Rutgers Faculty Tayfur Altiok, Rutgers University, Industrial Engineering Endre Boros, Rutgers Un... more Rutgers Faculty Tayfur Altiok, Rutgers University, Industrial Engineering Endre Boros, Rutgers University, RUTCOR Elsayed A. Elsayed, Rutgers University, Industrial and Systems Engineering Paul Kantor, Rutgers University, SCILS Alexander Kogan, Rutgers University, Accounting & Information Systems Brenda Latka, Rutgers University, DIMACS Paul Lioy, joint Rutgers University, EOHSI and University of Medicine and Dentistry of NJ David Madigan, Rutgers University, Statistics Rick Mammone, Rutgers University, CAIP Benjamin Melamed, Rutgers University, RBS S. Muthukrishnan, Rutgers University, Computer Science Fred S. Roberts, Rutgers University, DIMACS
Established in 2001, the PDPA recognizes outstanding and unique contributions made by Laboratory ... more Established in 2001, the PDPA recognizes outstanding and unique contributions made by Laboratory postdoctoral researchers. These contributions result in a positive and significant impact on the Laboratory's scientific efforts and status in the scientific community. These awards also recognize outstanding creativity, innovation, and/or dedication as well as a level of performance substantially beyond that which would normally be expected.
UNCLASSIFIED IDA Log NO. HO 045M3 DEFINITIONS IDA publishes the following documents to report the... more UNCLASSIFIED IDA Log NO. HO 045M3 DEFINITIONS IDA publishes the following documents to report the results of Its work. Reports Reports are the most authoritative and most carefully considered products IDA publishes. They normally embody results of major projects which (a) have a direct bearing on decisions affecting major programs, (b) address issues of significant concern to the Executive Drench, the Congress andlor the public, or (c) address Issues that have significant economic Implications. IDA Reports are reviewed by outside panels of experts to ensure their high quality and relevnce to the problems utudlod, and they are released by the President of IDA. Group Reports Group Reports record the findings and results of IDA established working groups and panels composed of senior individuals addressing major leavs which otherwise would he the subject of an IDA Report. IDA Graup Reports are reviewed by the senior individuals responsible for the project and others n selected by IDA to ensure their high quality and relevance to the problems studied, and are released by the President of IDA. Papers Papers, also authoritative and carefully considered products of IDA, address studies that are narrower in scope than those covered In Reports. IDA Papers are reviewed to ensure that they meet the high standards expected of refereed papers in profesIntl journals or formal Agency reports. Documents IDA Documents are used for the convenience of the sponsors or the analysts (a) to record 0 substantive work done in quick reaction studies, (b) to record the proceedings of conferences and meetings, (c) to make available preliminary and tentative results of anlyses, (d) to record data developed in the course of an Investigation, or (a) to forward Information that is essentially unanalyzed and unevaluatd. The review of IDA Documents is suited to their content and Intended me. The work reported In this document was conducted under contract 1DA On 89 C 000 for the Department of Delense. The publication of this IDA document does not indicate endorsement by the Department of Defense, nor should the contents be construed as refleing the official position of that Agency. This Paper has been reviewed by IDA to assure that It moes high standards of thoroughness, objectivity, and appropriate analytical methodology and that the results, conclusions and recommendations are prepey supported by the material presentd.
Service Group on Communications and Electronic Equipment (TSGCEE)] Subgroup 9 (SG9) on Data Proce... more Service Group on Communications and Electronic Equipment (TSGCEE)] Subgroup 9 (SG9) on Data Processing and Distribution is currently the focus of standards efforts for use of open systems in international military systems. Thus, TSGCE SG9 draft standardization agreements (STANAGs), NATO Technical Interface Standards (NTIS) Transition Strategy [NATO 1989], and working documents, together with U.S. initiatives, form the basis of the assessment of military use of open systems standards for applicability to the WAM target architecture. The cutoff date for information contained in this paper is August 1991. The primary impact of this cutoff is that the progression of some ISO standards to committee draft (CD), draft international standard (DIS), and international standard (IS or ISO) status may not be fully reflected herein.' 1.5 Structure of the Paper This chapter assists the reader in navigating the document and understanding the information presented in it. Chapter 2 describes the background to the WAM task, the methodology used to identify and analyze standards relevant to WAM, and gives an introduction to the standards process. Chapter 3 provides an overview of the assessment and includes a description of the reference model for OSI that is the basis for most of the current international data communications standards activities. It also addresses military requirements for 05. The final sections of Chapter 3 discuss technical standards for applications portability including some of the profiles recommended by international and national standards bodies for applications portability and interoperability of similar products by different vendors. The standards are reviewed separately for each of the seven service areas: data exchange standards (Chapter 4), data management services (Chapter 5), network services (Chapter 6), operating system services (Chapter 7), programming services (Chapter 8), security services and OSI systems management (Chapter 9), and user interface services (Chapter 10). Figure 1 identifies the role of each chapter. Chapters 2 and 3 are essential to understanding the assessment, but the remaining chapters are generally independent and can be read in any order. Chapters 4-10 address the seven groups of standards for the WAM Architecture. While the status of emerging standards is continually changing, this paper records the standards actions taken at the June 1991 ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1 Subcommittee 21 (JTC1/SC21) Plenary Meeting in Ades, France.
This paper is a reprint of a document prepared by IDA in support of the SHAPE-sponsored Army Tact... more This paper is a reprint of a document prepared by IDA in support of the SHAPE-sponsored Army Tactical Command and Control Information System (ATCCIS) Phase III study effort for the year 2000 and beyond. The focus of the paper is on technical standards to support ...
We describe two stochastic network interdiction models for thwarting nuclear smuggling. In the fi... more We describe two stochastic network interdiction models for thwarting nuclear smuggling. In the first model, the smuggler travels through a transportation network on a path that maximizes the probability of evading detection, and the interdictor installs radiation sensors to minimize that evasion probability. The problem is stochastic because the smuggler's origin-destination pair is known only through a probability distribution at the time when the sensors are installed. In this model, the smuggler knows the locations of all sensors and the interdictor and the smuggler "agree" on key network parameters, namely the probabilities the smuggler will be detected while traversing the arcs of the transportation network. Our second model differs in that the interdictor and smuggler can have differing perceptions of these network parameters. This model captures the case in which the smuggler is aware of only a subset of the sensor locations. For both models, we develop the impo...
The Nuclear Detection Figure Of Merit (NDFOM) portal is a database of objects and algorithms for ... more The Nuclear Detection Figure Of Merit (NDFOM) portal is a database of objects and algorithms for evaluating the performance of radiation detectors to detect nuclear material. This paper describes the algorithms used to model the physics and mathematics of radiation detection. As a first-principles end-to-end analysis system, it starts with the representation of the gamma and neutron spectral fluxes, which are computed with the particle and radiation transport code MCNPX. The gamma spectra emitted by uranium, plutonium, and several other materials of interest are described. The impact of shielding and other intervening material is computed by the method of build-up factors. The interaction of radiation with the detector material is computed by a detector response function approach. The construction of detector response function matrices based on MCNPX simulation runs is described in detail. Neutron fluxes are represented in a three group formulation to treat differences in detector s...
2011 IEEE International Conference on Technologies for Homeland Security (HST), 2011
The Probabilistic Fjfectiveness Methodology (PEM) is a simulation tool with a holistic approach t... more The Probabilistic Fjfectiveness Methodology (PEM) is a simulation tool with a holistic approach to risk assessment of nuclear smuggling. PFM simulates valid representations of threat motivation, capabilities, and intent, threat transportation pathways (air, land, and sea), the peiformance of detector architectures, and individual detector peiformance associated with preventive radiological and nuclear detection. Further, it analyses from a Red/Adversary perspective, gaps, seams and vulnerabilities of the Global Nuclear Detection Architecture (GNDA). This paper presents the different PFM components and illustrates (through use of notional data) several examples of how PEM can support the decision making process for GNDA problems.
2010 IEEE International Conference on Technologies for Homeland Security (HST), 2010
Nuclear weapons proliferation is an existing and growing worldwide problem. To help with devising... more Nuclear weapons proliferation is an existing and growing worldwide problem. To help with devising strategies and supporting decisions to interdict the transport of nuclear material, we developed the Pathway Analysis, Threat Response and Interdiction Options Tool (PATRIOT) that provides an analytical approach for evaluating the probability that an adversary smuggling radioactive or special nuclear material will be detected during transit. We incorporate a global, multi-modal transportation network, explicit representation of designed and serendipitous detection opportunities, and multiple threat devices, material types, and shielding levels. This paper presents the general structure of PATRIOT, and focuses on the theoretical framework used to model the reliabilities of all network components that are used to predict the most likely pathways to the target.
The shortest path problem on a network with fixed weights is a well studied problem with applicat... more The shortest path problem on a network with fixed weights is a well studied problem with applications to many diverse areas such as transportation and telecommunications. We are particularly interested in the scenario where a nuclear material smuggler tries to ...
Rutgers Faculty Tayfur Altiok, Rutgers University, Industrial Engineering Endre Boros, Rutgers Un... more Rutgers Faculty Tayfur Altiok, Rutgers University, Industrial Engineering Endre Boros, Rutgers University, RUTCOR Elsayed A. Elsayed, Rutgers University, Industrial and Systems Engineering Paul Kantor, Rutgers University, SCILS Alexander Kogan, Rutgers University, Accounting & Information Systems Brenda Latka, Rutgers University, DIMACS Paul Lioy, joint Rutgers University, EOHSI and University of Medicine and Dentistry of NJ David Madigan, Rutgers University, Statistics Rick Mammone, Rutgers University, CAIP Benjamin Melamed, Rutgers University, RBS S. Muthukrishnan, Rutgers University, Computer Science Fred S. Roberts, Rutgers University, DIMACS
Established in 2001, the PDPA recognizes outstanding and unique contributions made by Laboratory ... more Established in 2001, the PDPA recognizes outstanding and unique contributions made by Laboratory postdoctoral researchers. These contributions result in a positive and significant impact on the Laboratory's scientific efforts and status in the scientific community. These awards also recognize outstanding creativity, innovation, and/or dedication as well as a level of performance substantially beyond that which would normally be expected.
UNCLASSIFIED IDA Log NO. HO 045M3 DEFINITIONS IDA publishes the following documents to report the... more UNCLASSIFIED IDA Log NO. HO 045M3 DEFINITIONS IDA publishes the following documents to report the results of Its work. Reports Reports are the most authoritative and most carefully considered products IDA publishes. They normally embody results of major projects which (a) have a direct bearing on decisions affecting major programs, (b) address issues of significant concern to the Executive Drench, the Congress andlor the public, or (c) address Issues that have significant economic Implications. IDA Reports are reviewed by outside panels of experts to ensure their high quality and relevnce to the problems utudlod, and they are released by the President of IDA. Group Reports Group Reports record the findings and results of IDA established working groups and panels composed of senior individuals addressing major leavs which otherwise would he the subject of an IDA Report. IDA Graup Reports are reviewed by the senior individuals responsible for the project and others n selected by IDA to ensure their high quality and relevance to the problems studied, and are released by the President of IDA. Papers Papers, also authoritative and carefully considered products of IDA, address studies that are narrower in scope than those covered In Reports. IDA Papers are reviewed to ensure that they meet the high standards expected of refereed papers in profesIntl journals or formal Agency reports. Documents IDA Documents are used for the convenience of the sponsors or the analysts (a) to record 0 substantive work done in quick reaction studies, (b) to record the proceedings of conferences and meetings, (c) to make available preliminary and tentative results of anlyses, (d) to record data developed in the course of an Investigation, or (a) to forward Information that is essentially unanalyzed and unevaluatd. The review of IDA Documents is suited to their content and Intended me. The work reported In this document was conducted under contract 1DA On 89 C 000 for the Department of Delense. The publication of this IDA document does not indicate endorsement by the Department of Defense, nor should the contents be construed as refleing the official position of that Agency. This Paper has been reviewed by IDA to assure that It moes high standards of thoroughness, objectivity, and appropriate analytical methodology and that the results, conclusions and recommendations are prepey supported by the material presentd.
Service Group on Communications and Electronic Equipment (TSGCEE)] Subgroup 9 (SG9) on Data Proce... more Service Group on Communications and Electronic Equipment (TSGCEE)] Subgroup 9 (SG9) on Data Processing and Distribution is currently the focus of standards efforts for use of open systems in international military systems. Thus, TSGCE SG9 draft standardization agreements (STANAGs), NATO Technical Interface Standards (NTIS) Transition Strategy [NATO 1989], and working documents, together with U.S. initiatives, form the basis of the assessment of military use of open systems standards for applicability to the WAM target architecture. The cutoff date for information contained in this paper is August 1991. The primary impact of this cutoff is that the progression of some ISO standards to committee draft (CD), draft international standard (DIS), and international standard (IS or ISO) status may not be fully reflected herein.' 1.5 Structure of the Paper This chapter assists the reader in navigating the document and understanding the information presented in it. Chapter 2 describes the background to the WAM task, the methodology used to identify and analyze standards relevant to WAM, and gives an introduction to the standards process. Chapter 3 provides an overview of the assessment and includes a description of the reference model for OSI that is the basis for most of the current international data communications standards activities. It also addresses military requirements for 05. The final sections of Chapter 3 discuss technical standards for applications portability including some of the profiles recommended by international and national standards bodies for applications portability and interoperability of similar products by different vendors. The standards are reviewed separately for each of the seven service areas: data exchange standards (Chapter 4), data management services (Chapter 5), network services (Chapter 6), operating system services (Chapter 7), programming services (Chapter 8), security services and OSI systems management (Chapter 9), and user interface services (Chapter 10). Figure 1 identifies the role of each chapter. Chapters 2 and 3 are essential to understanding the assessment, but the remaining chapters are generally independent and can be read in any order. Chapters 4-10 address the seven groups of standards for the WAM Architecture. While the status of emerging standards is continually changing, this paper records the standards actions taken at the June 1991 ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1 Subcommittee 21 (JTC1/SC21) Plenary Meeting in Ades, France.
This paper is a reprint of a document prepared by IDA in support of the SHAPE-sponsored Army Tact... more This paper is a reprint of a document prepared by IDA in support of the SHAPE-sponsored Army Tactical Command and Control Information System (ATCCIS) Phase III study effort for the year 2000 and beyond. The focus of the paper is on technical standards to support ...
We describe two stochastic network interdiction models for thwarting nuclear smuggling. In the fi... more We describe two stochastic network interdiction models for thwarting nuclear smuggling. In the first model, the smuggler travels through a transportation network on a path that maximizes the probability of evading detection, and the interdictor installs radiation sensors to minimize that evasion probability. The problem is stochastic because the smuggler's origin-destination pair is known only through a probability distribution at the time when the sensors are installed. In this model, the smuggler knows the locations of all sensors and the interdictor and the smuggler "agree" on key network parameters, namely the probabilities the smuggler will be detected while traversing the arcs of the transportation network. Our second model differs in that the interdictor and smuggler can have differing perceptions of these network parameters. This model captures the case in which the smuggler is aware of only a subset of the sensor locations. For both models, we develop the impo...
The Nuclear Detection Figure Of Merit (NDFOM) portal is a database of objects and algorithms for ... more The Nuclear Detection Figure Of Merit (NDFOM) portal is a database of objects and algorithms for evaluating the performance of radiation detectors to detect nuclear material. This paper describes the algorithms used to model the physics and mathematics of radiation detection. As a first-principles end-to-end analysis system, it starts with the representation of the gamma and neutron spectral fluxes, which are computed with the particle and radiation transport code MCNPX. The gamma spectra emitted by uranium, plutonium, and several other materials of interest are described. The impact of shielding and other intervening material is computed by the method of build-up factors. The interaction of radiation with the detector material is computed by a detector response function approach. The construction of detector response function matrices based on MCNPX simulation runs is described in detail. Neutron fluxes are represented in a three group formulation to treat differences in detector s...
2011 IEEE International Conference on Technologies for Homeland Security (HST), 2011
The Probabilistic Fjfectiveness Methodology (PEM) is a simulation tool with a holistic approach t... more The Probabilistic Fjfectiveness Methodology (PEM) is a simulation tool with a holistic approach to risk assessment of nuclear smuggling. PFM simulates valid representations of threat motivation, capabilities, and intent, threat transportation pathways (air, land, and sea), the peiformance of detector architectures, and individual detector peiformance associated with preventive radiological and nuclear detection. Further, it analyses from a Red/Adversary perspective, gaps, seams and vulnerabilities of the Global Nuclear Detection Architecture (GNDA). This paper presents the different PFM components and illustrates (through use of notional data) several examples of how PEM can support the decision making process for GNDA problems.
2010 IEEE International Conference on Technologies for Homeland Security (HST), 2010
Nuclear weapons proliferation is an existing and growing worldwide problem. To help with devising... more Nuclear weapons proliferation is an existing and growing worldwide problem. To help with devising strategies and supporting decisions to interdict the transport of nuclear material, we developed the Pathway Analysis, Threat Response and Interdiction Options Tool (PATRIOT) that provides an analytical approach for evaluating the probability that an adversary smuggling radioactive or special nuclear material will be detected during transit. We incorporate a global, multi-modal transportation network, explicit representation of designed and serendipitous detection opportunities, and multiple threat devices, material types, and shielding levels. This paper presents the general structure of PATRIOT, and focuses on the theoretical framework used to model the reliabilities of all network components that are used to predict the most likely pathways to the target.
The shortest path problem on a network with fixed weights is a well studied problem with applicat... more The shortest path problem on a network with fixed weights is a well studied problem with applications to many diverse areas such as transportation and telecommunications. We are particularly interested in the scenario where a nuclear material smuggler tries to ...
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