Two experiments examine the effect of multiple synthetic voices in an e-commerce context. In Stud... more Two experiments examine the effect of multiple synthetic voices in an e-commerce context. In Study 1, participants (N = 40) heard five positive reviews about a book from five different synthetic voices or from a single synthetic voice. Consistent with the multiple source effect, results showed that participants hearing multiple synthetic voices evaluated the reviewed books more positively, predicted more favorable public reaction to the books, and felt greater social presence of virtual speakers. The effects were mediated by participants' feelings of social presence. The second experiment (N = 40) showed that the observed effects persisted even when participants were shown the purely artificial nature of synthesized speech. These results support the idea that characteristics of synthetic voices in doubly disembodied language settings influence participants' imagination of virtual speakers, and that technological literacy does not hinder social responses to anthropomorphic technologies such as text-to-speech (TTS).
Two experiments examined the effects of exposure to a pre-game story prior to playing a computer ... more Two experiments examined the effects of exposure to a pre-game story prior to playing a computer game. In Experiment 1, participants played a computer game after watching a 5 min pre-game story video about the main character of the game. Prior exposure to the pre-game story positively influenced participants' feelings of presence and their game evaluation. The effect of pre-game story exposure on game evaluation was mediated by participants' feelings of presence. When a comparison between participants who watched the pre-game story and those who watched a non-story video was conducted, no mediating role of feelings of presence was found. In Experiment 2, participants read a movie script before playing the game. Its results partially replicated those of Experiment 1 with no significant mediating role of feelings of presence. The implications of the current study were discussed with respect to (1) studies on stories in computer games, (2) presence research, and (3) the design of computer games.
s Applying Bandura's social learning theory, this paper proposes a theoretical framework for anal... more s Applying Bandura's social learning theory, this paper proposes a theoretical framework for analysing the effect of MUD playing on users' self ef cacy. Three types of self ef cacy – computer self eff cacy (CSE), social self ef cacy (SSE) and generalized self eff cacy (GSE) – are introduced. A possible hypothesis – successful performance, vicarious experience, hearing positive verbal persuasion and massive exposure during MUD playing will raise the CSE, SSE, and GSE of users – is suggested. Finally, a theoretical model explaining the relationship between self ef cacy and MUD activities is proposed. MUD et l'ef cacité personnelle Applicant la théorie de l'apprentissage de Bandura cet article propose un cadre théorique pour analyser les effets de MUD jouant sur l'ef cacité personnelle de l'utilisateur. 3 types de celles-ci – computer self-ef ciency (CSE) social self eff cacy (SSE) et generalisé self-eff ciency (GSE) – sont introduits et une hypothèse possible. Les résultats réussis, expérience substituée, écoute de la persuasion verbalement et l'exposition massive au jeu de MUD augmentera le CSE, SSE et GSE des utilisateurs est suggéreé. Finalement un modèle théoritique expliquant le rapport entre l'ef cacité personnelle et les activités de MUD est proposé. NDLR. Beaucoup de termes sont introduisable en francais et ont dû être maintenus en anglais. MUD und Selbstvertrauen (MUD: multiuser domain, multiuser dungeon, oder multiuser dimension; eine (virtuelle) Umgebung, in der mehrere Menschen (Spieler) gleichzeitig eingeloggt sein können, um miteinander zu agieren (Rollenspiele). / Eff cacy : wörtl.: Wirksamkeit – Der Übersetzer). Unter Anwendung von Banduras Sozialer Lerntheorie wird in diesem Beitrag ein theoretischer Rahmen vorgestellt, mit dessen Hilfe man die Wirkung des MUD-Spielens auf das Selbstvertrauen der Teilnehmer analysieren kann. Es werden drei Arten dieses Selbstvertrauens eingeführt – Computer self ef cacy (CSE), Social self ef cacy (SSE) und Generalized self Ef cacy (GSE). Die Hypothese ist, dass durch die erfolgreiche Durchführung Ersatzerfahrungen, das Hören positiver verbaler Bestätigung und das massives Ausgeliefertsein während des MUD-Spielens das Selbstbewußtsein (CSE, SSE und GSE) des Spielers erhöht wird. Zum Schluss wird ein theoretisches Modell zur Beziehung zwischen Selbstvertrauen und MUD-Aktivitäten vorgestellt.
Employing the framework of the technology acceptance model (TAM), the present study investigates ... more Employing the framework of the technology acceptance model (TAM), the present study investigates the factors that affect employees' acceptance and use of teleconferencing systems for work-related meetings in business settings. Based on survey data of 155 working professionals, a path analysis confirmed the key propositions of TAM. Importantly, the results also showed that both individual factors such as anxiety and self-efficacy, and institutional factors such as institutional support and voluntariness were significantly related to perceived ease of use (PEOU), perceived usefulness (PU), and actual use of the systems. By examining teleconferencing that typically involves group communication within organizations, this study contributes to theoretical refinement of group-based technology use and adoption. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
This article reports on an experiment that critically tests user preference for an input modality... more This article reports on an experiment that critically tests user preference for an input modality (speech vs. Dual Tone Multiple Frequency [DTMF]) in a phone-based message retrieval system. Unlike previous studies that compared these two modalities, the speech system used in this study was a fully functioning natural language system, and participants in this study were working professionals, rather than college students. Results indicate that (a) DTMF was more effective and efficient for linear tasks, whereas speech was better for nonlinear tasks; (b) speech was preferred to DTMF by a majority of users; (c) speech was judged as being more satisfying, more entertaining, and easier to use than DTMF; and (d) user preference for a particular modality was better predicted by user performance in nonlinear tasks rather than linear ones. Possible reasons for users' continuing preference for the speech modality even after experiencing fairly high recognition errors are discussed. Finally, the importance of examining speech user interfaces from other perspectives in addition to efficiency maximization is emphasized. The results of our study have theoretical as well as practical implications for the design of speech user interfaces and interactive voice response applications.
Despite the intense interest in the phenomena of presence, there have been limited attempts to ex... more Despite the intense interest in the phenomena of presence, there have been limited attempts to explain the fundamental reason why human beings can feel presence when they use media and/or simulation technologies. This is mainly because previous studies on presence have focused on " what " questions—what are the causes and effects of pres-ence?—rather than the " why " question. The current paper tries to solve this problem by providing an elaborated—and probably controversial—account of the fundamental presence enabling mechanism. More specifically, it explains the modularity of human minds, and proposes that human beings can feel presence due to the automatic application of two types of causal reasoning modules—folk-physics modules for knowing about physical causation, and folk-psychology modules for knowing about social causation—when they respond to mediated and/or simulated objects. Finally, it explains the media-equation phenomena (in which media or computer users feel physical or social presence) according to the modularity argument.
The present study examined two common mechanisms that are used to explain why reading on an elect... more The present study examined two common mechanisms that are used to explain why reading on an electronic screen versus paper result in different reading outcomes: The Cognitive Map Mechanism and the Medium Materiality Mechanism. A laboratory experiment (N ¼ 45), was conducted using a three-group comparison design (paper book vs. digital equivalent vs. digital disrupted view). Our hypotheses that were based on the cognitive map mechanism were largely supported. On the other hand, our hypotheses following the medium materiality mechanism were not sufficiently evidenced. Specifically, our results showed that the paper book was similar to its digital equivalent, and both were better than the digital disrupted view in terms of reading comprehension, feelings of fatigue, and psychological immersion. The findings implied that it is not the materiality of the presentation medium that influences reading outcomes, rather it is the extent to which the text presentation facilitates, or impedes, the reader's ability to construct a cognitive map that influences the reading process. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the a... more This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier's archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/authorsrights a b s t r a c t The current study investigates the effects of 3D displays (shuttered display vs. polarized display). People experienced superior fidelity and brightness when they watched 2D still images on a shuttered display, rather than on a polarized display. Conversely, people experienced greater brightness when they watched 3D still images on a polarized display, rather than on a shuttered display. Second, people were able to read a smaller font or characters on a shuttered display than on a polarized display. Third, people noticed flickering on a shuttered display when they watched 3D images. Fourth, people experienced greater brightness when they watched 3D moving images on a shuttered display, rather than on a shuttered display. The perceived brightness of the screen positively correlated with enjoyment, content satisfaction, and 3DTV satisfaction when the viewers watched a 3D movie. The flickering, on the other hand, has a negative correlation with enjoyment and 3DTV satisfaction.
Employing the framework of the technology acceptance model (TAM), the present study investigates ... more Employing the framework of the technology acceptance model (TAM), the present study investigates the factors that affect employees' acceptance and use of teleconferencing systems for work-related meetings in business settings. Based on survey data of 155 working professionals, a path analysis confirmed the key propositions of TAM. Importantly, the results also showed that both individual factors such as anxiety and self-efficacy, and institutional factors such as institutional support and voluntariness were significantly related to perceived ease of use (PEOU), perceived usefulness (PU), and actual use of the systems. By examining teleconferencing that typically involves group communication within organizations, this study contributes to theoretical refinement of group-based technology use and adoption. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
This study tests the effect of long-term artifi cial development of a robot on users' feelings of... more This study tests the effect of long-term artifi cial development of a robot on users' feelings of social presence and social responses toward the robot. The study is a 2 (developmental capability: developmental versus fully matured) x 2 (number of participants: individual versus group) between-subjects experiment (N = 40) in which participants interact with Sony's robot dog, AIBO, for a month. The results showed that the developmental capability factor had signifi cant positive impacts on (a) perceptions of AIBO as a lifelike creature, (b) feelings of social presence, and (c) social responses toward AIBO. The number of participants factor, however, affected only the parasocial relationship and the buying intention variables. No interaction between the two factors was found. The results of a series of path analyses showed that feelings of social presence mediated participants' social responses toward AIBO. We discuss implications of the current study on human–robot interaction, the computers are social actors (CASA) paradigm, and the study of (tele)presence.
Two experiments examined the effects of exposure to a pre-game story prior to playing a computer ... more Two experiments examined the effects of exposure to a pre-game story prior to playing a computer game. In Experiment 1, participants played a computer game after watching a 5 min pre-game story video about the main character of the game. Prior exposure to the pre-game story positively influenced participants' feelings of presence and their game evaluation. The effect of pre-game story exposure on game evaluation was mediated by participants' feelings of presence. When a comparison between participants who watched the pre-game story and those who watched a non-story video was conducted, no mediating role of feelings of presence was found. In Experiment 2, participants read a movie script before playing the game. Its results partially replicated those of Experiment 1 with no significant mediating role of feelings of presence. The implications of the current study were discussed with respect to (1) studies on stories in computer games, (2) presence research, and (3) the design of computer games.
The present study investigates the impact of the experience of role playing a violent character i... more The present study investigates the impact of the experience of role playing a violent character in a video game on attitudes towards violent crimes and criminals. People who played the violent game were found to be more acceptable of crimes and criminals compared to people who did not play the violent game. More importantly, interaction effects were found such that people were more acceptable of crimes and criminals outside the game if the criminals were matched with the role they played in the game and the criminal actions were similar to the activities they perpetrated during the game. The results indicate that people's virtual experience through role-playing games can influence their attitudes and judgments of similar real-life crimes, especially if the crimes are similar to what they conducted while playing games. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Personality is an essential feature for creating socially interactive robots. Studies on this dim... more Personality is an essential feature for creating socially interactive robots. Studies on this dimension will facilitate enhanced human–robot interaction (HRI). Using AIBO, a social robotic pet developed by Sony, we examined the issue of personality in HRI. In this gender-balanced 2 (AIBO personality: introvert vs. extrovert) by 2 (participant personality: introvert vs. extrovert) between-subject experiment (N = 48), we found that participants could accurately recognize a robot's personality based on its verbal and nonverbal behaviors. In addition, various complementarity attraction effects were found in HRI. Participants enjoyed interacting with a robot more when the robot's personality was complementary to their own personalities than when the robot's personality was similar to their own personalities. The same complementarity attraction effect was found in participants' evaluation of the robot's intelligence and social attraction. Participants' feelings of social presence during the interaction were a significant mediator for the complementarity attraction effects observed. Practical and theoretical implications of the current study for the design of social robots and the study of HRI were discussed.
Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of physical embodiment in human–agent i... more Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of physical embodiment in human–agent interaction. Experiment 1 (N ¼ 32) shows positive effects of physical embodiment on the feeling of an agent's social presence, the evaluation of the agent, the assessment of public evaluation of the agent, and the evaluation of the interaction with the agent. A path analysis reveals that the feeling of the agent's social presence mediates the participants' evaluation of the social agent. Experiment 2 (N ¼ 32) shows that physical embodiment with restricted tactile interaction causes null or even negative effects in human–agent interaction. In addition, Experiment 2 indicates that lonely people feel higher social presence of social agents, and provide more positive social responses to social agents than non-lonely people. The importance of physical embodiment and tactile communication in human–agent interaction and the diverse role of social robots, especially for the lonely population, are discussed.
This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the a... more This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier's archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/authorsrights a b s t r a c t The present study investigates the effects of relative positions of stereoscopic objects (PSO) ('Far' (from viewers) vs. 'Near' (to viewers) vs. 'Both') and seat location on viewers' psychological responses. People who watched a movie with 'Both' conditions reported more arousal and satisfaction compared to people who watched a movie with either the 'Far' or 'Near' condition. More importantly, interaction effects were reported such as more dizziness (a) with the 'Near' condition if sitting on the left or right side in the cinema and (b) with the 'Far' condition if sitting in the middle of the cinema. Additionally, people who wore glasses felt more eye fatigue than those who did not. Secondly, people felt less presence, sensation of depth, and arousal if they had prior experience viewing stereoscopic movies. The results indicate that viewing experience with different PSOs and/or seat locations can influence psychological response.
The present study examined two common mechanisms that are used to explain why reading on an elect... more The present study examined two common mechanisms that are used to explain why reading on an electronic screen versus paper result in different reading outcomes: The Cognitive Map Mechanism and the Medium Materiality Mechanism. A laboratory experiment (N ¼ 45), was conducted using a three-group comparison design (paper book vs. digital equivalent vs. digital disrupted view). Our hypotheses that were based on the cognitive map mechanism were largely supported. On the other hand, our hypotheses following the medium materiality mechanism were not sufficiently evidenced. Specifically, our results showed that the paper book was similar to its digital equivalent, and both were better than the digital disrupted view in terms of reading comprehension, feelings of fatigue, and psychological immersion. The findings implied that it is not the materiality of the presentation medium that influences reading outcomes, rather it is the extent to which the text presentation facilitates, or impedes, the reader's ability to construct a cognitive map that influences the reading process. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
Two experiments examine the effect of multiple synthetic voices in an e-commerce context. In Stud... more Two experiments examine the effect of multiple synthetic voices in an e-commerce context. In Study 1, participants (N = 40) heard five positive reviews about a book from five different synthetic voices or from a single synthetic voice. Consistent with the multiple source effect, results showed that participants hearing multiple synthetic voices evaluated the reviewed books more positively, predicted more favorable public reaction to the books, and felt greater social presence of virtual speakers. The effects were mediated by participants' feelings of social presence. The second experiment (N = 40) showed that the observed effects persisted even when participants were shown the purely artificial nature of synthesized speech. These results support the idea that characteristics of synthetic voices in doubly disembodied language settings influence participants' imagination of virtual speakers, and that technological literacy does not hinder social responses to anthropomorphic technologies such as text-to-speech (TTS).
Two experiments examined the effects of exposure to a pre-game story prior to playing a computer ... more Two experiments examined the effects of exposure to a pre-game story prior to playing a computer game. In Experiment 1, participants played a computer game after watching a 5 min pre-game story video about the main character of the game. Prior exposure to the pre-game story positively influenced participants' feelings of presence and their game evaluation. The effect of pre-game story exposure on game evaluation was mediated by participants' feelings of presence. When a comparison between participants who watched the pre-game story and those who watched a non-story video was conducted, no mediating role of feelings of presence was found. In Experiment 2, participants read a movie script before playing the game. Its results partially replicated those of Experiment 1 with no significant mediating role of feelings of presence. The implications of the current study were discussed with respect to (1) studies on stories in computer games, (2) presence research, and (3) the design of computer games.
s Applying Bandura's social learning theory, this paper proposes a theoretical framework for anal... more s Applying Bandura's social learning theory, this paper proposes a theoretical framework for analysing the effect of MUD playing on users' self ef cacy. Three types of self ef cacy – computer self eff cacy (CSE), social self ef cacy (SSE) and generalized self eff cacy (GSE) – are introduced. A possible hypothesis – successful performance, vicarious experience, hearing positive verbal persuasion and massive exposure during MUD playing will raise the CSE, SSE, and GSE of users – is suggested. Finally, a theoretical model explaining the relationship between self ef cacy and MUD activities is proposed. MUD et l'ef cacité personnelle Applicant la théorie de l'apprentissage de Bandura cet article propose un cadre théorique pour analyser les effets de MUD jouant sur l'ef cacité personnelle de l'utilisateur. 3 types de celles-ci – computer self-ef ciency (CSE) social self eff cacy (SSE) et generalisé self-eff ciency (GSE) – sont introduits et une hypothèse possible. Les résultats réussis, expérience substituée, écoute de la persuasion verbalement et l'exposition massive au jeu de MUD augmentera le CSE, SSE et GSE des utilisateurs est suggéreé. Finalement un modèle théoritique expliquant le rapport entre l'ef cacité personnelle et les activités de MUD est proposé. NDLR. Beaucoup de termes sont introduisable en francais et ont dû être maintenus en anglais. MUD und Selbstvertrauen (MUD: multiuser domain, multiuser dungeon, oder multiuser dimension; eine (virtuelle) Umgebung, in der mehrere Menschen (Spieler) gleichzeitig eingeloggt sein können, um miteinander zu agieren (Rollenspiele). / Eff cacy : wörtl.: Wirksamkeit – Der Übersetzer). Unter Anwendung von Banduras Sozialer Lerntheorie wird in diesem Beitrag ein theoretischer Rahmen vorgestellt, mit dessen Hilfe man die Wirkung des MUD-Spielens auf das Selbstvertrauen der Teilnehmer analysieren kann. Es werden drei Arten dieses Selbstvertrauens eingeführt – Computer self ef cacy (CSE), Social self ef cacy (SSE) und Generalized self Ef cacy (GSE). Die Hypothese ist, dass durch die erfolgreiche Durchführung Ersatzerfahrungen, das Hören positiver verbaler Bestätigung und das massives Ausgeliefertsein während des MUD-Spielens das Selbstbewußtsein (CSE, SSE und GSE) des Spielers erhöht wird. Zum Schluss wird ein theoretisches Modell zur Beziehung zwischen Selbstvertrauen und MUD-Aktivitäten vorgestellt.
Employing the framework of the technology acceptance model (TAM), the present study investigates ... more Employing the framework of the technology acceptance model (TAM), the present study investigates the factors that affect employees' acceptance and use of teleconferencing systems for work-related meetings in business settings. Based on survey data of 155 working professionals, a path analysis confirmed the key propositions of TAM. Importantly, the results also showed that both individual factors such as anxiety and self-efficacy, and institutional factors such as institutional support and voluntariness were significantly related to perceived ease of use (PEOU), perceived usefulness (PU), and actual use of the systems. By examining teleconferencing that typically involves group communication within organizations, this study contributes to theoretical refinement of group-based technology use and adoption. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
This article reports on an experiment that critically tests user preference for an input modality... more This article reports on an experiment that critically tests user preference for an input modality (speech vs. Dual Tone Multiple Frequency [DTMF]) in a phone-based message retrieval system. Unlike previous studies that compared these two modalities, the speech system used in this study was a fully functioning natural language system, and participants in this study were working professionals, rather than college students. Results indicate that (a) DTMF was more effective and efficient for linear tasks, whereas speech was better for nonlinear tasks; (b) speech was preferred to DTMF by a majority of users; (c) speech was judged as being more satisfying, more entertaining, and easier to use than DTMF; and (d) user preference for a particular modality was better predicted by user performance in nonlinear tasks rather than linear ones. Possible reasons for users' continuing preference for the speech modality even after experiencing fairly high recognition errors are discussed. Finally, the importance of examining speech user interfaces from other perspectives in addition to efficiency maximization is emphasized. The results of our study have theoretical as well as practical implications for the design of speech user interfaces and interactive voice response applications.
Despite the intense interest in the phenomena of presence, there have been limited attempts to ex... more Despite the intense interest in the phenomena of presence, there have been limited attempts to explain the fundamental reason why human beings can feel presence when they use media and/or simulation technologies. This is mainly because previous studies on presence have focused on " what " questions—what are the causes and effects of pres-ence?—rather than the " why " question. The current paper tries to solve this problem by providing an elaborated—and probably controversial—account of the fundamental presence enabling mechanism. More specifically, it explains the modularity of human minds, and proposes that human beings can feel presence due to the automatic application of two types of causal reasoning modules—folk-physics modules for knowing about physical causation, and folk-psychology modules for knowing about social causation—when they respond to mediated and/or simulated objects. Finally, it explains the media-equation phenomena (in which media or computer users feel physical or social presence) according to the modularity argument.
The present study examined two common mechanisms that are used to explain why reading on an elect... more The present study examined two common mechanisms that are used to explain why reading on an electronic screen versus paper result in different reading outcomes: The Cognitive Map Mechanism and the Medium Materiality Mechanism. A laboratory experiment (N ¼ 45), was conducted using a three-group comparison design (paper book vs. digital equivalent vs. digital disrupted view). Our hypotheses that were based on the cognitive map mechanism were largely supported. On the other hand, our hypotheses following the medium materiality mechanism were not sufficiently evidenced. Specifically, our results showed that the paper book was similar to its digital equivalent, and both were better than the digital disrupted view in terms of reading comprehension, feelings of fatigue, and psychological immersion. The findings implied that it is not the materiality of the presentation medium that influences reading outcomes, rather it is the extent to which the text presentation facilitates, or impedes, the reader's ability to construct a cognitive map that influences the reading process. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the a... more This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier's archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/authorsrights a b s t r a c t The current study investigates the effects of 3D displays (shuttered display vs. polarized display). People experienced superior fidelity and brightness when they watched 2D still images on a shuttered display, rather than on a polarized display. Conversely, people experienced greater brightness when they watched 3D still images on a polarized display, rather than on a shuttered display. Second, people were able to read a smaller font or characters on a shuttered display than on a polarized display. Third, people noticed flickering on a shuttered display when they watched 3D images. Fourth, people experienced greater brightness when they watched 3D moving images on a shuttered display, rather than on a shuttered display. The perceived brightness of the screen positively correlated with enjoyment, content satisfaction, and 3DTV satisfaction when the viewers watched a 3D movie. The flickering, on the other hand, has a negative correlation with enjoyment and 3DTV satisfaction.
Employing the framework of the technology acceptance model (TAM), the present study investigates ... more Employing the framework of the technology acceptance model (TAM), the present study investigates the factors that affect employees' acceptance and use of teleconferencing systems for work-related meetings in business settings. Based on survey data of 155 working professionals, a path analysis confirmed the key propositions of TAM. Importantly, the results also showed that both individual factors such as anxiety and self-efficacy, and institutional factors such as institutional support and voluntariness were significantly related to perceived ease of use (PEOU), perceived usefulness (PU), and actual use of the systems. By examining teleconferencing that typically involves group communication within organizations, this study contributes to theoretical refinement of group-based technology use and adoption. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
This study tests the effect of long-term artifi cial development of a robot on users' feelings of... more This study tests the effect of long-term artifi cial development of a robot on users' feelings of social presence and social responses toward the robot. The study is a 2 (developmental capability: developmental versus fully matured) x 2 (number of participants: individual versus group) between-subjects experiment (N = 40) in which participants interact with Sony's robot dog, AIBO, for a month. The results showed that the developmental capability factor had signifi cant positive impacts on (a) perceptions of AIBO as a lifelike creature, (b) feelings of social presence, and (c) social responses toward AIBO. The number of participants factor, however, affected only the parasocial relationship and the buying intention variables. No interaction between the two factors was found. The results of a series of path analyses showed that feelings of social presence mediated participants' social responses toward AIBO. We discuss implications of the current study on human–robot interaction, the computers are social actors (CASA) paradigm, and the study of (tele)presence.
Two experiments examined the effects of exposure to a pre-game story prior to playing a computer ... more Two experiments examined the effects of exposure to a pre-game story prior to playing a computer game. In Experiment 1, participants played a computer game after watching a 5 min pre-game story video about the main character of the game. Prior exposure to the pre-game story positively influenced participants' feelings of presence and their game evaluation. The effect of pre-game story exposure on game evaluation was mediated by participants' feelings of presence. When a comparison between participants who watched the pre-game story and those who watched a non-story video was conducted, no mediating role of feelings of presence was found. In Experiment 2, participants read a movie script before playing the game. Its results partially replicated those of Experiment 1 with no significant mediating role of feelings of presence. The implications of the current study were discussed with respect to (1) studies on stories in computer games, (2) presence research, and (3) the design of computer games.
The present study investigates the impact of the experience of role playing a violent character i... more The present study investigates the impact of the experience of role playing a violent character in a video game on attitudes towards violent crimes and criminals. People who played the violent game were found to be more acceptable of crimes and criminals compared to people who did not play the violent game. More importantly, interaction effects were found such that people were more acceptable of crimes and criminals outside the game if the criminals were matched with the role they played in the game and the criminal actions were similar to the activities they perpetrated during the game. The results indicate that people's virtual experience through role-playing games can influence their attitudes and judgments of similar real-life crimes, especially if the crimes are similar to what they conducted while playing games. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Personality is an essential feature for creating socially interactive robots. Studies on this dim... more Personality is an essential feature for creating socially interactive robots. Studies on this dimension will facilitate enhanced human–robot interaction (HRI). Using AIBO, a social robotic pet developed by Sony, we examined the issue of personality in HRI. In this gender-balanced 2 (AIBO personality: introvert vs. extrovert) by 2 (participant personality: introvert vs. extrovert) between-subject experiment (N = 48), we found that participants could accurately recognize a robot's personality based on its verbal and nonverbal behaviors. In addition, various complementarity attraction effects were found in HRI. Participants enjoyed interacting with a robot more when the robot's personality was complementary to their own personalities than when the robot's personality was similar to their own personalities. The same complementarity attraction effect was found in participants' evaluation of the robot's intelligence and social attraction. Participants' feelings of social presence during the interaction were a significant mediator for the complementarity attraction effects observed. Practical and theoretical implications of the current study for the design of social robots and the study of HRI were discussed.
Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of physical embodiment in human–agent i... more Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of physical embodiment in human–agent interaction. Experiment 1 (N ¼ 32) shows positive effects of physical embodiment on the feeling of an agent's social presence, the evaluation of the agent, the assessment of public evaluation of the agent, and the evaluation of the interaction with the agent. A path analysis reveals that the feeling of the agent's social presence mediates the participants' evaluation of the social agent. Experiment 2 (N ¼ 32) shows that physical embodiment with restricted tactile interaction causes null or even negative effects in human–agent interaction. In addition, Experiment 2 indicates that lonely people feel higher social presence of social agents, and provide more positive social responses to social agents than non-lonely people. The importance of physical embodiment and tactile communication in human–agent interaction and the diverse role of social robots, especially for the lonely population, are discussed.
This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the a... more This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier's archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/authorsrights a b s t r a c t The present study investigates the effects of relative positions of stereoscopic objects (PSO) ('Far' (from viewers) vs. 'Near' (to viewers) vs. 'Both') and seat location on viewers' psychological responses. People who watched a movie with 'Both' conditions reported more arousal and satisfaction compared to people who watched a movie with either the 'Far' or 'Near' condition. More importantly, interaction effects were reported such as more dizziness (a) with the 'Near' condition if sitting on the left or right side in the cinema and (b) with the 'Far' condition if sitting in the middle of the cinema. Additionally, people who wore glasses felt more eye fatigue than those who did not. Secondly, people felt less presence, sensation of depth, and arousal if they had prior experience viewing stereoscopic movies. The results indicate that viewing experience with different PSOs and/or seat locations can influence psychological response.
The present study examined two common mechanisms that are used to explain why reading on an elect... more The present study examined two common mechanisms that are used to explain why reading on an electronic screen versus paper result in different reading outcomes: The Cognitive Map Mechanism and the Medium Materiality Mechanism. A laboratory experiment (N ¼ 45), was conducted using a three-group comparison design (paper book vs. digital equivalent vs. digital disrupted view). Our hypotheses that were based on the cognitive map mechanism were largely supported. On the other hand, our hypotheses following the medium materiality mechanism were not sufficiently evidenced. Specifically, our results showed that the paper book was similar to its digital equivalent, and both were better than the digital disrupted view in terms of reading comprehension, feelings of fatigue, and psychological immersion. The findings implied that it is not the materiality of the presentation medium that influences reading outcomes, rather it is the extent to which the text presentation facilitates, or impedes, the reader's ability to construct a cognitive map that influences the reading process. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
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