Cellulose nanocrystals are the most fascinating smart bio-based nanomaterials derived from the mo... more Cellulose nanocrystals are the most fascinating smart bio-based nanomaterials derived from the most abundant and inexhaustible, naturally occurring biopolymer “cellulose.” These nanomaterials have received a tremendous amount of interest in both industry and scientific research due to their unique structural and physicochemical properties including mechanical, optical, chemical, and rheological along with bio-compatibility, biodegradability, renewability, low density, and adaptable surface chemistry. However, few challenges are addressed due to the hydrophilic nature of these nanocrystals while acting as reinforcing agent for developing composite films. The surface modification or functionalization of these nanomaterials is one such strategy to meet the various challenging demands such as the development of high-performance nanocomposites, using hydrophobic polymer matrices. Considering the increasing potential of this sustainable bio-nanomaterial, the current chapter aims to collat...
Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials, 2019
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are the emerging and sustainable biopolymers because of its biocompa... more Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are the emerging and sustainable biopolymers because of its biocompatibility, non-toxicity, and biological origin. There are many existing carbon sources which are inexpensive and readily available in nature; these include the waste organic acids, carbohydrates, fats, sugars, and oils. This chapter focuses on the use of all above-mentioned sources along with the agricultural waste residues such as lignocellulosic biomass and its pretreatment technologies for the efficient utilization of waste sources for the production of PHAs with maximum production yields. Further, the chapter discusses the effect of different fermentation processes like batch, fed-batch, and continuous processes on the yield of PHAs and the use of the mixed cultures in the specific processes. The major content of this chapter focuses on the applications of PHAs on articular cartilage repair, cardiovascular patch grafting, meniscus repair devices, molded products such as disposable nee...
Renewable bio-based and biodegradable plastics produced by economically viable industrial process... more Renewable bio-based and biodegradable plastics produced by economically viable industrial processes can be considered as sustainable plastics. Currently, such plastics are attaining tremendous attention as the green alternative for food packaging applications from the researchers and industries to combat the environmental hazards created by plastics produced from the fossil-based feedstock. These bio-based and bio-derived plastics, namely poly(lactic acid) [PLA], poly(e-caprolactone) [PCL], poly (hydroxybutyrate) [PHB], and poly(butylene succinate) [PBS] are more promising substitutes of conventional plastics for rigid, semirigid, and flexible packaging. Furthermore, food packaging does not mean only protecting and marketing the product but has a wide role in preserving and retaining the safety and quality of packaged food throughout its life cycle. On the other hand, the inherent limitations in the previously mentioned sustainable polymers such as gas barrier property (oxygen and w...
This paper demonstrates the fabrication of silk nanodisc (SND) dispersed chitosan (CS) based new ... more This paper demonstrates the fabrication of silk nanodisc (SND) dispersed chitosan (CS) based new edible coating as a candidate for superior thermal, hydrophobic, optical, mechanical, and physicochemical properties, which further provide remarkable storage quality for banana fruits. Fabrication of SND is attained following acid hydrolysis of silk fibroin (SF), where the successful nanostructures formulations are analyzed by FESEM, FETEM and XRD analysis delivering disc shaped morphology with amplified crystallinity (~95.0%). The SF has been fabricated from waste muga cocoons using the degumming process. The superior thermal stability of SND compared to SF portray a new era in required heat resistant packaging. The effectiveness of SND is investigated on packaging properties of CS biocomposites including thermal, wettability, mechanical, color, surface morphology, and others. Wettability of SND incorporated CS biocomposite enhanced by ~ 10° suggesting improved hydrophobicity. The edible coatings are a new candidate to improve the shelf life of bananas over 7 days at 25 °C for prevailing original weight, optical property, firmness, and others.
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
Exploration of biodegradable materials for conventional application has taken a rising interest a... more Exploration of biodegradable materials for conventional application has taken a rising interest across the world. The presented work primarily focused on exploring the effectiveness of isolated CNCs from marine de-oiled green algae biomass residue (Dunaliella tertiolecta) in synthesized poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL). The washed algae biomass residue (WABR) and algae derived CNCs were explored as two different bio-fillers incorporated into PCL for comparison and development of biodegradable and flexible bio-composites with varying bio-filler loading. FTIR, XRD, TGA, UTM, DSC, POM, and SAXS characterized the developed PCL/WABR and PCL/CNC bio-composites. Improved thermal stability was observed in PCL/CNC bio-composites by ~10 °C rise. Besides, increased modulus of 18.38 MPa and tensile strength was obtained in PCL/CNC/1 bio-composites. However, the isothermal kinetics study (at 45 °C) revealed the reduction in the degree of crystallinity of bio-composites, and the axialite formation was visualized via POM. Moreover, CNCs was found as an excellent nucleating agent and effective bio-filler as compared to WABR.
Marine green algae biomass residue (ABR), a waste by-product of Dunaliella tertiolecta, left behi... more Marine green algae biomass residue (ABR), a waste by-product of Dunaliella tertiolecta, left behind after the extraction of oil from the algal biomass, was utilized for the fabrication of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). The fabricated sulphuric acid hydrolysed CNCs had needle-like morphology, with dominant cellulose type I polymorph and a high crystallinity index of 89 %. ICP-MS elemental analysis confirmed the presence of a variety of minerals in the ABR. Washed ABR (WABR)/PLA and CNC/PLA bio-composite films were developed via solvent casting technique with varying bio-filler loadings for comparing their effectiveness on the crystallization behaviour of PLA. FESEM, FTIR, XRD and TGA were used to characterize the bio-fillers. The nucleating and crystallization behaviour of the bio-composite films were confirmed using DSC, SAXS and POM analysis which indicated better effectiveness of CNCs with a significant reduction in cold crystallization temperature, and noteworthy increment in crystallinity and spherulite growth rate.
Abstract The present study describes the fabrication and characterization of eco-friendly composi... more Abstract The present study describes the fabrication and characterization of eco-friendly composites based on high density polyethylene (HDPE), poly (lactic acid) (PLA) with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) fibres via melt extrusion followed by injection moulding. The morphology of PLA in both HDPE/PLA blends and HDPE/MCC fibres composites was irregular and immiscible. The tensile strength at max load and % elongation at break of all polyblend composites were reduced to ~17%, ~15%, and ~84%, ~89% than pure HDPE matrix, respectively. The toughness of HDPE and its polyblend composites were decreased to ~92% and ~91%, respectively. As higher number indicates greater resistance, the hardness of HDPE was improved by ~7% and ~10% after adding PLA followed by MCC fibres. As revealed from DSC analysis, the crystallinity of composites was considerably influenced by the MCC fibres content due to the transcrystallization effect. The crystallinity of HDPE/PLA with MCC fibres polyblend composites was decreased by ~41% as compared to the HDPE matrix because of disorientation of fibres as seen in X-ray diffraction analysis. Eventually, the results revealed that the presence or absence of MCC fibre loading had significant effects on the mechanical, morphological, and thermal properties of HDPE/PLA blends.
Phospholipases are group of enzymes which catalyse hydrolysis of glycerophospholipids in vegetabl... more Phospholipases are group of enzymes which catalyse hydrolysis of glycerophospholipids in vegetable oils commonly known as gum. The nonhydratable gums of crude edible oils can be made hydratable by treatment with phospholipases (A1, A2, C and D). Phospholipase A2 acts on ester-linkage of glycerophospholipid at Sn-2 position of esterified glycerol thereby releasing one molecule of fatty acid and makes the remaining phosphatide molecule soluble in water. Enzymatic degumming is found to be economical in terms of energy consumption, and it produces better quality oil with minimum loss during subsequent refining operations. The present work on degumming of palm oil with phospholipase A2 has produced satisfactory results in terms of reduction of total phosphorous content of the oil (97%), as well as in producing a good yield (95%) of degummed oil as compared to conventional acid degumming process (93.5%).
Cellulose nanocrystals are the most fascinating smart bio-based nanomaterials derived from the mo... more Cellulose nanocrystals are the most fascinating smart bio-based nanomaterials derived from the most abundant and inexhaustible, naturally occurring biopolymer “cellulose.” These nanomaterials have received a tremendous amount of interest in both industry and scientific research due to their unique structural and physicochemical properties including mechanical, optical, chemical, and rheological along with bio-compatibility, biodegradability, renewability, low density, and adaptable surface chemistry. However, few challenges are addressed due to the hydrophilic nature of these nanocrystals while acting as reinforcing agent for developing composite films. The surface modification or functionalization of these nanomaterials is one such strategy to meet the various challenging demands such as the development of high-performance nanocomposites, using hydrophobic polymer matrices. Considering the increasing potential of this sustainable bio-nanomaterial, the current chapter aims to collat...
Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials, 2019
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are the emerging and sustainable biopolymers because of its biocompa... more Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are the emerging and sustainable biopolymers because of its biocompatibility, non-toxicity, and biological origin. There are many existing carbon sources which are inexpensive and readily available in nature; these include the waste organic acids, carbohydrates, fats, sugars, and oils. This chapter focuses on the use of all above-mentioned sources along with the agricultural waste residues such as lignocellulosic biomass and its pretreatment technologies for the efficient utilization of waste sources for the production of PHAs with maximum production yields. Further, the chapter discusses the effect of different fermentation processes like batch, fed-batch, and continuous processes on the yield of PHAs and the use of the mixed cultures in the specific processes. The major content of this chapter focuses on the applications of PHAs on articular cartilage repair, cardiovascular patch grafting, meniscus repair devices, molded products such as disposable nee...
Renewable bio-based and biodegradable plastics produced by economically viable industrial process... more Renewable bio-based and biodegradable plastics produced by economically viable industrial processes can be considered as sustainable plastics. Currently, such plastics are attaining tremendous attention as the green alternative for food packaging applications from the researchers and industries to combat the environmental hazards created by plastics produced from the fossil-based feedstock. These bio-based and bio-derived plastics, namely poly(lactic acid) [PLA], poly(e-caprolactone) [PCL], poly (hydroxybutyrate) [PHB], and poly(butylene succinate) [PBS] are more promising substitutes of conventional plastics for rigid, semirigid, and flexible packaging. Furthermore, food packaging does not mean only protecting and marketing the product but has a wide role in preserving and retaining the safety and quality of packaged food throughout its life cycle. On the other hand, the inherent limitations in the previously mentioned sustainable polymers such as gas barrier property (oxygen and w...
This paper demonstrates the fabrication of silk nanodisc (SND) dispersed chitosan (CS) based new ... more This paper demonstrates the fabrication of silk nanodisc (SND) dispersed chitosan (CS) based new edible coating as a candidate for superior thermal, hydrophobic, optical, mechanical, and physicochemical properties, which further provide remarkable storage quality for banana fruits. Fabrication of SND is attained following acid hydrolysis of silk fibroin (SF), where the successful nanostructures formulations are analyzed by FESEM, FETEM and XRD analysis delivering disc shaped morphology with amplified crystallinity (~95.0%). The SF has been fabricated from waste muga cocoons using the degumming process. The superior thermal stability of SND compared to SF portray a new era in required heat resistant packaging. The effectiveness of SND is investigated on packaging properties of CS biocomposites including thermal, wettability, mechanical, color, surface morphology, and others. Wettability of SND incorporated CS biocomposite enhanced by ~ 10° suggesting improved hydrophobicity. The edible coatings are a new candidate to improve the shelf life of bananas over 7 days at 25 °C for prevailing original weight, optical property, firmness, and others.
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
Exploration of biodegradable materials for conventional application has taken a rising interest a... more Exploration of biodegradable materials for conventional application has taken a rising interest across the world. The presented work primarily focused on exploring the effectiveness of isolated CNCs from marine de-oiled green algae biomass residue (Dunaliella tertiolecta) in synthesized poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL). The washed algae biomass residue (WABR) and algae derived CNCs were explored as two different bio-fillers incorporated into PCL for comparison and development of biodegradable and flexible bio-composites with varying bio-filler loading. FTIR, XRD, TGA, UTM, DSC, POM, and SAXS characterized the developed PCL/WABR and PCL/CNC bio-composites. Improved thermal stability was observed in PCL/CNC bio-composites by ~10 °C rise. Besides, increased modulus of 18.38 MPa and tensile strength was obtained in PCL/CNC/1 bio-composites. However, the isothermal kinetics study (at 45 °C) revealed the reduction in the degree of crystallinity of bio-composites, and the axialite formation was visualized via POM. Moreover, CNCs was found as an excellent nucleating agent and effective bio-filler as compared to WABR.
Marine green algae biomass residue (ABR), a waste by-product of Dunaliella tertiolecta, left behi... more Marine green algae biomass residue (ABR), a waste by-product of Dunaliella tertiolecta, left behind after the extraction of oil from the algal biomass, was utilized for the fabrication of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). The fabricated sulphuric acid hydrolysed CNCs had needle-like morphology, with dominant cellulose type I polymorph and a high crystallinity index of 89 %. ICP-MS elemental analysis confirmed the presence of a variety of minerals in the ABR. Washed ABR (WABR)/PLA and CNC/PLA bio-composite films were developed via solvent casting technique with varying bio-filler loadings for comparing their effectiveness on the crystallization behaviour of PLA. FESEM, FTIR, XRD and TGA were used to characterize the bio-fillers. The nucleating and crystallization behaviour of the bio-composite films were confirmed using DSC, SAXS and POM analysis which indicated better effectiveness of CNCs with a significant reduction in cold crystallization temperature, and noteworthy increment in crystallinity and spherulite growth rate.
Abstract The present study describes the fabrication and characterization of eco-friendly composi... more Abstract The present study describes the fabrication and characterization of eco-friendly composites based on high density polyethylene (HDPE), poly (lactic acid) (PLA) with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) fibres via melt extrusion followed by injection moulding. The morphology of PLA in both HDPE/PLA blends and HDPE/MCC fibres composites was irregular and immiscible. The tensile strength at max load and % elongation at break of all polyblend composites were reduced to ~17%, ~15%, and ~84%, ~89% than pure HDPE matrix, respectively. The toughness of HDPE and its polyblend composites were decreased to ~92% and ~91%, respectively. As higher number indicates greater resistance, the hardness of HDPE was improved by ~7% and ~10% after adding PLA followed by MCC fibres. As revealed from DSC analysis, the crystallinity of composites was considerably influenced by the MCC fibres content due to the transcrystallization effect. The crystallinity of HDPE/PLA with MCC fibres polyblend composites was decreased by ~41% as compared to the HDPE matrix because of disorientation of fibres as seen in X-ray diffraction analysis. Eventually, the results revealed that the presence or absence of MCC fibre loading had significant effects on the mechanical, morphological, and thermal properties of HDPE/PLA blends.
Phospholipases are group of enzymes which catalyse hydrolysis of glycerophospholipids in vegetabl... more Phospholipases are group of enzymes which catalyse hydrolysis of glycerophospholipids in vegetable oils commonly known as gum. The nonhydratable gums of crude edible oils can be made hydratable by treatment with phospholipases (A1, A2, C and D). Phospholipase A2 acts on ester-linkage of glycerophospholipid at Sn-2 position of esterified glycerol thereby releasing one molecule of fatty acid and makes the remaining phosphatide molecule soluble in water. Enzymatic degumming is found to be economical in terms of energy consumption, and it produces better quality oil with minimum loss during subsequent refining operations. The present work on degumming of palm oil with phospholipase A2 has produced satisfactory results in terms of reduction of total phosphorous content of the oil (97%), as well as in producing a good yield (95%) of degummed oil as compared to conventional acid degumming process (93.5%).
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