Certains chapitres du présent rapport ont fait l'objet d'un travail supplémentaire d'édition. Cin... more Certains chapitres du présent rapport ont fait l'objet d'un travail supplémentaire d'édition. Cinq cahiers thématiques sont ainsi disponibles sur les sites du centre de recherche et de la Fédération Inter-Environnement Wallonie.
Le terme post-croissance designe l'entree dans une ere que nous ne parvenons pas encore a nom... more Le terme post-croissance designe l'entree dans une ere que nous ne parvenons pas encore a nommer, si ce n'est par reference a celle que nous quittons. Les symptomes qui signent la fin d'une epoque sont clairs et sans appel : la poursuite de la croissance economique ne constitue plus un projet de societe credible. Toutefois, y renoncer pose aux economistes (theoriciens et praticiens) des defis majeurs qui exigent de reprendre a leur racine, sous un eclairage transdisciplinaire, les questions dont ils traitent couramment. Ensemble, les neuf chercheurs reunis dans cet ouvrage s'interrogent : quels sont les problemes majeurs qui surgissent a l'esprit des lors que l'on abandonne un objectif de croissance continue ? Par ou passe la transition vers un autre horizon ? Quels sont les courants de pensee et les modes de gouvernance susceptibles d'articuler un projet coherent ? Chacun des auteurs apporte un regard specifique, une piece au puzzle qu'il s'agira...
Un circuit court alimentaire (CCA) est généralement appréhendé comme un système d’échanges dans l... more Un circuit court alimentaire (CCA) est généralement appréhendé comme un système d’échanges dans lequel le nombre d’intermédiaires entre le producteur et le consommateur final est réduit, voire inexistant (Aubry & Chiffoleau, 2009). Cependant, ce raccourcissement de la chaîne d’approvisionnement alimentaire peut être davantage nuancé au travers d’une part, de la notion de proximité et, d’autre part, par l’approche territoriale des circuits multiacteurs. La notion de proximité se décline sous différentes formes : proximité d’accès (géographique), identitaire (les valeurs partagées), relationnelle (les interactions comme les échanges d’information) et de processus (la connaissance des manières de faire) (PrigentSimonin et al., 2012 ; Hérault-Fournier, 2013 ; Hérault-Fournier et al., 2014). Ces nuances apportées par une approche multiforme de la proximité permettent d’explorer une large diversité d’innovations en œuvre dans les CCA.
The role of habits in influencing transportation behaviour is acknowledged in many studies. Howev... more The role of habits in influencing transportation behaviour is acknowledged in many studies. However, most of these analyses draw on a narrow perspective of habits. In this paper, we adopt a reversed perspective regarding the interplay between habits and rationality. The insightfulness of this perspective is illustrated with the findings of two empirical studies on urban transportation. This paper shows that the underlying structure (i.e., the "genotype") behind the phenotypic manifestation of a habit is essential to grasp for getting a better understanding of the role played by habits in explaining car use. The framework of habitual practices is then put forward in discussing the results. Its rationale is to provide a characterisation of the interconnected elements that make and shape the transportation practices, together with important aspects regarding how they are formed and sustained over time. Adequately picturing both constituent elements as well as dynamic aspects is crucial for explaining the strength of habitual practices and thus car dependence. In doing so, the framework of habitual practices could thus well be of help for policy-makers in reflecting on the design of efficient and innovative interventions for the transition towards more sustainable transportation behaviours.
This paper adds to the growing empirical evidence on the importance of habits in governing human ... more This paper adds to the growing empirical evidence on the importance of habits in governing human behaviour, and sheds new light on individual inertia in relation to transportation behaviour. An enriched perspective rooted in Veblenian evolutionary economics (VEE) is used to construct a theoretical framework in order to analyse the processes at play in the formation and reinforcement of habits. The empirical study explores more specifically the synchronic processes strengthening the carusing habit. In addition to underlining the shortcomings of a "decision theory" perspective to address urban transportation behaviours, we find that synchronic habits can have a significant effect on behavioural inertia. Our results suggest the existence of positive feedback between the development of synchronic habits, qualitative perceptions of driving times and reinforcement of the car-using habit. The paper points out also that the diachronic dimension of habits would constitute another promising domain for further research on behavioural inertia in transportation.
The 'efficiency paradox' has generated controversy and suggests that mainstream economics is not ... more The 'efficiency paradox' has generated controversy and suggests that mainstream economics is not neutral in the way it deals with climate change. An alternative economic framework, evolutionary economics, is used to investigate this crucial issue and offer insights into the development of a complementary framework for designing climate policy and for managing the transition to a low-carbon society. The evolutionary framework allows us to identify the presence of two sources of inertia (i.e. at the individual level through 'habits' and at the level of socio-technical systems) that mutually reinforce each other in a path-dependent manner. To overcome 'carbon lock-in', decision-makers should design measures (e.g. commitment strategies, niche management) that specifically target those change-resisting factors, as they tend to reduce the efficiency of traditional instruments. A series of recommendations for policy-makers is provided.
L’article interroge la contribution, en termes de viabilite territoriale, de structures collectiv... more L’article interroge la contribution, en termes de viabilite territoriale, de structures collectives intermediaires impliquees dans des circuits alimentaires de proximite. Notre approche empirique repose sur deux etudes de cas de cooperation alimentaire paysanne situees en Pays de la Loire (Terroirs44) et en Wallonie (Paysans-Artisans). En nous basant sur une methodologie qualitative et inductive, nous montrons que ces deux organisations mettent en œuvre des strategies d’ancrage territorialise qui contribuent a renforcer diversement quatre dimensions principales de la viabilite : une amelioration du bien-etre social et de la qualite de vie des producteurs adherents ainsi qu’une contribution plus modeste a leur bien-etre economique ; une participation au developpement local averee ; et enfin une plus-value mesuree sur l’environnement.
Drawing on an analysis of the Walloon dairy sector, this paper aims at bringing novel insights on... more Drawing on an analysis of the Walloon dairy sector, this paper aims at bringing novel insights on the coexistence issue in agrifood transition studies. Whereas most studies explore the coexistence of farm models, our study focuses on value chains, in particular on cooperatives. In the Walloon Region, new dairy cooperatives emerged, as substitute or as complement to the incumbent vertically integrated dairy cooperatives. This paper focuses on the coexistence of dairy cooperative models as enabler of transition toward product diversification. Dairy cooperatives are hybrid actors: economic agents on the market on the one hand, structure of collective agency on the other hand. Williamson's framework of New Institutional Economics acknowledges that the allocation of resources by cooperatives depends on governance processes and on the wider institutional context in which the cooperatives evolve. Within the broader frame of the Multi-Level Perspective, this approach allows to consider ...
As the 2009 dairy crisis drew attention to the situation of dairy farmers in Europe, the extent o... more As the 2009 dairy crisis drew attention to the situation of dairy farmers in Europe, the extent of strategical power left to farmers in dairy cooperatives of increasing size is a frequently raised issue. Four dairy cooperatives collect 97% of the milk in the Walloon Region (in the southern part of Belgium). Two of them integrated agro-food multinationals. We decided to analyze the trajectories of Walloon dairy farmers exploring alternatives to the delivery of milk to these mainstream dairy cooperatives. We focused on the territories situated to the east of the Walloon Region, where dairy farming represents 75% of farming revenues. Alternatives consist either of processing milk on farm or in concluding a contract with a cheese processor collecting milk directly from farmers. Our objective was to understand the issues faced in these alternative trajectories and the reason why these alternatives remained marginal. We designed a qualitative case study based on interviews with farmers and local cheese processors. We mobilized evolutionary approaches on the stability and transitions of systems and approaches of change at the farmer level. It appears that the alternative trajectories remain embedded in a broader dairy context. The lock-ins emerging from this context determine the evolution of the farming model towards intensification and the individual identity and capabilities of farmers. We present a model of interconnected and embedded lock-ins, from the organizational frame of the regime to the individual frame. This model illustrates how the agency articulates with structural dynamics. We propose structural measures in the organization of agricultural education and in terms of support to alternative supply chains that will enhance agency in favor of a change.
Drawing on an analysis of the Walloon dairy sector, this paper aims at bringing novel insights on... more Drawing on an analysis of the Walloon dairy sector, this paper aims at bringing novel insights on the coexistence issue in agrifood transition studies. Whereas most studies explore the coexistence of farm models, our study focuses on value chains, in particular on cooperatives. In the Walloon Region, new dairy cooperatives emerged, as substitute or as complement to the incumbent vertically integrated dairy cooperatives. This paper focuses on the coexistence of dairy cooperative models as enabler of transition toward product diversification. Dairy cooperatives are hybrid actors: economic agents on the market on the one hand, structure of collective agency on the other hand. Williamson’s framework of New Institutional Economics acknowledges that the allocation of resources by cooperatives depends on governance processes and on the wider institutional context in which the cooperatives evolve. Within the broader frame of the Multi-Level Perspective, this approach allows to consider the socio-technical coherence in which the cooperatives evolve, the effects of this coherence on their pathways of development, and the complementarity of the cooperative models. This qualitative analysis builds on semi-directed interviews with actors of the Walloon dairy sector. The results outline distinctions between the new cooperative models and mainstream dairy cooperatives in market approach, definition of milk quality, distribution of added value, governance, and interactions with partners. Both models evolve within a distinct socio-technical coherence, holding, in the case of the mainstream dairy cooperatives, lock-ins to diversification related to the relationship with the farmer-members and the milk they produce in the industrial vertically integrated model. The new cooperative models circumvent these lock-ins through de-integration and externalization of initiatives, remuneration, and risk. They allow specific groups of actors—still related or unrelated to the mainstream dairy cooperative—to explore new market pathways in accordance with their potential, and to mutually agree on criteria qualifying milk. This research draws the picture of a possible reconfiguration of the dairy landscape toward a more diversified ecosystem of actors and invites to consider structures of governance in collective action as a cornerstone issue, because of their significant role in terms of enablement, coexistence, and complementarity throughout the transition process.
In order to improve sustainability and design adequate management strategies in threatened tropic... more In order to improve sustainability and design adequate management strategies in threatened tropical forests, integrated assessments of the use of ecosystem services are needed, combining biophysical, social, and economic approaches. In particular, no integrated ecosystem services (ES) assessment has been conducted in Central Africa, where rural communities deeply depend on forests in a high-poverty context. Here, we aimed to quantify the use of ES provided by tropical forests to local populations in the Dja area (Cameroon), identify its determinants and evaluate its sustainability. We conducted various interviews and field surveys with 133 households in three villages, focusing on three provisioning services (bushmeat, firewood, and timber), and five cultural services (cultural heritage, inspiration, spiritual experience, recreation, and education). Local populations consumed a mean of 56 kg of bushmeat/person/year (hunting zones covering on average 213 km2), 1.17 m3 of firewood/per...
Drawing on an analysis of the Walloon dairy sector, this paper aims at bringing novel insights on... more Drawing on an analysis of the Walloon dairy sector, this paper aims at bringing novel insights on the coexistence issue in agrifood transition studies. Whereas most studies explore the coexistence of farm models, our study focuses on value chains, in particular on cooperatives. In the Walloon Region, new dairy cooperatives emerged, as substitute or as complement to the incumbent vertically integrated dairy cooperatives. This paper focuses on the coexistence of dairy cooperative models as enabler of transition toward product diversification. Dairy cooperatives are hybrid actors: economic agents on the market on the one hand, structure of collective agency on the other hand. Williamson's framework of New Institutional Economics acknowledges that the allocation of resources by cooperatives depends on governance processes and on the wider institutional context in which the cooperatives evolve. Within the broader frame of the Multi-Level Perspective, this approach allows to consider ...
Certains chapitres du présent rapport ont fait l'objet d'un travail supplémentaire d'édition. Cin... more Certains chapitres du présent rapport ont fait l'objet d'un travail supplémentaire d'édition. Cinq cahiers thématiques sont ainsi disponibles sur les sites du centre de recherche et de la Fédération Inter-Environnement Wallonie.
Le terme post-croissance designe l'entree dans une ere que nous ne parvenons pas encore a nom... more Le terme post-croissance designe l'entree dans une ere que nous ne parvenons pas encore a nommer, si ce n'est par reference a celle que nous quittons. Les symptomes qui signent la fin d'une epoque sont clairs et sans appel : la poursuite de la croissance economique ne constitue plus un projet de societe credible. Toutefois, y renoncer pose aux economistes (theoriciens et praticiens) des defis majeurs qui exigent de reprendre a leur racine, sous un eclairage transdisciplinaire, les questions dont ils traitent couramment. Ensemble, les neuf chercheurs reunis dans cet ouvrage s'interrogent : quels sont les problemes majeurs qui surgissent a l'esprit des lors que l'on abandonne un objectif de croissance continue ? Par ou passe la transition vers un autre horizon ? Quels sont les courants de pensee et les modes de gouvernance susceptibles d'articuler un projet coherent ? Chacun des auteurs apporte un regard specifique, une piece au puzzle qu'il s'agira...
Un circuit court alimentaire (CCA) est généralement appréhendé comme un système d’échanges dans l... more Un circuit court alimentaire (CCA) est généralement appréhendé comme un système d’échanges dans lequel le nombre d’intermédiaires entre le producteur et le consommateur final est réduit, voire inexistant (Aubry & Chiffoleau, 2009). Cependant, ce raccourcissement de la chaîne d’approvisionnement alimentaire peut être davantage nuancé au travers d’une part, de la notion de proximité et, d’autre part, par l’approche territoriale des circuits multiacteurs. La notion de proximité se décline sous différentes formes : proximité d’accès (géographique), identitaire (les valeurs partagées), relationnelle (les interactions comme les échanges d’information) et de processus (la connaissance des manières de faire) (PrigentSimonin et al., 2012 ; Hérault-Fournier, 2013 ; Hérault-Fournier et al., 2014). Ces nuances apportées par une approche multiforme de la proximité permettent d’explorer une large diversité d’innovations en œuvre dans les CCA.
The role of habits in influencing transportation behaviour is acknowledged in many studies. Howev... more The role of habits in influencing transportation behaviour is acknowledged in many studies. However, most of these analyses draw on a narrow perspective of habits. In this paper, we adopt a reversed perspective regarding the interplay between habits and rationality. The insightfulness of this perspective is illustrated with the findings of two empirical studies on urban transportation. This paper shows that the underlying structure (i.e., the "genotype") behind the phenotypic manifestation of a habit is essential to grasp for getting a better understanding of the role played by habits in explaining car use. The framework of habitual practices is then put forward in discussing the results. Its rationale is to provide a characterisation of the interconnected elements that make and shape the transportation practices, together with important aspects regarding how they are formed and sustained over time. Adequately picturing both constituent elements as well as dynamic aspects is crucial for explaining the strength of habitual practices and thus car dependence. In doing so, the framework of habitual practices could thus well be of help for policy-makers in reflecting on the design of efficient and innovative interventions for the transition towards more sustainable transportation behaviours.
This paper adds to the growing empirical evidence on the importance of habits in governing human ... more This paper adds to the growing empirical evidence on the importance of habits in governing human behaviour, and sheds new light on individual inertia in relation to transportation behaviour. An enriched perspective rooted in Veblenian evolutionary economics (VEE) is used to construct a theoretical framework in order to analyse the processes at play in the formation and reinforcement of habits. The empirical study explores more specifically the synchronic processes strengthening the carusing habit. In addition to underlining the shortcomings of a "decision theory" perspective to address urban transportation behaviours, we find that synchronic habits can have a significant effect on behavioural inertia. Our results suggest the existence of positive feedback between the development of synchronic habits, qualitative perceptions of driving times and reinforcement of the car-using habit. The paper points out also that the diachronic dimension of habits would constitute another promising domain for further research on behavioural inertia in transportation.
The 'efficiency paradox' has generated controversy and suggests that mainstream economics is not ... more The 'efficiency paradox' has generated controversy and suggests that mainstream economics is not neutral in the way it deals with climate change. An alternative economic framework, evolutionary economics, is used to investigate this crucial issue and offer insights into the development of a complementary framework for designing climate policy and for managing the transition to a low-carbon society. The evolutionary framework allows us to identify the presence of two sources of inertia (i.e. at the individual level through 'habits' and at the level of socio-technical systems) that mutually reinforce each other in a path-dependent manner. To overcome 'carbon lock-in', decision-makers should design measures (e.g. commitment strategies, niche management) that specifically target those change-resisting factors, as they tend to reduce the efficiency of traditional instruments. A series of recommendations for policy-makers is provided.
L’article interroge la contribution, en termes de viabilite territoriale, de structures collectiv... more L’article interroge la contribution, en termes de viabilite territoriale, de structures collectives intermediaires impliquees dans des circuits alimentaires de proximite. Notre approche empirique repose sur deux etudes de cas de cooperation alimentaire paysanne situees en Pays de la Loire (Terroirs44) et en Wallonie (Paysans-Artisans). En nous basant sur une methodologie qualitative et inductive, nous montrons que ces deux organisations mettent en œuvre des strategies d’ancrage territorialise qui contribuent a renforcer diversement quatre dimensions principales de la viabilite : une amelioration du bien-etre social et de la qualite de vie des producteurs adherents ainsi qu’une contribution plus modeste a leur bien-etre economique ; une participation au developpement local averee ; et enfin une plus-value mesuree sur l’environnement.
Drawing on an analysis of the Walloon dairy sector, this paper aims at bringing novel insights on... more Drawing on an analysis of the Walloon dairy sector, this paper aims at bringing novel insights on the coexistence issue in agrifood transition studies. Whereas most studies explore the coexistence of farm models, our study focuses on value chains, in particular on cooperatives. In the Walloon Region, new dairy cooperatives emerged, as substitute or as complement to the incumbent vertically integrated dairy cooperatives. This paper focuses on the coexistence of dairy cooperative models as enabler of transition toward product diversification. Dairy cooperatives are hybrid actors: economic agents on the market on the one hand, structure of collective agency on the other hand. Williamson's framework of New Institutional Economics acknowledges that the allocation of resources by cooperatives depends on governance processes and on the wider institutional context in which the cooperatives evolve. Within the broader frame of the Multi-Level Perspective, this approach allows to consider ...
As the 2009 dairy crisis drew attention to the situation of dairy farmers in Europe, the extent o... more As the 2009 dairy crisis drew attention to the situation of dairy farmers in Europe, the extent of strategical power left to farmers in dairy cooperatives of increasing size is a frequently raised issue. Four dairy cooperatives collect 97% of the milk in the Walloon Region (in the southern part of Belgium). Two of them integrated agro-food multinationals. We decided to analyze the trajectories of Walloon dairy farmers exploring alternatives to the delivery of milk to these mainstream dairy cooperatives. We focused on the territories situated to the east of the Walloon Region, where dairy farming represents 75% of farming revenues. Alternatives consist either of processing milk on farm or in concluding a contract with a cheese processor collecting milk directly from farmers. Our objective was to understand the issues faced in these alternative trajectories and the reason why these alternatives remained marginal. We designed a qualitative case study based on interviews with farmers and local cheese processors. We mobilized evolutionary approaches on the stability and transitions of systems and approaches of change at the farmer level. It appears that the alternative trajectories remain embedded in a broader dairy context. The lock-ins emerging from this context determine the evolution of the farming model towards intensification and the individual identity and capabilities of farmers. We present a model of interconnected and embedded lock-ins, from the organizational frame of the regime to the individual frame. This model illustrates how the agency articulates with structural dynamics. We propose structural measures in the organization of agricultural education and in terms of support to alternative supply chains that will enhance agency in favor of a change.
Drawing on an analysis of the Walloon dairy sector, this paper aims at bringing novel insights on... more Drawing on an analysis of the Walloon dairy sector, this paper aims at bringing novel insights on the coexistence issue in agrifood transition studies. Whereas most studies explore the coexistence of farm models, our study focuses on value chains, in particular on cooperatives. In the Walloon Region, new dairy cooperatives emerged, as substitute or as complement to the incumbent vertically integrated dairy cooperatives. This paper focuses on the coexistence of dairy cooperative models as enabler of transition toward product diversification. Dairy cooperatives are hybrid actors: economic agents on the market on the one hand, structure of collective agency on the other hand. Williamson’s framework of New Institutional Economics acknowledges that the allocation of resources by cooperatives depends on governance processes and on the wider institutional context in which the cooperatives evolve. Within the broader frame of the Multi-Level Perspective, this approach allows to consider the socio-technical coherence in which the cooperatives evolve, the effects of this coherence on their pathways of development, and the complementarity of the cooperative models. This qualitative analysis builds on semi-directed interviews with actors of the Walloon dairy sector. The results outline distinctions between the new cooperative models and mainstream dairy cooperatives in market approach, definition of milk quality, distribution of added value, governance, and interactions with partners. Both models evolve within a distinct socio-technical coherence, holding, in the case of the mainstream dairy cooperatives, lock-ins to diversification related to the relationship with the farmer-members and the milk they produce in the industrial vertically integrated model. The new cooperative models circumvent these lock-ins through de-integration and externalization of initiatives, remuneration, and risk. They allow specific groups of actors—still related or unrelated to the mainstream dairy cooperative—to explore new market pathways in accordance with their potential, and to mutually agree on criteria qualifying milk. This research draws the picture of a possible reconfiguration of the dairy landscape toward a more diversified ecosystem of actors and invites to consider structures of governance in collective action as a cornerstone issue, because of their significant role in terms of enablement, coexistence, and complementarity throughout the transition process.
In order to improve sustainability and design adequate management strategies in threatened tropic... more In order to improve sustainability and design adequate management strategies in threatened tropical forests, integrated assessments of the use of ecosystem services are needed, combining biophysical, social, and economic approaches. In particular, no integrated ecosystem services (ES) assessment has been conducted in Central Africa, where rural communities deeply depend on forests in a high-poverty context. Here, we aimed to quantify the use of ES provided by tropical forests to local populations in the Dja area (Cameroon), identify its determinants and evaluate its sustainability. We conducted various interviews and field surveys with 133 households in three villages, focusing on three provisioning services (bushmeat, firewood, and timber), and five cultural services (cultural heritage, inspiration, spiritual experience, recreation, and education). Local populations consumed a mean of 56 kg of bushmeat/person/year (hunting zones covering on average 213 km2), 1.17 m3 of firewood/per...
Drawing on an analysis of the Walloon dairy sector, this paper aims at bringing novel insights on... more Drawing on an analysis of the Walloon dairy sector, this paper aims at bringing novel insights on the coexistence issue in agrifood transition studies. Whereas most studies explore the coexistence of farm models, our study focuses on value chains, in particular on cooperatives. In the Walloon Region, new dairy cooperatives emerged, as substitute or as complement to the incumbent vertically integrated dairy cooperatives. This paper focuses on the coexistence of dairy cooperative models as enabler of transition toward product diversification. Dairy cooperatives are hybrid actors: economic agents on the market on the one hand, structure of collective agency on the other hand. Williamson's framework of New Institutional Economics acknowledges that the allocation of resources by cooperatives depends on governance processes and on the wider institutional context in which the cooperatives evolve. Within the broader frame of the Multi-Level Perspective, this approach allows to consider ...
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Papers by Kevin Maréchal
by cooperatives depends on governance processes and on the wider institutional context in which the cooperatives evolve. Within the broader frame of the Multi-Level Perspective, this approach allows to consider the socio-technical coherence in which the cooperatives evolve, the effects of this coherence on their pathways of development, and the complementarity of the cooperative models. This qualitative
analysis builds on semi-directed interviews with actors of the Walloon dairy sector. The results outline distinctions between the new cooperative models and mainstream dairy cooperatives in market approach, definition of milk quality, distribution of added value, governance, and interactions with partners. Both models evolve within a distinct socio-technical coherence, holding, in the case of the mainstream dairy cooperatives,
lock-ins to diversification related to the relationship with the farmer-members and the milk they produce in the industrial vertically integrated model. The new cooperative models circumvent these lock-ins through de-integration and externalization of initiatives, remuneration, and risk. They allow specific groups of actors—still related or unrelated to the mainstream dairy cooperative—to explore new market pathways in accordance with their potential, and to mutually agree on criteria qualifying milk. This research draws the picture of a possible reconfiguration of the dairy landscape toward a more diversified
ecosystem of actors and invites to consider structures of governance in collective action as a cornerstone issue, because of their significant role in terms of enablement, coexistence, and complementarity throughout the transition process.
by cooperatives depends on governance processes and on the wider institutional context in which the cooperatives evolve. Within the broader frame of the Multi-Level Perspective, this approach allows to consider the socio-technical coherence in which the cooperatives evolve, the effects of this coherence on their pathways of development, and the complementarity of the cooperative models. This qualitative
analysis builds on semi-directed interviews with actors of the Walloon dairy sector. The results outline distinctions between the new cooperative models and mainstream dairy cooperatives in market approach, definition of milk quality, distribution of added value, governance, and interactions with partners. Both models evolve within a distinct socio-technical coherence, holding, in the case of the mainstream dairy cooperatives,
lock-ins to diversification related to the relationship with the farmer-members and the milk they produce in the industrial vertically integrated model. The new cooperative models circumvent these lock-ins through de-integration and externalization of initiatives, remuneration, and risk. They allow specific groups of actors—still related or unrelated to the mainstream dairy cooperative—to explore new market pathways in accordance with their potential, and to mutually agree on criteria qualifying milk. This research draws the picture of a possible reconfiguration of the dairy landscape toward a more diversified
ecosystem of actors and invites to consider structures of governance in collective action as a cornerstone issue, because of their significant role in terms of enablement, coexistence, and complementarity throughout the transition process.