, the less network functions in a rural settlement system can be found. For this reason, this research measures the mobility level of residents in a Hungarian rural locality named Baranyai-Hegyhát, located in the Southern-Transdanubia Region. According to survey data, a mathematical model can describe mobility patterns in this area, which is used as a method to find isolating settlements in a disabled space. The theoretical concept of perforation is supposed to be an experimental approach to interpret complex isolation processes in rural spaces, as such, in this paper, we are to test our theory with the method of the Corrected Mobility Index.
The role of oriental art was significant in architecture at the turn of the 19th and 20th century... more The role of oriental art was significant in architecture at the turn of the 19th and 20th century. While the Art Nouveau movement in Western Europe was influenced by the Japanese and Persian art, Hungary made efforts to find the origin of the Hungarian architecture. This study presents the Asian trip of architect Károly Róbert Kertész, published in his work entitled Architecture of Ceylon. In the 1930’s architect István Medgyaszay was invited to India to design a museum in Mumbai. His archive, containing the plans, photographs and letters born during the trip, can be found in the Medgyaszay Memorial House. During the reconstruction of Medgyaszay’s Indian trip (2021) some mysterious watercolour plans were discovered among his designs. Additionally, as a result of the research in Mumbai (2020) this study introduces István Medgyaszay’s friendship with Perin Jamshedji Mistri, the first professional woman architect in India; and highlights the role of Jenő Cholnoky geographer in the work...
The primary goal of the survey conducted was to work out adequate methods for the exploration of ... more The primary goal of the survey conducted was to work out adequate methods for the exploration of the consumer attitudes of tourists visiting South Transdanubia (Hungary) and to typify these attitudes, especially to analyse tourists’ behaviour concerning local products. The source of the primary findings of the paper is a guest questionnaire survey conducted in 2018. These data were analysed – relying on professional literature – by cluster analysis and factor analysis. During the research comprehensive information was gained about the typical consumer habits of tourists arriving at South Transdanubia, which habits show several similarities and matches to consumer trends revealed by the literature research. Getting to know these consumer attitudes allowed the authors to create consumer types with the help of which the structure and size of the potential consumer base can be known.
A világgazdasági válság 2010-es csúcspontja után a munkanélküliségi ráta mérséklődött; 2017 augus... more A világgazdasági válság 2010-es csúcspontja után a munkanélküliségi ráta mérséklődött; 2017 augusztusára 4,2%-ra csökkent. Ezzel egy időben egyre több területen jelent meg a munkaerőhiány veszélye, illetve a rendelkezésre álló szabad munkaerő integrációjának nehézsége, amellyel összefüggésben egyre hangsúlyosabbá vált a foglalkoztathatóság kérdése. A vizsgálat célja a foglalkoztathatóság területi dimenziójának mérése, elméleti és gyakorlati keretének kidolgozása, a fogalom konceptualizálása. Célja továbbá a hátrányos helyzetű térségekben élő álláskeresőkre érvényes fogalmi modell kidolgozása. A primer kutatás bázisát a leghátrányosabb helyzetű álláskeresők csoportjában egy éven át folytatott komplex kérdőíves felmérés adja. A vizsgálat a szekunder források alapján összegzi a foglalkoztathatósággal kapcsolatos főbb faktorokat, a primer források alapján értékeli azokat a tényezőket, amelyek a komplex programmal fejlesztendő járásokban még aktivizálható humán bázis foglalkoztathatóságát akadályozzák. A kutatás eredményei hasznosak mindazoknak, akik a foglalkoztatás növelésében, a foglalkoztathatóság-korlátozó tényezők oldásában érdekeltek. KULCSSZAVAK: foglalkoztathatóság, munkaerőpiac, hátrányos helyzetű csoportok JEL-kódok: J22, R23 Bevezetés A 2008-as világgazdasági válságot követően a munkanélküliség hazánkban is növekedést mutatott, a probléma az egyik legsúlyosabb társadalmigazdasági kihívássá vált, amely erőteljesen érintette azokat a személyeket,
International students have a significant impact on the national economy in numerous fields, whic... more International students have a significant impact on the national economy in numerous fields, which is first and foremost realised in the sectors directly affected by their expenditures. Further, these economic impacts have spillover effects through intersectoral relations. Their patterns are in correlation, inter alia, with the system of supplier networks, the characteristics of products and product groups, and the contributions realised in the fields required to produce goods and services. Accordingly, the effect of one consumption unit is multiplied as it ‘passes through’ through these relations systems, and thus, many other sectors of the economy may also benefit from it beyond the producers and service providers directly involved. To measure these spillover effects, the present study relied on the findings of a questionnaire survey conducted among students in the academic year of 2019/2020 (n=6296 students), the input-output analysis (IOA) published by the Hungarian Central Statistical Office (HCSO), and the multipliers calculated based on that as well as other data items of the HCSO. The results showed that in 2020, as a result of international students’ consumption, 213 billion HUF worth of total output and approximately 124 billion worth of gross value-added were generated in the national economy as a whole. Moreover, student consumption also generated imports, amounting to approximately 25 billion HUF. In addition to the above dimensions, the consumption of students generated employment, and thus, income. As a consequence of the spending by the respective groups of international students, approximately 20,000 new jobs were created in the national economy as a whole, and the generated income exceeded 67 billion HUF, of which 53 billion were spent on wages and salaries. The results of the study are beneficial for all those who are affected by the presence of international students, the higher education institutions hosting them, and businesses building on their demands, and in a broad sense, the entire population of the host cities. They can also be useful for decision makers at the national, regional, and local levels.
position, the state and quality of the local environment, the market relations, the socio-cultura... more position, the state and quality of the local environment, the market relations, the socio-cultural endowments, and the local decision-making and institutional system (Rechnitzer 1993). Territorial capital is one of the most popular topics in regional research. However, a generally accepted definition has not been established so far (Jóna 2013, Tóth 2013). One of its first appearances in the study of endogenous development based on territorial capital was in the work of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD 2001) entitled 'Territorial Outlook'. According to this work, each region has a unique territorial capital-unique in that it provides a different return on certain investments at different points in the local space, where these investments match local opportunities better and make better use of them. The work also includes a division of territorial capital factors into three types. Based on these elements, we can distinguish among material (physical) factors, non-visible connections, and intangible (invisible) factors. The territorial capital model also pays considerable attention to the background conditions of endogenous development, which have a considerable impact on regional competitiveness. The local actors are of paramount importance in the impact of territorial capital on the spatial differentiation of economic potential, as they can use their resources more efficiently and reduce the risk inherent in their decisions through their knowledge of the local conditions. Territorial cohesion, which includes environmental quality, territorial efficiency and territorial identity as well, can be a key factor in the competitiveness of regions. Endogenous resources can be divided into traditional and innovative elements. The former group includes private and social fixed capital stock, natural and cultural resources, the infrastructure, human and social capital. The latter includes relationship capital, corporate and R&D cooperation, networks, interconnection, receptivity and economies of agglomeration. Together, these factors contribute to the development of an area's image (Camagni 2008, 2009). Research centered around measuring territorial capital has primarily focused on the relationship between territorial capital and economic growth. The main indicators analysed through surveys were territoriality, natural resources, educational level of the local population, intellectual capital, the proportion of intellectual employees, the performance of the local economy, the state of infrastructure, the private capital stock, civic activity, the local government, the institutional system and the social situation (
Jelen interjú célja, hogy bemutassa a professzor asszony életének azokat a mozzanatait, amelyek m... more Jelen interjú célja, hogy bemutassa a professzor asszony életének azokat a mozzanatait, amelyek meghatározóak voltak a földrajz iránt kialakuló elköteleződésében, továbbá ismertesse iskoláinak, tanárainak a szakmai életútjára gyakorolt hatását. A félig strukturált interjú számos kérdéscsoportot érintett, többek között a kutatási irányváltásokat, a sikereket, a nemzetközi szakmai kapcsolatok jelentőségét, valamint a magyar geográfia fő erényeit és kihívásait. Akadémiai doktor; munkájának elismerését nemzetközi tudományos testületi tagságok, illetve díjak, kitüntetések jelzik. Kiemelkedő nemzetközi tudományos kapcsolatrendszere is segítette abban, hogy a karsztok ökológiai elemzésében eredményei nóvumnak számítanak. 2004-ben Keveiné Bárány Ilonát a Magyar Köztársaság Arany Érdemkeresztjével tüntették ki. Pályája során kiemelt szerep jutott a fiatalok oktatásának, az utánpótlás-nevelésnek, amelyben az együttműködésre építő holisztikus szemléletmódjával sokak tudományos előmenetelét ind...
The aim of this study is to develop a theoretical framework for measuring an important segment of... more The aim of this study is to develop a theoretical framework for measuring an important segment of labour economics, namely the spatial structure of employability, especially for disadvantaged groups and regions. Based on secondary sources, it summarises the main factors of employability, providing a starting point for researchers working on the econometric branch of social sciences to develop an employability index using this conceptual background. The base of the primary research is the complex questionnaire survey administered to a group of the most disadvantaged job seekers. The study evaluates the factors hindering the employability of human resources that can be activated in the most disadvantaged districts. The research results are useful for those who are interested in increasing employment and reducing the impact of employability-limiting factors.
DETUROPE - The Central European Journal of Tourism and Regional Development, 2019
In the decades, following the political transition more and more researchers started to study the... more In the decades, following the political transition more and more researchers started to study the Hungarian small towns because of the increasing number of settlements belonging to this category and their dominant role in the urban network. The literature studying the opportunities in foreign direct investment do not deal or only negligently deal with the effects of social and economic processes on the life of small towns. After reviewing the different approaches of location theories, we can get an overall picture in the relation of settlements and direct investment. This gives answers to the specific forms of direct investment flow and settling in East-Central Europe as well. Besides this, the presence of German minority as the indicator of the settling of direct investment is a missing segment of literature. This study presents the partial results of our research, which aims to complement this missing literature and studies the presence of German direct investment in the small towns of Hungarian settlement structure. It analyses the historical German-Hungarian relations, through which it describes the role of German minority in the economy and the settling of direct investments. The research studies the sectoral structure, the special pattern and it differentiates the importance of German direct investment with the help of data from the available databases (DUIHK 25member list and creditreform.hu-HVG TOP 500 enterprises), structured in-depth interviews (leaders of settlements, directors of companies and civilian organizations related to German minority) and regression analysis. The impact of foreign direct investment on social life, its role in living a life of a small town dweller and in obtaining the title of township are introduced by two short case studies. One of the settlements is Bonyhád, having one of the largest German minority and the other is Újhartyán, belonging to the outer ring of agglomeration of Budapest. Besides their favourable potentials the presence of German minority plays a crucial role in forming the economic and social life of these settlements. Our study shows the presence of German direct investment adjusting to the spatial structure of Hungarian economy and its sectoral differentiation is specific to a given region.
Az innovációk termelésének főáramú elméletéből következtethetünk arra, hogy az innovációk létrejö... more Az innovációk termelésének főáramú elméletéből következtethetünk arra, hogy az innovációk létrejöttének színterei meghatározó mértékben a városi központok és agglomerációk. Kutatásunk célja a tudományos megközelítések plurálisabbá tétele a térbeli innovációtermelésről. A szakirodalom szintetizáló áttekintésével választ adunk arra a kutatási kérdésre, hogy az innováció milyen mértékben köthető a központi urbánus és a vidéki periférikus területekhez. A dolgozat következtetése az, hogy az innováció folyamatával kapcsolatban a kutatások túlnyomó többsége a központokat vizsgálja, pedig az megtalálható a perifériákon is. A perifériák innovációs tevékenysége azonban sok esetben lassú, rejtett és a helyi hagyományokra és adottságokra épül. Az innováció így a központokban sűrűsödhet, de a perifériákon is jelen lehet. A perifériákon viszont kevésbé észlelhető, mert az innovációs folyamat végső szakaszai a városokhoz kapcsolódhatnak. Emiatt további kifejtést és vizsgálatokat igényel a szakirod...
A Covid–19 világjárvány okozta turbulenciák és ellátási zavarok felhívták a figyelmet a biztonság... more A Covid–19 világjárvány okozta turbulenciák és ellátási zavarok felhívták a figyelmet a biztonság, azon belül is a működés- és ellátásbiztonság, illetve a stratégiai iparágakon belüli önellátás képességének a fontosságára. A járvány nyomán leginkább az egészségipar került előtérbe, az iparági elemzések és a GDP-arányos védelmi kiadások azonban a védelmi ipar felértékelődését is mutatják. A globális védelmi kiadások GDP-hez viszonyított arányának évek óta tartó csökkenő trendje a 2018. évi mélypont után növekedni kezdett. 2019-ben a változás még csak enyhe, 4 bázispontos, majd 2020-ban, a Covid–19 járvány okozta turbulenciák kibontakozásának évében az emelkedés már mintegy 17 bázispontos az előző évhez képest. Ezzel a GDP-arányos védelmi kiadások szintje ismét 2,3% fölé emelkedett, amely 2013 óta a legmagasabb érték. Ebben a fordulatban – a geopolitikai feszültségek mellett – közrejátszhatott az önellátás, a nemzet- és az ellátásbiztonság felértékelődése is a Covid–19 járvány alatt. ...
Over the past decade, due in part to the global economic crisis, a significant part of the bank b... more Over the past decade, due in part to the global economic crisis, a significant part of the bank branches have been closed in the European banking system, but in Hungary this proportion has been significantly higher than the European average. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to explore what aspects of commercial banks are taken into account when deciding where to be present within bank branches. This will also reveal the spatial dimension of public access to financial services. The present study seeks to answer the question of which socio-economic factors and in what form they affect the spatial structure of bank branches. The settlement-level examination can also provide additional indication of which settlements may be affected by further bank branch closures. Linear regression based on Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) parameter estimation was used to explore the factors influencing the location of bank branches. In addition, the possible clustering of bank branches was obser...
This article analyses the economic impact of inbound student mobility in Hungary. The research is... more This article analyses the economic impact of inbound student mobility in Hungary. The research is based on an innovative approach not only showing the geoeconomic impact based on expenditures of the different groups of incoming students (Erasmus+, degree mobility of self-funded or scholarship holder students), but also links the data to specific sectors of the national and local economies. Thus, the paper reveals that international student mobility affects not only the internationalization of the higher education institutions or even the entire higher education sector, but also the wider macro environment, carrying geopolitical considerations. Based on the findings, a new aspect or “side effect” of the global and/or governmental “soft power” initiatives (e.g. Erasmus+, Belt and Road Initiative, Stipendium Hungaricum) can be identified in economic development. With the Hungarian case, the article intends to contribute to a better understanding of the changing geopolitics of higher education in the twenty-first century.
The scholarly journal Modern Geográfia has been providing a publication platform for researchers ... more The scholarly journal Modern Geográfia has been providing a publication platform for researchers of geography and, more broadly, the natural and social sciences for 15 years now. Effective dissemination of scientific results is of paramount importance in broadening the horizons of both basic and applied research. The aim of the present study is to explore the role of Modern Geográfia in the above process, thus to outline its profile and possible directions for its further development. The applied method can be an effective help in formulating the portfolio and the strategic goals of other scholarly journals. The methodological basis of the research is provided by the statistical analysis of the journal based on a primary database containing several indicators. The results cover the number of articles published in the journal, in addition to the dynamics of the publications, its profiling, the presentation of the affected topics, and the evaluation of the trends of recent years. In a...
Uploads
Papers by Levente Alpek