In this chapter the state of the art of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanocomposite... more In this chapter the state of the art of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanocomposites used in membrane-based separations for water treatment is reviewed, taking into account representative examples in applications. Transport principles and mechanisms of these processes are briefly discussed. Emphasis is placed on the transport properties of POSS nanocomposites and how POSS chemistry influences them. Tailoring functional side groups of POSS particles and their content is an appealing approach to control pore size or free volume precisely in nanoscale to enhance membrane permeability and selectivity. The inherent properties of POSS cage structure can also be considered to enhance mechanical strength and resistance of membranes under harsh operation conditions.
BACKGROUND Even though dragon fruit peel has more health benefits than its pulp, it is considered... more BACKGROUND Even though dragon fruit peel has more health benefits than its pulp, it is considered to be waste after fruit processing. In this study, dragon fruit peel was explored as an additional ingredient in winemaking. METHODS The contents of total phenolic compounds, betacyanins and ascorbic acid, the antioxidant capacity by DPPHž method, and the level of consumer acceptability of the wines prepared from two species with and without peel were compared. RESULTS The wines of the H. polyrhizus species contained much higher total phenolics (1.4-1.6 times), betacyanins (75-81 times), and vitamin C (2.8-3.8 times), as well as higher 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (1.2 times) than the wines of H. undatus. Although the fermentation process led to the degradation of betacyanins, it increased the total phenolics (up to 17%), vitamin C (up to 24%), and DPPHž scavenging activity (up to 19%) as compared with the control when fermentation was conducted at 25...
Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 2021
In this study, the usage of α-amylase and wheatgrass powder supplement was investigated to reduce... more In this study, the usage of α-amylase and wheatgrass powder supplement was investigated to reduce the fermentation duration and fortify the nutritional values of banh bo (white honeycomb cake), an indigenous cake made from rice flour and tapioca starch in Vietnam. The results indicate that the addition of 0.05 wt% and 0.07 wt% α-amylase could significantly reduce total fermentation duration from 11 to 6 h while the fortification with 0.5–2 wt% wheat grass did not significantly influence the process. All the batters exhibited strong non-Newtonian behavior, but higher consistency of batters was obtained with the addition of α-amylase. All the resultant cakes did not display a significant difference in porosity, except the cake of 0.2 wt% wheat grass. The hardness and chewiness values decreased gradually with the increase in added enzyme content, but their increasing trends were observed with the addition of wheatgrass. The supplement of wheatgrass powder significantly increased the co...
Drying characteristics of Thai basil (Ocimum basilicum var. thyrsiflorum) leaves during hot-air d... more Drying characteristics of Thai basil (Ocimum basilicum var. thyrsiflorum) leaves during hot-air drying process at different air temperatures with and without blanching pre-treatment were in-depth investigated. The increase in drying rate and decrease in drying time were observed at elevated temperatures. Blanching further reduced the drying time by approximately 19–45%, indicating to potentially reduce energy consumption of drying. The Midilli et al’s model demonstrated the best fitting to describe the process. The effective moisture diffusivity was computed as 0.21–1.55×10–10 m2s–1. The lower activation energy of water removal during drying for blanched leaves indicated that blanching had more energy efficiency at lower temperatures. Blanching also improved rehydration capacity of dried leaves. Microstructural analysis revealed that blanching caused the collapse of the cellular structure and shrinkage and hence reduced the resistance of moisture removal leading to a higher drying r...
A new zwitterionic triamine monomer prepared from tris(2aminoethyl)amine and 1,3-propane sultone ... more A new zwitterionic triamine monomer prepared from tris(2aminoethyl)amine and 1,3-propane sultone is proposed for the interfacial polymerization with trimesoyl chloride to form thin-film composite membranes for nanofiltration with antifouling properties. The positive effects of the zwitterionic monomer fraction on the surface characteristics of the polyamide layer, fouling resistance, and filtration performance are demonstrated. Increasing the zwitterionic monomers in the selective layer significantly improves the water permeance (two-fold) without affecting the rejection for dyes tested with a molecular weight in the range of 637 and 1673 g/mol. The smoother and more hydrophilic membrane surface of the newly developed membrane provides excellent fouling resistance confirmed by the negligible protein adsorption and permeance drop during the filtration.
Thai basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum var. thyrsiflorum) have been used in food flavoring and tradi... more Thai basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum var. thyrsiflorum) have been used in food flavoring and traditional medicine. Hot-air drying is a convenient and low-cost method to preserve them for long-term use but causes the loss of their bioactive compounds during the process. In this work, the effect of pre-blanching on preserving these characteristics of Thai basil leaves dried at different air temperatures was studied. The antioxidant characteristics were evaluated by the contents of total phenolics, total flavonoids and total chlorophylls and the scavenging capacity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. In addition, the inhibitory activities against starch-digesting enzymes were assessed with α-amylase and amyloglucosidase. At the air temperature of 50oC, antioxidant characteristics of dried leaves with pre-blanching were proven better than those without blanching and came close to those of the fresh sample. The drying temperature had more evident effects on inhibitory a...
Ethylene glycol (EG) and its derivatives were proposed as internal coagulants to spin hollow fibe... more Ethylene glycol (EG) and its derivatives were proposed as internal coagulants to spin hollow fiber membranes of the commercial polymer poly(ether imide) (PEI) and compared with water. The thermodynamic and kinetic characteristics of the polymer–solvent–nonsolvent systems were analyzed. The morphology and ultrafiltration performance of the resultant membranes were investigated. Water leads to a fast precipitation rate while a slow process is obtained for EG derivatives because of their high viscosity, large molecular size, and weak nonsolvent capability. The hollow fibers prepared with EG derivatives as bore fluids have thinner walls, which promote less resistance to the permeant transport. High rejections of bovine serum albumin (66 kg/mol), ovalbumin (45 kg/mol), and α-lactalbumin (14 kg/mol) were detected. The good performance combined with the nontoxicity of the EG derivatives makes them promising coagulants for membrane fabrication.
We compare the efficiency of grafting polyethylene glycol (PEG) and poly(sulfobetaine) hydrogel l... more We compare the efficiency of grafting polyethylene glycol (PEG) and poly(sulfobetaine) hydrogel layer on polyetherimide (PEI) hollow-fiber ultrafiltration membrane surfaces in terms of filtration performance, fouling minimization and stability in cleaning solutions. Two previously established different methods toward the two different chemistries (and both had already proven to be suited to reduce fouling significantly) are applied to the same PEI membranes. The hydrophilicity of PEI membranes is improved by the modification, as indicated by the change of contact angle value from 89 o to 68 o for both methods, due to the hydration layer formed in the hydrogel layers. Their pure water flux declines because of the additional permeation barrier from the hydrogel layers. However, these barriers increase protein rejection. In the exposure at a static condition, grafting PEG or poly(sulfobetaine) reduces protein adsorption to 23 % or 11 %, respectively. In the dynamic filtration, the hydrogel layers minimizes the flux reduction and increases the reversibility of fouling. Compared to the pristine PEI membrane that can recover its flux to 42 % after hydraulic cleaning, the PEG and poly(sulfobetaine) grafted membranes can recover their flux up to 63 % and 94 %, respectively. Stability tests show that the poly(sulfobetaine) hydrogel layer is stable in acid, base and chlorine solutions, while the PEG hydrogel layer suffers alkaline hydrolysis in base and oxidation in chlorine conditions. With its chemical stability and pronounced capability of minimizing fouling, especially irreversible fouling, protective poly(sulfobetaine) hydrogel layers have great potential for various membrane-based applications.
Ionic liquids have been considered green solvents for membrane fabrication. However, the high vis... more Ionic liquids have been considered green solvents for membrane fabrication. However, the high viscosity of their polymer solutions hinders the formation of membranes with strong mechanical properties. In this study, acetone was explored as a co-solvent with the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([EMIM]OAc) to dissolve cellulose acetate. The effects of acetone on the thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of the polymer solutions were studied and the physicochemical properties and separation capability of their resultant membranes were analyzed. The Hansen solubility parameters of [EMIM]OAc were measured by the software HSPiP and these data demonstrated that acetone was a suitable co-solvent to increase the solubility of cellulose acetate. The Gibbs free energy of mixing ΔG m was estimated to determine the proper composition of the polymer solution with better solubility. The study of the kinetics of phase separation showed that the demixing rate of the CA polymer solution in acetone and [EMIM]OAc was higher than that for solutions in [EMIM]OAc only. The membranes prepared from the former solution had higher water permeance and better mechanical stability than those prepared from the later solution. Adding acetone as a co-solvent opened the opportunity of fabricating membranes with higher polymer concentrations for higher separation capability and better mechanical properties.
We proposed the use of ethylene glycol and its mixture with water as bore fluid for the preparati... more We proposed the use of ethylene glycol and its mixture with water as bore fluid for the preparation of poly(ether imide) (PEI) hollow fiber membranes and compared their performance and morphology with membranes obtained with conventional coagulants (water and its mixture with the solvent N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP)). Thermodynamics and kinetics of the systems were investigated. Water and 1:1 water:EG mixtures lead to fast precipitation rates. Slow precipitation is observed for both pure EG and 9:1 NMP:water mixture, but the reasons for that are different. While low osmotic driving force leads to slow NMP and water transport when NMP:water is used, the high EG viscosity is the reason for the slow phase separation when EG is the bore fluid. The NMP:water mixture produces fibers with mixed sponge-like and finger-like structure with large pores in the inner and outer layers; and hence leading to a high water permeance and a high MWCO suitable for separation of large-sized proteins. As compared to NMP:water, using EG as bore fluid provides fibers with a finger-like bilayered structure and sponge-like layers near the surfaces, and hence contributing to the higher water permeance. It also induces small pores for better protein rejection.
The geometry of polymeric hollow fibers for hemodialysis or desalination is a key factor determin... more The geometry of polymeric hollow fibers for hemodialysis or desalination is a key factor determining their performance. Deformations are frequently observed, but they are rather random. Here we were able to exactly control the shape evolution of the internal channels or lumens of polymeric hollow fibers, leading to polygonal geometries with increasing number of sides. The elasticity of the incipient channel skin and instabilities during fiber formation are affected by the internal coagulant fluid composition and flow rate; and highly influence the polygonal shape. We propose a holistic explanation by analyzing the thermodynamic, kinetic and rheological aspects involved in the skin formation and their synergy.
Pervaporation has been regarded as a promising separation technology in separating azeotropic mix... more Pervaporation has been regarded as a promising separation technology in separating azeotropic mixtures, solutions with similar boiling points, thermally sensitive compounds, organic-organic mixtures as well as in removing dilute organics from aqueous solutions. As the pervaporation membrane is one of the crucial factors in determining the overall efficiency of the separation process, this article reviews the research and development (R&D) of polymeric pervaporation membranes from the perspective of membrane fabrication procedures and materials.
The pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) process is a green technique for power generation to respond ... more The pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) process is a green technique for power generation to respond the world's need of energy sustainability. In this study, we have developed the vital component of the process, i.e. membrane, in the configuration of the outer-selective thin-film composite (TFC) hollow fiber, which is more practical than other configurations in the real applications. The support layer morphology and the formation of the selective polyamide layer have been optimized for a good PRO performance. The results show that the bore fluid with higher amount of the solvent N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone leads to full finger-like hollow fibers, which provide higher flux but lower pressure tolerance. The addition of higher amount of diethylene glycol into the dope solution, improves the pore formation and suppresses the macrovoid formation, while properly lowering the take-up speed increases their wall thickness and pressure tolerance. A simple alcohol-pre-wetting approach on the fiber support leads to a smooth and thin polyamide layer, which is favorable for a high water flux and power density. Its efficiency follows this order: n-propanol > ethanol > methanol > water. The n-propanol prewetted TFC membrane can tolerate 17 bar with a peak power density of 9.59 W/m 2 at room temperature, using 1 M NaCl solution as the draw solution and DI water as feed. This work demonstrates the potential of outer-selective TFC hollow fiber membranes for energy conversion via PRO process, provides useful database to fabricate suitable support morphology and raise a simple technique to practically form a thin and smooth polyamide layer.
In this chapter the state of the art of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanocomposite... more In this chapter the state of the art of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanocomposites used in membrane-based separations for water treatment is reviewed, taking into account representative examples in applications. Transport principles and mechanisms of these processes are briefly discussed. Emphasis is placed on the transport properties of POSS nanocomposites and how POSS chemistry influences them. Tailoring functional side groups of POSS particles and their content is an appealing approach to control pore size or free volume precisely in nanoscale to enhance membrane permeability and selectivity. The inherent properties of POSS cage structure can also be considered to enhance mechanical strength and resistance of membranes under harsh operation conditions.
BACKGROUND Even though dragon fruit peel has more health benefits than its pulp, it is considered... more BACKGROUND Even though dragon fruit peel has more health benefits than its pulp, it is considered to be waste after fruit processing. In this study, dragon fruit peel was explored as an additional ingredient in winemaking. METHODS The contents of total phenolic compounds, betacyanins and ascorbic acid, the antioxidant capacity by DPPHž method, and the level of consumer acceptability of the wines prepared from two species with and without peel were compared. RESULTS The wines of the H. polyrhizus species contained much higher total phenolics (1.4-1.6 times), betacyanins (75-81 times), and vitamin C (2.8-3.8 times), as well as higher 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (1.2 times) than the wines of H. undatus. Although the fermentation process led to the degradation of betacyanins, it increased the total phenolics (up to 17%), vitamin C (up to 24%), and DPPHž scavenging activity (up to 19%) as compared with the control when fermentation was conducted at 25...
Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 2021
In this study, the usage of α-amylase and wheatgrass powder supplement was investigated to reduce... more In this study, the usage of α-amylase and wheatgrass powder supplement was investigated to reduce the fermentation duration and fortify the nutritional values of banh bo (white honeycomb cake), an indigenous cake made from rice flour and tapioca starch in Vietnam. The results indicate that the addition of 0.05 wt% and 0.07 wt% α-amylase could significantly reduce total fermentation duration from 11 to 6 h while the fortification with 0.5–2 wt% wheat grass did not significantly influence the process. All the batters exhibited strong non-Newtonian behavior, but higher consistency of batters was obtained with the addition of α-amylase. All the resultant cakes did not display a significant difference in porosity, except the cake of 0.2 wt% wheat grass. The hardness and chewiness values decreased gradually with the increase in added enzyme content, but their increasing trends were observed with the addition of wheatgrass. The supplement of wheatgrass powder significantly increased the co...
Drying characteristics of Thai basil (Ocimum basilicum var. thyrsiflorum) leaves during hot-air d... more Drying characteristics of Thai basil (Ocimum basilicum var. thyrsiflorum) leaves during hot-air drying process at different air temperatures with and without blanching pre-treatment were in-depth investigated. The increase in drying rate and decrease in drying time were observed at elevated temperatures. Blanching further reduced the drying time by approximately 19–45%, indicating to potentially reduce energy consumption of drying. The Midilli et al’s model demonstrated the best fitting to describe the process. The effective moisture diffusivity was computed as 0.21–1.55×10–10 m2s–1. The lower activation energy of water removal during drying for blanched leaves indicated that blanching had more energy efficiency at lower temperatures. Blanching also improved rehydration capacity of dried leaves. Microstructural analysis revealed that blanching caused the collapse of the cellular structure and shrinkage and hence reduced the resistance of moisture removal leading to a higher drying r...
A new zwitterionic triamine monomer prepared from tris(2aminoethyl)amine and 1,3-propane sultone ... more A new zwitterionic triamine monomer prepared from tris(2aminoethyl)amine and 1,3-propane sultone is proposed for the interfacial polymerization with trimesoyl chloride to form thin-film composite membranes for nanofiltration with antifouling properties. The positive effects of the zwitterionic monomer fraction on the surface characteristics of the polyamide layer, fouling resistance, and filtration performance are demonstrated. Increasing the zwitterionic monomers in the selective layer significantly improves the water permeance (two-fold) without affecting the rejection for dyes tested with a molecular weight in the range of 637 and 1673 g/mol. The smoother and more hydrophilic membrane surface of the newly developed membrane provides excellent fouling resistance confirmed by the negligible protein adsorption and permeance drop during the filtration.
Thai basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum var. thyrsiflorum) have been used in food flavoring and tradi... more Thai basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum var. thyrsiflorum) have been used in food flavoring and traditional medicine. Hot-air drying is a convenient and low-cost method to preserve them for long-term use but causes the loss of their bioactive compounds during the process. In this work, the effect of pre-blanching on preserving these characteristics of Thai basil leaves dried at different air temperatures was studied. The antioxidant characteristics were evaluated by the contents of total phenolics, total flavonoids and total chlorophylls and the scavenging capacity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. In addition, the inhibitory activities against starch-digesting enzymes were assessed with α-amylase and amyloglucosidase. At the air temperature of 50oC, antioxidant characteristics of dried leaves with pre-blanching were proven better than those without blanching and came close to those of the fresh sample. The drying temperature had more evident effects on inhibitory a...
Ethylene glycol (EG) and its derivatives were proposed as internal coagulants to spin hollow fibe... more Ethylene glycol (EG) and its derivatives were proposed as internal coagulants to spin hollow fiber membranes of the commercial polymer poly(ether imide) (PEI) and compared with water. The thermodynamic and kinetic characteristics of the polymer–solvent–nonsolvent systems were analyzed. The morphology and ultrafiltration performance of the resultant membranes were investigated. Water leads to a fast precipitation rate while a slow process is obtained for EG derivatives because of their high viscosity, large molecular size, and weak nonsolvent capability. The hollow fibers prepared with EG derivatives as bore fluids have thinner walls, which promote less resistance to the permeant transport. High rejections of bovine serum albumin (66 kg/mol), ovalbumin (45 kg/mol), and α-lactalbumin (14 kg/mol) were detected. The good performance combined with the nontoxicity of the EG derivatives makes them promising coagulants for membrane fabrication.
We compare the efficiency of grafting polyethylene glycol (PEG) and poly(sulfobetaine) hydrogel l... more We compare the efficiency of grafting polyethylene glycol (PEG) and poly(sulfobetaine) hydrogel layer on polyetherimide (PEI) hollow-fiber ultrafiltration membrane surfaces in terms of filtration performance, fouling minimization and stability in cleaning solutions. Two previously established different methods toward the two different chemistries (and both had already proven to be suited to reduce fouling significantly) are applied to the same PEI membranes. The hydrophilicity of PEI membranes is improved by the modification, as indicated by the change of contact angle value from 89 o to 68 o for both methods, due to the hydration layer formed in the hydrogel layers. Their pure water flux declines because of the additional permeation barrier from the hydrogel layers. However, these barriers increase protein rejection. In the exposure at a static condition, grafting PEG or poly(sulfobetaine) reduces protein adsorption to 23 % or 11 %, respectively. In the dynamic filtration, the hydrogel layers minimizes the flux reduction and increases the reversibility of fouling. Compared to the pristine PEI membrane that can recover its flux to 42 % after hydraulic cleaning, the PEG and poly(sulfobetaine) grafted membranes can recover their flux up to 63 % and 94 %, respectively. Stability tests show that the poly(sulfobetaine) hydrogel layer is stable in acid, base and chlorine solutions, while the PEG hydrogel layer suffers alkaline hydrolysis in base and oxidation in chlorine conditions. With its chemical stability and pronounced capability of minimizing fouling, especially irreversible fouling, protective poly(sulfobetaine) hydrogel layers have great potential for various membrane-based applications.
Ionic liquids have been considered green solvents for membrane fabrication. However, the high vis... more Ionic liquids have been considered green solvents for membrane fabrication. However, the high viscosity of their polymer solutions hinders the formation of membranes with strong mechanical properties. In this study, acetone was explored as a co-solvent with the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([EMIM]OAc) to dissolve cellulose acetate. The effects of acetone on the thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of the polymer solutions were studied and the physicochemical properties and separation capability of their resultant membranes were analyzed. The Hansen solubility parameters of [EMIM]OAc were measured by the software HSPiP and these data demonstrated that acetone was a suitable co-solvent to increase the solubility of cellulose acetate. The Gibbs free energy of mixing ΔG m was estimated to determine the proper composition of the polymer solution with better solubility. The study of the kinetics of phase separation showed that the demixing rate of the CA polymer solution in acetone and [EMIM]OAc was higher than that for solutions in [EMIM]OAc only. The membranes prepared from the former solution had higher water permeance and better mechanical stability than those prepared from the later solution. Adding acetone as a co-solvent opened the opportunity of fabricating membranes with higher polymer concentrations for higher separation capability and better mechanical properties.
We proposed the use of ethylene glycol and its mixture with water as bore fluid for the preparati... more We proposed the use of ethylene glycol and its mixture with water as bore fluid for the preparation of poly(ether imide) (PEI) hollow fiber membranes and compared their performance and morphology with membranes obtained with conventional coagulants (water and its mixture with the solvent N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP)). Thermodynamics and kinetics of the systems were investigated. Water and 1:1 water:EG mixtures lead to fast precipitation rates. Slow precipitation is observed for both pure EG and 9:1 NMP:water mixture, but the reasons for that are different. While low osmotic driving force leads to slow NMP and water transport when NMP:water is used, the high EG viscosity is the reason for the slow phase separation when EG is the bore fluid. The NMP:water mixture produces fibers with mixed sponge-like and finger-like structure with large pores in the inner and outer layers; and hence leading to a high water permeance and a high MWCO suitable for separation of large-sized proteins. As compared to NMP:water, using EG as bore fluid provides fibers with a finger-like bilayered structure and sponge-like layers near the surfaces, and hence contributing to the higher water permeance. It also induces small pores for better protein rejection.
The geometry of polymeric hollow fibers for hemodialysis or desalination is a key factor determin... more The geometry of polymeric hollow fibers for hemodialysis or desalination is a key factor determining their performance. Deformations are frequently observed, but they are rather random. Here we were able to exactly control the shape evolution of the internal channels or lumens of polymeric hollow fibers, leading to polygonal geometries with increasing number of sides. The elasticity of the incipient channel skin and instabilities during fiber formation are affected by the internal coagulant fluid composition and flow rate; and highly influence the polygonal shape. We propose a holistic explanation by analyzing the thermodynamic, kinetic and rheological aspects involved in the skin formation and their synergy.
Pervaporation has been regarded as a promising separation technology in separating azeotropic mix... more Pervaporation has been regarded as a promising separation technology in separating azeotropic mixtures, solutions with similar boiling points, thermally sensitive compounds, organic-organic mixtures as well as in removing dilute organics from aqueous solutions. As the pervaporation membrane is one of the crucial factors in determining the overall efficiency of the separation process, this article reviews the research and development (R&D) of polymeric pervaporation membranes from the perspective of membrane fabrication procedures and materials.
The pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) process is a green technique for power generation to respond ... more The pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) process is a green technique for power generation to respond the world's need of energy sustainability. In this study, we have developed the vital component of the process, i.e. membrane, in the configuration of the outer-selective thin-film composite (TFC) hollow fiber, which is more practical than other configurations in the real applications. The support layer morphology and the formation of the selective polyamide layer have been optimized for a good PRO performance. The results show that the bore fluid with higher amount of the solvent N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone leads to full finger-like hollow fibers, which provide higher flux but lower pressure tolerance. The addition of higher amount of diethylene glycol into the dope solution, improves the pore formation and suppresses the macrovoid formation, while properly lowering the take-up speed increases their wall thickness and pressure tolerance. A simple alcohol-pre-wetting approach on the fiber support leads to a smooth and thin polyamide layer, which is favorable for a high water flux and power density. Its efficiency follows this order: n-propanol > ethanol > methanol > water. The n-propanol prewetted TFC membrane can tolerate 17 bar with a peak power density of 9.59 W/m 2 at room temperature, using 1 M NaCl solution as the draw solution and DI water as feed. This work demonstrates the potential of outer-selective TFC hollow fiber membranes for energy conversion via PRO process, provides useful database to fabricate suitable support morphology and raise a simple technique to practically form a thin and smooth polyamide layer.
Uploads
Papers by Ngoc Lieu Le