1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was applied for the metabolic profiling of grapes from three ... more 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was applied for the metabolic profiling of grapes from three Portuguese cultivars including ‘Trincadeira’, ‘Aragonês’, and ‘Touriga Nacional’, at four developmental stages. Two kinds of extraction methods including deuterated NMR solvent extraction and solid phase extraction (SPE) were used for the metabolomic analysis and all the metabolites detected in 1H NMR were elucidated by two-dimensional
The numerous uses of the grapevine fruit, especially for wine and beverages, have made it one of ... more The numerous uses of the grapevine fruit, especially for wine and beverages, have made it one of the most important plants worldwide. The phytochemistry of grapevine is rich in a wide range of compounds. Many of them are renowned for their numerous medicinal uses. The production of grapevine metabolites is highly conditioned by many factors like environment or pathogen attack. Some grapevine phytoalexins have gained a great deal of attention due to their antimicrobial activities, being also involved in the induction of resistance in grapevine against those pathogens. Meanwhile grapevine biotechnology is still evolving, thanks to the technological advance of modern science, and biotechnologists are making huge efforts to produce grapevine cultivars of desired characteristics. In this paper, important metabolites from grapevine and grape derived products like wine will be reviewed with their health promoting effects and their role against certain stress factors in grapevine physiology.
1H NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) has been used for metabolomic analysis of ‘Riesl... more 1H NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) has been used for metabolomic analysis of ‘Riesling’ and ‘Mueller-Thurgau’ white wines from the German Palatinate region. Diverse two-dimensional NMR techniques have been applied for the identification of metabolites, including phenolics. It is shown that sensory analysis correlates with NMR-based metabolic profiles of wine. 1H NMR data in combination with multivariate data analysis methods, like principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares projections to latent structures (PLS), and bidirectional orthogonal projections to latent structures (O2PLS) analysis, were employed in an attempt to identify the metabolites responsible for the taste of wine, using a non-targeted approach. The high quality wines were characterized by elevated levels of compounds like proline, 2,3-butanediol, malate, quercetin, and catechin. Characterization of wine based on type and vintage was also done using orthogonal projections to latent structures (OPLS) analysis. ‘Riesling’ wines were characterized by higher levels of catechin, caftarate, valine, proline, malate, and citrate whereas compounds like quercetin, resveratrol, gallate, leucine, threonine, succinate, and lactate, were found discriminating for ‘Mueller-Thurgau’. The wines from 2006 vintage were dominated by leucine, phenylalanine, citrate, malate, and phenolics, while valine, proline, alanine, and succinate were predominantly present in the 2007 vintage. Based on these results, it can be postulated the NMR-based metabolomics offers an easy and comprehensive analysis of wine and in combination with multivariate data analyses can be used to investigate the source of the wines and to predict certain sensory aspects of wine.
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera ssp. vinifera L.) and grapes have been extensively studied due to their... more Grapevine (Vitis vinifera ssp. vinifera L.) and grapes have been extensively studied due to their numerous nutritional benefits and health affecting activities. In this study, metabolite fingerprinting of crude leaf extracts, based on 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and multivariate data analyses, has been used for the metabolic characterization of six different grapevine cultivars including downy and powdery mildew resistant 'Regent' and susceptible 'Lemberger' among others. Several two-dimensional (2D)-NMR techniques were also employed leading to the identification of a number of different types of compounds. Principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and partial least-squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) of the processed 1 H NMR data revealed clear differences among the cultivars. Metabolites responsible for the discrimination in different grapevine cultivars belong to major classes, that is, organic acids, amino acids, carbohydrates, phenylpropanoids and flavonoids. A differentiation of the cultivars based on their resistance to downy mildew infection was also achieved, and metabolites associated with this trait, namely, quercetin-3-O-glucoside and a trans-feruloyl derivative, were identified. On the basis of these results, the distribution of different plant metabolites among the different grapevine cultivars is presented.
1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was applied for the metabolic profiling of grapes from three ... more 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was applied for the metabolic profiling of grapes from three Portuguese cultivars including ‘Trincadeira’, ‘Aragonês’, and ‘Touriga Nacional’, at four developmental stages. Two kinds of extraction methods including deuterated NMR solvent extraction and solid phase extraction (SPE) were used for the metabolomic analysis and all the metabolites detected in 1H NMR were elucidated by two-dimensional
The numerous uses of the grapevine fruit, especially for wine and beverages, have made it one of ... more The numerous uses of the grapevine fruit, especially for wine and beverages, have made it one of the most important plants worldwide. The phytochemistry of grapevine is rich in a wide range of compounds. Many of them are renowned for their numerous medicinal uses. The production of grapevine metabolites is highly conditioned by many factors like environment or pathogen attack. Some grapevine phytoalexins have gained a great deal of attention due to their antimicrobial activities, being also involved in the induction of resistance in grapevine against those pathogens. Meanwhile grapevine biotechnology is still evolving, thanks to the technological advance of modern science, and biotechnologists are making huge efforts to produce grapevine cultivars of desired characteristics. In this paper, important metabolites from grapevine and grape derived products like wine will be reviewed with their health promoting effects and their role against certain stress factors in grapevine physiology.
1H NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) has been used for metabolomic analysis of ‘Riesl... more 1H NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) has been used for metabolomic analysis of ‘Riesling’ and ‘Mueller-Thurgau’ white wines from the German Palatinate region. Diverse two-dimensional NMR techniques have been applied for the identification of metabolites, including phenolics. It is shown that sensory analysis correlates with NMR-based metabolic profiles of wine. 1H NMR data in combination with multivariate data analysis methods, like principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares projections to latent structures (PLS), and bidirectional orthogonal projections to latent structures (O2PLS) analysis, were employed in an attempt to identify the metabolites responsible for the taste of wine, using a non-targeted approach. The high quality wines were characterized by elevated levels of compounds like proline, 2,3-butanediol, malate, quercetin, and catechin. Characterization of wine based on type and vintage was also done using orthogonal projections to latent structures (OPLS) analysis. ‘Riesling’ wines were characterized by higher levels of catechin, caftarate, valine, proline, malate, and citrate whereas compounds like quercetin, resveratrol, gallate, leucine, threonine, succinate, and lactate, were found discriminating for ‘Mueller-Thurgau’. The wines from 2006 vintage were dominated by leucine, phenylalanine, citrate, malate, and phenolics, while valine, proline, alanine, and succinate were predominantly present in the 2007 vintage. Based on these results, it can be postulated the NMR-based metabolomics offers an easy and comprehensive analysis of wine and in combination with multivariate data analyses can be used to investigate the source of the wines and to predict certain sensory aspects of wine.
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera ssp. vinifera L.) and grapes have been extensively studied due to their... more Grapevine (Vitis vinifera ssp. vinifera L.) and grapes have been extensively studied due to their numerous nutritional benefits and health affecting activities. In this study, metabolite fingerprinting of crude leaf extracts, based on 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and multivariate data analyses, has been used for the metabolic characterization of six different grapevine cultivars including downy and powdery mildew resistant 'Regent' and susceptible 'Lemberger' among others. Several two-dimensional (2D)-NMR techniques were also employed leading to the identification of a number of different types of compounds. Principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and partial least-squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) of the processed 1 H NMR data revealed clear differences among the cultivars. Metabolites responsible for the discrimination in different grapevine cultivars belong to major classes, that is, organic acids, amino acids, carbohydrates, phenylpropanoids and flavonoids. A differentiation of the cultivars based on their resistance to downy mildew infection was also achieved, and metabolites associated with this trait, namely, quercetin-3-O-glucoside and a trans-feruloyl derivative, were identified. On the basis of these results, the distribution of different plant metabolites among the different grapevine cultivars is presented.
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