Polytypic species of pronophiline butterflies in the subpáramo and páramo of the Venezuelan Cordillera de Mérida I: Distribution patterns and affinities of Lymanopoda marianna Staudinger based on morphological and molecular data (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)
Genus. International Journal of Invertebrate Taxonomy, 2009
Lymanopoda marianna Staudinger (Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) is an endemic species of butterfly of the... more Lymanopoda marianna Staudinger (Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) is an endemic species of butterfly of the Venezuelan Cordillera de Merida. It was hitherto considered monotypic, however this study shows it is highly polytypic. Five new subspecies are described differing noticeably in the shape, size and colour of the conspicuous hindwing upperside bluish-green patch. Some differences can be observed in male genitalia as well. A western-eastern slopes biogeographical pattern is uncovered, and the Santo Domingo Valley is recognized herein for the first time as a center of endemism at a subspecies level. Microstructure and function of hindwing upperside blue scales are discussed suggesting their role in mate locating. Affinities and phyletic relations of L. marianna with other congeners are discussed based on colour patterns, male and female genitalia, and molecular data. Male genitalia and molecular data place it in the clade of L. obsoleta however female genitalia and colour patterns indicate...
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