i am professor of political science at punjab university.security studies and foreign policy are my basic areas.i have produced many phd .Research is my passion.
AbstractThe homeland security system is a concept born to prevent the threat of terrorism and all... more AbstractThe homeland security system is a concept born to prevent the threat of terrorism and all types of crime in the urban city structure of the developed world. The power and economy of the globalized world paved the way for safe cites to attain sustainable development through communication technologies and modern strategies. In post '9/11' scenario the world encountered with the threat of terrorism that forced the endangered countries to launch collective efforts against the growing threat of terrorism. The homeland security strategy is a multi-faced task to provide safety and security to our cities and sustain its development. It encompasses the basic principles of partnership, convenience, sharing network, transparency and follow-up. Pakistan is in dire need to opt such strategies of safety and security to sustain its economic development and its citizens' security. The study will discuss a proposed strategy of homeland security for Pakistan keeping its focus on b...
Security Dilemma is a phenomenon in International Relations most typically associated to Realist ... more Security Dilemma is a phenomenon in International Relations most typically associated to Realist School of thought and particularly to Structural Realism. It is a concept that entails a predominant notion that states in global international structure rely on their own potentials and considering that realist international order is anarchic, there are often chances where relative gains of one state prejudice relative gains of another. Security Dilemma is a byproduct of actions and reactions of contending state actors built around their national security architecture. It can be understood to be a combination of strategic decision-making and fractures therein caused by reciprocating maneuvers by adversaries. Security dilemma in international relations has taken roots from the Cold War where bipolarity was seen as a potent equalizer through brinkmanship. Security dilemma in such Cold War context was built around Massive Retaliation Doctrines being too vulnerable to avert risk reduction and a total erosion of deterrence capability and credibility. Pakistan and India, have often relied on Cold War stratagem to achieve their strategic equilibrium which makes up a dominant portion of South Asia's security dilemma. In this paper, we will examine the paradigms of Security Dilemma and prospective strategies to manage the spiral effect on strategic equilibrium in South Asia. This paper will also place focus on various instances where Security Dilemma remained operable and played a role in transformation of strategic dimensions between Pakistan and India. The aim of this research is to operationalize the necessity of security dilemma oriented reactionary responses in South Asia and the consequent effect on bilateralism between Pakistan and India. The paper will rely on constructivism and structural realist paradigms to understand state behavior from a communicative standpoint.
River Basin institutions or organizations are created for management of rivers on basin scale bec... more River Basin institutions or organizations are created for management of rivers on basin scale because unilateral and isolated actions regarding river infrastructure development create doubts and have adverse effects on quality, quantity and timing (availability) of water resources. Therefore, cooperation on shared water resources ensures adequate usage of water with enhanced economic opportunities. The river basin institution, create ownership in riparian countries and involve their political commitment for promoting coordination and cooperation. This plat form is used for sharing of benefits and fruitful results of water. The member states focus on issues and obstacles which hinder success prospects. The setting up of Trans boundary water management institution/organization/ commission is necessary to deal with issues between riparian countries. Hindrances include political and technical factors which riparian states should consider. Setting up of commission on Kabul River will guide and facilitate in preparing benefits sharing schemes and reaching treaties. In this article, importance of institutional arrangement in management of Kabul Basin is discussed along with other allied and related aspects including some successful examples of river basins institutions/ organizations around the world.
This research explores the possibilities for Pakistan in current economy-centered foreign relatio... more This research explores the possibilities for Pakistan in current economy-centered foreign relations with Iran. Recent developments related to CPEC, Gwadar and Chabahar port projects have the potential for both positive and adverse effects on political and economic interests of Pakistan and Iran. Pak-Iran relations in the past, though mostly remained cordial,yetwere alsosubject to external variables like situation in Middle East, Afghanistan or Sectarianism etc. The Current situation, however, involves economic interests as well as security concerns for Pakistan because of Indian involvement in Chabahar Port. The article argues that there are political and economic paradoxes along witheconomic developmental opportunities. India and China see each other as potential regional economic and political rivals. Both intend to advance their interests in the region through economic, strategic and business activities. Pakistan and Iran both can gain economic and political benefits by cooperating through CPEC and Chabahar and by improving security, transparency, better law and order, improved trading facilities along with encouraging and promoting their respective private sectors.
Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) by China has emerged as one of the most important factors in the u... more Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) by China has emerged as one of the most important factors in the upcoming global politics. This plan can impact both regional and global politics. There are multidimensional and multifaceted repercussions of BRI for the international global politics. This paper describes the details of BRI, the micro-plans which are being planned under this program. Then, it enlists the economic and international politics benefits which China would gain from this plan. After that, this paper enumerates the possible benefits of BRI for the regional countries like Pakistan. In addition to that, this paper also highlights the possible global and regional challenges which China might face while completing and getting benefits out of this plan. After conducting a critical analysis of BRI's trajectory, its possible global and regional repercussions for the emerging international politics, its benefits for China and the possible challenges this paper concludes that no matter how beneficial this plan can be for Chinese global economic position there are multiple challenges which China will have to tackle with. Otherwise, BRI can lose its potential economic and global benefits both in the region and in the larger world politics.
The changing world order has given rise to the debate on the emergence of China. Currently, China... more The changing world order has given rise to the debate on the emergence of China. Currently, China has become the future of 21 st century, weather it would lead to possibility of stability or chaos. The main point of this research weather US will ignore the changing world order without alteration and to confront to rise of China or it will recognize inevitability of alteration then the new world order based on distribution and balance of power. Thus the future of world would represent a multipolar stability in which each player holds the sphere of influence which iscommensurate to its real power.
Recent wave of terrorism after Operation Zarb-e-Az'b has witnessed a dispersal of terrorist eleme... more Recent wave of terrorism after Operation Zarb-e-Az'b has witnessed a dispersal of terrorist elements and has also initiated targeting of soft vulnerable non-kinetic social outlets as a means to deal considerable counter value collateral damage. Where one purpose of such a strategy could be to divert attention of law enforcement away from terrorist nerve centers, another noteworthy factor is that academic institutions are extremely vulnerable given their overall design and security layout. Apart from infrastructural deficiencies, academic institutions also house a considerable diversity of students and employees; therefore, there may be an instance of diffusion of extremist or terrorist elements both as operatives and as collaborators. Attacks on Army Public School Peshawar and Bacha Khan University revealed that terrorists had sufficient information and infrastructural knowledge that allowed them relative ease of operation. Personnel Reliability Program (PRP) is a mean to consolidate available data and information regarding any individual working in an organization. It enhances outreach of the organization in verifying inclinations and predispositions of any prospective individual aspiring to join an institution. PRP in academic institutions would be an enhancement of personal information collection procedure only to maintain consistent verification of on-campus activities as a means to further scrutinize not only miscreants but terrorist prone elements. The object is to allow a database that can be verifiable with NADRA, intelligence authorities, and other law enforcement authorities without physical intervention that can introduce caution and allow sufficiency of time to prepare a response.
Recent wave of terrorism after Operation Zarb-e-Az'b has witnessed a dispersal of terrorist eleme... more Recent wave of terrorism after Operation Zarb-e-Az'b has witnessed a dispersal of terrorist elements and has also initiated targeting of soft vulnerable non-kinetic social outlets as a means to deal considerable counter value collateral damage. Where one purpose of such a strategy could be to divert attention of law enforcement away from terrorist nerve centers, another noteworthy factor is that academic institutions are extremely vulnerable given their overall design and security layout. Apart from infrastructural deficiencies, academic institutions also house a considerable diversity of students and employees; therefore, there may be an instance of diffusion of extremist or terrorist elements both as operatives and as collaborators. Attacks on Army Public School Peshawar and Bacha Khan University revealed that terrorists had sufficient information and infrastructural knowledge that allowed them relative ease of operation. Personnel Reliability Program (PRP) is a mean to consolidate available data and information regarding any individual working in an organization. It enhances outreach of the organization in verifying inclinations and predispositions of any prospective individual aspiring to join an institution. PRP in academic institutions would be an enhancement of personal information collection procedure only to maintain consistent verification of on-campus activities as a means to further scrutinize not only miscreants but terrorist prone elements. The object is to allow a database that can be verifiable with NADRA, intelligence authorities, and other law enforcement authorities without physical intervention that can introduce caution and allow sufficiency of time to prepare a response.
The present research aims to investigate the effects of climate change on aquatic resources in In... more The present research aims to investigate the effects of climate change on aquatic resources in India and Pakistan, its worse implications on bilateral relations between both the agricultural countries on this grave issue. Extreme weather conditions like floods, droughts, heavy rain falls, cyclones and storms are responsible for the adverse climate situation in the region as well. Water is one of the basic necessities of life on this planet Earth. Population explosion along with urbanization, weather changes, water scarcity, and lack of proper institutional strategic mechanism which can deal with this alarming situation has become the burning issue in recent times. This research article unfolds and reveals that how inappropriate political decision making from both the countries aggravates this bulging issue and proves as a hindrance in its solution. This situation is a constant security threat to the lives of the people of both the countries. The present research provides a way to solve this problem that Megna Carta of both the countries on water resources and utilization of these sources is the need of the hour as both the countries are agricultural countries and their survival is not possible without water resources
This article examines issues and conflicts related to water among Indian states. Rapidly developi... more This article examines issues and conflicts related to water among Indian states. Rapidly developing Indian states are competing among themselves for propriety of mutual natural resources in which water is at top. Distribution of water or building water reservoirs over mutually shared rivers are issues among Indian states, even some territorial parts of states demand for separate state-status due to their complaints against mother state for depriving them from water. The paper finds that federal and state governments have worked to address the water problem with legislation and by establishing different water bodies; however, a permanent policy is lacking. A better and viable federal framework according to international standards is needed. Experts claim that if the situation is not addressed efficiently water sharing issues may lead to water scarcity in many areas and consequently serious political crises among and within the states. The Paper suggests that the water problem in India can be solved by involving all stakeholders within a win-win paradigm that will have positive implications for its water sharing approach with its neighbors
The insurgency in Afghanistan continues to be an ongoing predicament that the afghan government a... more The insurgency in Afghanistan continues to be an ongoing predicament that the afghan government and the international community continue to face. The insurgency has various underlying and immediate causes. The paper focuses the on the Post Liberal framework that had suggests that the one size fit all approach of liberal peace is no longer sufficient to address the realties on ground in cases like Afghanistan. the post liberal peace thus suggests in the inclusion of civil society and cases by case policy making to suit the circumstances. The paper opts a qualitative approach to study the cause and effect relationship of insurgency and state building. The most prominent cause of the Afghan insurgency is the failure of state building under the Liberal Peace Framework; these practices in Afghanistan have further aggravated the conflict. The cause and effect relationship thus developed is such that the insurgency undermines state building and the state building intensified the insurgency. Therefore, the case of Afghanistan suggests that the use of Post Liberal Peace can provide a workable solution of the Afghan Insurgency and creation of a sustainable peace
Sri Kartarpur Sahib is one of the most sacred religious sites for over twenty-seven million follo... more Sri Kartarpur Sahib is one of the most sacred religious sites for over twenty-seven million followers of Sikh religion around the world. This religious site known as gurdwara became a part of the premises of the state of Pakistan according to the partition plan in 1947. Sikh pilgrims desiring to visit this sacred place have always found it difficult due to the tensions between the two states of India and Pakistan. Finally, in August 2018, the newly elected Pakistani government under premiership of Mr. Imran Khan announced its intention to build a connecting corridor from Dera Baba Nanak in India to Kartarpur Sahib for the Sikh pilgrims. While it was generally considered a highly positive gesture towards building peace in the region, there was some negative response from the Indian side in particular. This paper discusses brief history of Kartarpur Sahib, the implications of the decision of constructing corridor by the Pakistan government and its importance in building peace between the two states and creating inter-faith harmony within Pakistan. An exploratory, historical and descriptive method has been applied. Besides consulting books and newspaper reports on this issue, two interviews were conducted to analyze contemporary situation. The results show that the move by the Pakistani government can very well be considered a way forward in peace building process and hurdles in implementation of a peace-oriented gesture need to be removed to promote inter-faith and interstate harmony.
Progress of China's economic development continues to be welcomed all around the world. However, ... more Progress of China's economic development continues to be welcomed all around the world. However, the world's second largest economy is witnessing problems at home.
As the world would call it, China is the 2nd superpower in the world and this fact is making head... more As the world would call it, China is the 2nd superpower in the world and this fact is making headlines. With this shift of power, China is being seen as reshaping the world order. While China negated this fact in the beginning, four years later China presented itself as establishing ‗new power relations.' What are the ground realties? How does China want the world to see itself? How the United is States challenging an emerging China and where are we heading towards is the emphasis of this paper. The first part, China makes headlines, provides a brief insight into how China is making inroads as a major actor, pushing itself towards a reformist agenda while making sure that its self-interest is not damaged. Mearsheimer's theory of neo-realism is studied in this regard. In the second part of the part, the strategic relationship of South Asian states, post 9/11 has been studied with respect to the theory of balance of power, with United States and India vs Pakistan and China Strategic Quadrangle. It is concluded that in comparison to United States and India, Pakistan and China's strategic partnership presents itself as a hallmark of ‗Grand Security Strategy.' In the third part of the paper, with reference to the strategy of Bandwagoning and Balancing, scholarly discussion by Robert Ross, David Shambaugh and David Kang is detailed. The authors discuss the insecurities of Southeast Asian states and the balance they are trying to maintain between United States and China. They argue that ‗balance of influence' is being maintained, evading the concept of balance of power. Fourthly, the paper debates the world of economic interdependence and states (US and China) which will dominate the 21st century. It relates this factor with specific reference to the European states, since their economies have majorly been at stake. The paper is limited to studying Sino-U.S. Competitions and Changes for the Global Political Order in the region of South Asia and European States. Conclusively, placing China into an international order does not come by choice, instead it is a necessity. Henceforth, U.S. needs to ensure that China is not seen as a disruptive but a positive force with which international affairs have to be restructured and balanced.
This study is focused on the impact of religion on the electoral pattern of the people of Punjab.... more This study is focused on the impact of religion on the electoral pattern of the people of Punjab. Religion as a determinant of voting behavior is best expressed in the votes secured by the religious parties. Thus, religious parties vote in Pakistan and Punjab is studied to build an argument. Religion has a strong impact on human life. It influences each act and attitude of the individual especially in developing countries. In Pakistan; religion has a solid affect in shaping the political attitudes and beliefs of the individuals. It is one of the key elements of politics.2018 general elections saw a sudden rise in the vote bank of religious political parties. It witnessed a 2.17 % increase in the religious vote country wide and 1.32% increase in Punjab. Tahreek Labbaik Pakistan appeared on the scene as a radical Sunni Islamic party, it mobilized the barelvi vote bank to great effect. And it emerged as the third largest party of Punjab, in terms of votes polled. 2018 general elections also witnessed the rise of Milli Muslim League which was a political wing of Jamaat-ud-Dawa, who were previously rejecting the parliamentary form of government and were critical of voting in elections. The increase in the influence of the various spiritual gaddi nasheen in the electoral politics of Punjab was also a prominent factor during the 11 th general election.
The groups of people based on religion, language or ethnicity living in a state but in lesser num... more The groups of people based on religion, language or ethnicity living in a state but in lesser numbers are called minorities. The minority groups have been living in Pakistan amicably since independence and have been playing their active role in the development of society especially in education and health sectors. Despite being living in conducive environment as good and responsible citizens, the minority groups have been facing inequality, discrimination and victimization by both the state and society. These minorities have been marginalized in almost every segment of life including employment, education, and top of all-the religious freedom. The minorities, especially the Christians have some serious issues about their security and often mention that they have been targeted especially under Blasphemy Law in which they have been prosecuted in the name of religion. Most of these blasphemy cases have been found out to be the result of personal enmity and religious vendettas. The government needs to address these issues of minorities on emergency footings for an inclusive and moderate Pakistani society.
In Pakistan, The judiciary takes on the driving seat particularly in the last decade. The judicia... more In Pakistan, The judiciary takes on the driving seat particularly in the last decade. The judiciary takes up all the cases of Public Interest litigation (PIL), ranges from the inconsequential cases of kite flying to the privatization of national institution and to the constitutional cases. This pro-active role of judiciary has created apprehensions not only in Pakistan but at international leval too. The opponents of judicial activism hold that it cross its jurisdictional limits and interfere in the matters which are purely the prerogative of executive and legislature. The recurrent use of judicial powers by the Pakistan's apex court under the suo moto jurisdiction has taken up all the matters i.e. social, economic, political and constitutional. Pakistan has adopted the parliamentary democracy under the separation of power. The proactive role of judiciary violates the very principle of this theory by crossing its limits. The present research focuses on (i) The concept, origin and scope of judicial activism (ii) The impact of judicial activism in the political, constitutional and democratic process of Pakistan. The research will conclude that judiciary needs to adopt the policy of self-restraint rather than self-indulgent. Adherence to the democratic principle of separation of powers completely, Pakistan can build a strong democratic political system.
AbstractThe homeland security system is a concept born to prevent the threat of terrorism and all... more AbstractThe homeland security system is a concept born to prevent the threat of terrorism and all types of crime in the urban city structure of the developed world. The power and economy of the globalized world paved the way for safe cites to attain sustainable development through communication technologies and modern strategies. In post '9/11' scenario the world encountered with the threat of terrorism that forced the endangered countries to launch collective efforts against the growing threat of terrorism. The homeland security strategy is a multi-faced task to provide safety and security to our cities and sustain its development. It encompasses the basic principles of partnership, convenience, sharing network, transparency and follow-up. Pakistan is in dire need to opt such strategies of safety and security to sustain its economic development and its citizens' security. The study will discuss a proposed strategy of homeland security for Pakistan keeping its focus on b...
Security Dilemma is a phenomenon in International Relations most typically associated to Realist ... more Security Dilemma is a phenomenon in International Relations most typically associated to Realist School of thought and particularly to Structural Realism. It is a concept that entails a predominant notion that states in global international structure rely on their own potentials and considering that realist international order is anarchic, there are often chances where relative gains of one state prejudice relative gains of another. Security Dilemma is a byproduct of actions and reactions of contending state actors built around their national security architecture. It can be understood to be a combination of strategic decision-making and fractures therein caused by reciprocating maneuvers by adversaries. Security dilemma in international relations has taken roots from the Cold War where bipolarity was seen as a potent equalizer through brinkmanship. Security dilemma in such Cold War context was built around Massive Retaliation Doctrines being too vulnerable to avert risk reduction and a total erosion of deterrence capability and credibility. Pakistan and India, have often relied on Cold War stratagem to achieve their strategic equilibrium which makes up a dominant portion of South Asia's security dilemma. In this paper, we will examine the paradigms of Security Dilemma and prospective strategies to manage the spiral effect on strategic equilibrium in South Asia. This paper will also place focus on various instances where Security Dilemma remained operable and played a role in transformation of strategic dimensions between Pakistan and India. The aim of this research is to operationalize the necessity of security dilemma oriented reactionary responses in South Asia and the consequent effect on bilateralism between Pakistan and India. The paper will rely on constructivism and structural realist paradigms to understand state behavior from a communicative standpoint.
River Basin institutions or organizations are created for management of rivers on basin scale bec... more River Basin institutions or organizations are created for management of rivers on basin scale because unilateral and isolated actions regarding river infrastructure development create doubts and have adverse effects on quality, quantity and timing (availability) of water resources. Therefore, cooperation on shared water resources ensures adequate usage of water with enhanced economic opportunities. The river basin institution, create ownership in riparian countries and involve their political commitment for promoting coordination and cooperation. This plat form is used for sharing of benefits and fruitful results of water. The member states focus on issues and obstacles which hinder success prospects. The setting up of Trans boundary water management institution/organization/ commission is necessary to deal with issues between riparian countries. Hindrances include political and technical factors which riparian states should consider. Setting up of commission on Kabul River will guide and facilitate in preparing benefits sharing schemes and reaching treaties. In this article, importance of institutional arrangement in management of Kabul Basin is discussed along with other allied and related aspects including some successful examples of river basins institutions/ organizations around the world.
This research explores the possibilities for Pakistan in current economy-centered foreign relatio... more This research explores the possibilities for Pakistan in current economy-centered foreign relations with Iran. Recent developments related to CPEC, Gwadar and Chabahar port projects have the potential for both positive and adverse effects on political and economic interests of Pakistan and Iran. Pak-Iran relations in the past, though mostly remained cordial,yetwere alsosubject to external variables like situation in Middle East, Afghanistan or Sectarianism etc. The Current situation, however, involves economic interests as well as security concerns for Pakistan because of Indian involvement in Chabahar Port. The article argues that there are political and economic paradoxes along witheconomic developmental opportunities. India and China see each other as potential regional economic and political rivals. Both intend to advance their interests in the region through economic, strategic and business activities. Pakistan and Iran both can gain economic and political benefits by cooperating through CPEC and Chabahar and by improving security, transparency, better law and order, improved trading facilities along with encouraging and promoting their respective private sectors.
Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) by China has emerged as one of the most important factors in the u... more Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) by China has emerged as one of the most important factors in the upcoming global politics. This plan can impact both regional and global politics. There are multidimensional and multifaceted repercussions of BRI for the international global politics. This paper describes the details of BRI, the micro-plans which are being planned under this program. Then, it enlists the economic and international politics benefits which China would gain from this plan. After that, this paper enumerates the possible benefits of BRI for the regional countries like Pakistan. In addition to that, this paper also highlights the possible global and regional challenges which China might face while completing and getting benefits out of this plan. After conducting a critical analysis of BRI's trajectory, its possible global and regional repercussions for the emerging international politics, its benefits for China and the possible challenges this paper concludes that no matter how beneficial this plan can be for Chinese global economic position there are multiple challenges which China will have to tackle with. Otherwise, BRI can lose its potential economic and global benefits both in the region and in the larger world politics.
The changing world order has given rise to the debate on the emergence of China. Currently, China... more The changing world order has given rise to the debate on the emergence of China. Currently, China has become the future of 21 st century, weather it would lead to possibility of stability or chaos. The main point of this research weather US will ignore the changing world order without alteration and to confront to rise of China or it will recognize inevitability of alteration then the new world order based on distribution and balance of power. Thus the future of world would represent a multipolar stability in which each player holds the sphere of influence which iscommensurate to its real power.
Recent wave of terrorism after Operation Zarb-e-Az'b has witnessed a dispersal of terrorist eleme... more Recent wave of terrorism after Operation Zarb-e-Az'b has witnessed a dispersal of terrorist elements and has also initiated targeting of soft vulnerable non-kinetic social outlets as a means to deal considerable counter value collateral damage. Where one purpose of such a strategy could be to divert attention of law enforcement away from terrorist nerve centers, another noteworthy factor is that academic institutions are extremely vulnerable given their overall design and security layout. Apart from infrastructural deficiencies, academic institutions also house a considerable diversity of students and employees; therefore, there may be an instance of diffusion of extremist or terrorist elements both as operatives and as collaborators. Attacks on Army Public School Peshawar and Bacha Khan University revealed that terrorists had sufficient information and infrastructural knowledge that allowed them relative ease of operation. Personnel Reliability Program (PRP) is a mean to consolidate available data and information regarding any individual working in an organization. It enhances outreach of the organization in verifying inclinations and predispositions of any prospective individual aspiring to join an institution. PRP in academic institutions would be an enhancement of personal information collection procedure only to maintain consistent verification of on-campus activities as a means to further scrutinize not only miscreants but terrorist prone elements. The object is to allow a database that can be verifiable with NADRA, intelligence authorities, and other law enforcement authorities without physical intervention that can introduce caution and allow sufficiency of time to prepare a response.
Recent wave of terrorism after Operation Zarb-e-Az'b has witnessed a dispersal of terrorist eleme... more Recent wave of terrorism after Operation Zarb-e-Az'b has witnessed a dispersal of terrorist elements and has also initiated targeting of soft vulnerable non-kinetic social outlets as a means to deal considerable counter value collateral damage. Where one purpose of such a strategy could be to divert attention of law enforcement away from terrorist nerve centers, another noteworthy factor is that academic institutions are extremely vulnerable given their overall design and security layout. Apart from infrastructural deficiencies, academic institutions also house a considerable diversity of students and employees; therefore, there may be an instance of diffusion of extremist or terrorist elements both as operatives and as collaborators. Attacks on Army Public School Peshawar and Bacha Khan University revealed that terrorists had sufficient information and infrastructural knowledge that allowed them relative ease of operation. Personnel Reliability Program (PRP) is a mean to consolidate available data and information regarding any individual working in an organization. It enhances outreach of the organization in verifying inclinations and predispositions of any prospective individual aspiring to join an institution. PRP in academic institutions would be an enhancement of personal information collection procedure only to maintain consistent verification of on-campus activities as a means to further scrutinize not only miscreants but terrorist prone elements. The object is to allow a database that can be verifiable with NADRA, intelligence authorities, and other law enforcement authorities without physical intervention that can introduce caution and allow sufficiency of time to prepare a response.
The present research aims to investigate the effects of climate change on aquatic resources in In... more The present research aims to investigate the effects of climate change on aquatic resources in India and Pakistan, its worse implications on bilateral relations between both the agricultural countries on this grave issue. Extreme weather conditions like floods, droughts, heavy rain falls, cyclones and storms are responsible for the adverse climate situation in the region as well. Water is one of the basic necessities of life on this planet Earth. Population explosion along with urbanization, weather changes, water scarcity, and lack of proper institutional strategic mechanism which can deal with this alarming situation has become the burning issue in recent times. This research article unfolds and reveals that how inappropriate political decision making from both the countries aggravates this bulging issue and proves as a hindrance in its solution. This situation is a constant security threat to the lives of the people of both the countries. The present research provides a way to solve this problem that Megna Carta of both the countries on water resources and utilization of these sources is the need of the hour as both the countries are agricultural countries and their survival is not possible without water resources
This article examines issues and conflicts related to water among Indian states. Rapidly developi... more This article examines issues and conflicts related to water among Indian states. Rapidly developing Indian states are competing among themselves for propriety of mutual natural resources in which water is at top. Distribution of water or building water reservoirs over mutually shared rivers are issues among Indian states, even some territorial parts of states demand for separate state-status due to their complaints against mother state for depriving them from water. The paper finds that federal and state governments have worked to address the water problem with legislation and by establishing different water bodies; however, a permanent policy is lacking. A better and viable federal framework according to international standards is needed. Experts claim that if the situation is not addressed efficiently water sharing issues may lead to water scarcity in many areas and consequently serious political crises among and within the states. The Paper suggests that the water problem in India can be solved by involving all stakeholders within a win-win paradigm that will have positive implications for its water sharing approach with its neighbors
The insurgency in Afghanistan continues to be an ongoing predicament that the afghan government a... more The insurgency in Afghanistan continues to be an ongoing predicament that the afghan government and the international community continue to face. The insurgency has various underlying and immediate causes. The paper focuses the on the Post Liberal framework that had suggests that the one size fit all approach of liberal peace is no longer sufficient to address the realties on ground in cases like Afghanistan. the post liberal peace thus suggests in the inclusion of civil society and cases by case policy making to suit the circumstances. The paper opts a qualitative approach to study the cause and effect relationship of insurgency and state building. The most prominent cause of the Afghan insurgency is the failure of state building under the Liberal Peace Framework; these practices in Afghanistan have further aggravated the conflict. The cause and effect relationship thus developed is such that the insurgency undermines state building and the state building intensified the insurgency. Therefore, the case of Afghanistan suggests that the use of Post Liberal Peace can provide a workable solution of the Afghan Insurgency and creation of a sustainable peace
Sri Kartarpur Sahib is one of the most sacred religious sites for over twenty-seven million follo... more Sri Kartarpur Sahib is one of the most sacred religious sites for over twenty-seven million followers of Sikh religion around the world. This religious site known as gurdwara became a part of the premises of the state of Pakistan according to the partition plan in 1947. Sikh pilgrims desiring to visit this sacred place have always found it difficult due to the tensions between the two states of India and Pakistan. Finally, in August 2018, the newly elected Pakistani government under premiership of Mr. Imran Khan announced its intention to build a connecting corridor from Dera Baba Nanak in India to Kartarpur Sahib for the Sikh pilgrims. While it was generally considered a highly positive gesture towards building peace in the region, there was some negative response from the Indian side in particular. This paper discusses brief history of Kartarpur Sahib, the implications of the decision of constructing corridor by the Pakistan government and its importance in building peace between the two states and creating inter-faith harmony within Pakistan. An exploratory, historical and descriptive method has been applied. Besides consulting books and newspaper reports on this issue, two interviews were conducted to analyze contemporary situation. The results show that the move by the Pakistani government can very well be considered a way forward in peace building process and hurdles in implementation of a peace-oriented gesture need to be removed to promote inter-faith and interstate harmony.
Progress of China's economic development continues to be welcomed all around the world. However, ... more Progress of China's economic development continues to be welcomed all around the world. However, the world's second largest economy is witnessing problems at home.
As the world would call it, China is the 2nd superpower in the world and this fact is making head... more As the world would call it, China is the 2nd superpower in the world and this fact is making headlines. With this shift of power, China is being seen as reshaping the world order. While China negated this fact in the beginning, four years later China presented itself as establishing ‗new power relations.' What are the ground realties? How does China want the world to see itself? How the United is States challenging an emerging China and where are we heading towards is the emphasis of this paper. The first part, China makes headlines, provides a brief insight into how China is making inroads as a major actor, pushing itself towards a reformist agenda while making sure that its self-interest is not damaged. Mearsheimer's theory of neo-realism is studied in this regard. In the second part of the part, the strategic relationship of South Asian states, post 9/11 has been studied with respect to the theory of balance of power, with United States and India vs Pakistan and China Strategic Quadrangle. It is concluded that in comparison to United States and India, Pakistan and China's strategic partnership presents itself as a hallmark of ‗Grand Security Strategy.' In the third part of the paper, with reference to the strategy of Bandwagoning and Balancing, scholarly discussion by Robert Ross, David Shambaugh and David Kang is detailed. The authors discuss the insecurities of Southeast Asian states and the balance they are trying to maintain between United States and China. They argue that ‗balance of influence' is being maintained, evading the concept of balance of power. Fourthly, the paper debates the world of economic interdependence and states (US and China) which will dominate the 21st century. It relates this factor with specific reference to the European states, since their economies have majorly been at stake. The paper is limited to studying Sino-U.S. Competitions and Changes for the Global Political Order in the region of South Asia and European States. Conclusively, placing China into an international order does not come by choice, instead it is a necessity. Henceforth, U.S. needs to ensure that China is not seen as a disruptive but a positive force with which international affairs have to be restructured and balanced.
This study is focused on the impact of religion on the electoral pattern of the people of Punjab.... more This study is focused on the impact of religion on the electoral pattern of the people of Punjab. Religion as a determinant of voting behavior is best expressed in the votes secured by the religious parties. Thus, religious parties vote in Pakistan and Punjab is studied to build an argument. Religion has a strong impact on human life. It influences each act and attitude of the individual especially in developing countries. In Pakistan; religion has a solid affect in shaping the political attitudes and beliefs of the individuals. It is one of the key elements of politics.2018 general elections saw a sudden rise in the vote bank of religious political parties. It witnessed a 2.17 % increase in the religious vote country wide and 1.32% increase in Punjab. Tahreek Labbaik Pakistan appeared on the scene as a radical Sunni Islamic party, it mobilized the barelvi vote bank to great effect. And it emerged as the third largest party of Punjab, in terms of votes polled. 2018 general elections also witnessed the rise of Milli Muslim League which was a political wing of Jamaat-ud-Dawa, who were previously rejecting the parliamentary form of government and were critical of voting in elections. The increase in the influence of the various spiritual gaddi nasheen in the electoral politics of Punjab was also a prominent factor during the 11 th general election.
The groups of people based on religion, language or ethnicity living in a state but in lesser num... more The groups of people based on religion, language or ethnicity living in a state but in lesser numbers are called minorities. The minority groups have been living in Pakistan amicably since independence and have been playing their active role in the development of society especially in education and health sectors. Despite being living in conducive environment as good and responsible citizens, the minority groups have been facing inequality, discrimination and victimization by both the state and society. These minorities have been marginalized in almost every segment of life including employment, education, and top of all-the religious freedom. The minorities, especially the Christians have some serious issues about their security and often mention that they have been targeted especially under Blasphemy Law in which they have been prosecuted in the name of religion. Most of these blasphemy cases have been found out to be the result of personal enmity and religious vendettas. The government needs to address these issues of minorities on emergency footings for an inclusive and moderate Pakistani society.
In Pakistan, The judiciary takes on the driving seat particularly in the last decade. The judicia... more In Pakistan, The judiciary takes on the driving seat particularly in the last decade. The judiciary takes up all the cases of Public Interest litigation (PIL), ranges from the inconsequential cases of kite flying to the privatization of national institution and to the constitutional cases. This pro-active role of judiciary has created apprehensions not only in Pakistan but at international leval too. The opponents of judicial activism hold that it cross its jurisdictional limits and interfere in the matters which are purely the prerogative of executive and legislature. The recurrent use of judicial powers by the Pakistan's apex court under the suo moto jurisdiction has taken up all the matters i.e. social, economic, political and constitutional. Pakistan has adopted the parliamentary democracy under the separation of power. The proactive role of judiciary violates the very principle of this theory by crossing its limits. The present research focuses on (i) The concept, origin and scope of judicial activism (ii) The impact of judicial activism in the political, constitutional and democratic process of Pakistan. The research will conclude that judiciary needs to adopt the policy of self-restraint rather than self-indulgent. Adherence to the democratic principle of separation of powers completely, Pakistan can build a strong democratic political system.
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Papers by Iram Khalid