In this research, flume experiments were conducted on stepped weirs to investigate the effect of ... more In this research, flume experiments were conducted on stepped weirs to investigate the effect of step shape on the energy dissipation of flow. Four configurations with a constant number of steps were considered, namely, horizontal steps, inclined steps, horizontal steps with rounded sills, and inclined steps with rounded sills. The slopes of inclined steps were 13% and 23%, and the diameters of the rounded sills of the step ends were 10 and 15 cm. The majority of previous studies focused on energy dissipation in stepped weirs in horizontal and inclined steps. In this research, new step geometries were used, such as horizontal steps with rounded sills and inclined steps with rounded sills. Dimensional analysis was applied to correlate the different variables affecting the flow hydraulics. Flow rates in the range of 0.61-9.12 lit/sec were used with each step shape. Results showed that the inclined steps with rounded sills had the highest flow energy dissipation in comparison to the other types. Rounded sills at the end of steps had more effective energy dissipation than did the horizontal step. However, the 23% inclination slope with rounded sills of a 7.5 cm radius was the most effective in dissipating flow energy.
Water Quality Index in the Main Drain River in Iraq by Application the Canadian Council of Minist... more Water Quality Index in the Main Drain River in Iraq by Application the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index(CCME WQI) has been achieved .Fifteen water quality parameters (pH, alkalinity, phosphate(PO 4) , nitrate(NO 3), sulfate(SO 4), chloride(Cl), total hardness(TH), calcium(Ca), magnesium(Mg), total dissolved solids(TDS), biological oxygen demand(BOD), dissolved oxygen(DO), electrical conductivity(EC), sodium (Na) and potassium(K) measured at ten stations along the main drain river (Baghdad, Babylon, Qadiysiah, ThiQar and Al-Basrah). The field work was conducted during the years 2004 until 2011. Based on the results obtained from the index the water quality of main outfall drain river ranged between 26.6-35.5 which indicate that river has the worst quality due to effect of various pollutant sources.
The work has been an experimental and numerical investigation of radioactivity risk assessments u... more The work has been an experimental and numerical investigation of radioactivity risk assessments using tracer test technique in open channel flow. Two types of tracer have been used and then examined, pure KCl which has dual indicator at the same time electrical conductivity and radioactivity, and Carmosine (E-122) a florescence dye which used for environmental safety requirements. Thirty three runs were performed to measure solute transport in open channels flows and calculate doses that response from these concentrations. ADE models for one and two dimensional of cases instantaneous and continuous injections in steady states were applications and shown good agreement between predict and observed concentration of the mixing in the flume. The analyses and comparisons show the average MRE equal to 7.2%, and discrepancy ratio between observed and predict of φ = 45 equal to 2.66% & r2 equal to 0.984.
Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences, Apr 22, 2018
Hydraulic structures can be accepted as the key components in improving aeration efficiency becau... more Hydraulic structures can be accepted as the key components in improving aeration efficiency because of the strong turbulent mixing associated with substantial air bubble entrainment at these structures. Different hydraulic structures have been designed to enhance aeration such as stepped cascades. A laboratory model of stepped cascade weir with five different shapes of end sill (normal, triangle, rectangle1, rectangle2 and rectangle3) have been installed at Al-Mustansiriya University, College of Engineering to evaluate treatment system and reduced pollutants in marginal water for different flow rates (35,60 and 80 L/min). Results indicate that high removal efficiency of all pollutants parameter (Cu, Cr, Mo, Br, Fe, Mn, Zn, PO4, Cl-, ClO2, Hardness as CaCO 3 , NH 3 , NO 2 , Toxic matter) is for rectangle1 shape at Q=60L/min. High aeration efficiency is 45.7% for rectangle1 shape at Q=80L/min. High removal efficiency for BOD 5 and COD are 48% and 47% respectively for rectangle 1 at Q=80 L/min.
Results are presented from a series of laboratory experiments conducted on an open channel. Twent... more Results are presented from a series of laboratory experiments conducted on an open channel. Twenty five data sets (L1-L25) have been measured to obtain the magnitude of the longitudinal dispersion coefficient and eight data sets (T1-T8) have been performed to estimate transverse mixing coefficient in channel. The method involves derivation of a new expression for the longitudinal and transverse dispersion coefficients which used routing concentration of pollutant in the advection- dispersion equation solution in water quality mathematical model. Values of longitudinal and transverse dispersion coefficients are compared with measured data and previous similar studies. These comparisons have been showed that tracer technique by using second moment is the most accurate prediction of the longitudinal and transverse dispersions coefficients than the other techniques.
Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development, 2021
This study was conducted to assess the water quality of Tigris River within Baghdad city by using... more This study was conducted to assess the water quality of Tigris River within Baghdad city by using Weighted Arithmetic model. The studay area included five sites: Thiraa-Tigris (S1), Al-Muthana bridge (S2), Al-Shuhadaa bridge (S3), Al-Doraa (S4) and confluence point of the Diyala river (S5). Ten water quality parameters were used in this study, Total Hardness (TH), Calcium (Ca), Hydrogen Ion concentration (pH), Chloride (Cl), Magnesium (Mg), Nitrate (NO3), Sodium (Na), Boron (B), Turbidity (TUR) and Sulfate (SO4). Statistical analysis such as correlation and regression coefficient using the statistical program SPSS was used to evaluate the results of the water quality index as well as to find a relationship between the water quality index and the variables. Several statistical methods, Factor Analysis (FA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Discriminant Analysis (DA), and Time Series Analysis assess parameters affecting water quality during the study period (August-December) 2019. ...
A comparative analysis of previous theoretical and empirical equations is applied to evaluate the... more A comparative analysis of previous theoretical and empirical equations is applied to evaluate their behavior in predicting dispersion coefficient in open channel. A new simplified method for predicting dispersion coefficients using hydraulic parameters is developed. A nonlinear multiple regression method is prepared to derive a new equation of dispersion coefficient. This equation is proven to be superior in explaining dispersion coefficient of open channel more precisely, as compared to existing equations.
Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development, 2020
This study has been provided to assess the stream water for Tigris River within Baghdad city incl... more This study has been provided to assess the stream water for Tigris River within Baghdad city included five sites Thiraa-Tigris (S1), Al-Muthana bridge (S2), Al-Shuhadaa bridge (S3), Al-Doraa (S4) and meeting place in the Diyala river (S5) and the study extended to stations south of Baghdad city. Ten parameters of water quality were used in this study, Total Hardness (TH), Calcium (Ca), Hydrogen Ion concentration (PH), Chloride (Cl), Magnesium (Mg), Nitrate (NO3), Sodium (Na), Boron (B), Turbidity (TUR) and Sulfate (SO4). The assessment of water quality for river water was done using three methods, Weighted, Arithmetic, Water Quality Index Method (WA WQI), Canadian Council of Ministry of Environmental (CCME WQI), and the third water quality method developed by Erdenebayar. Overall water quality index by the three methods showed Poor to Unsuitable quality index in Tigris River at Baghdad city except for Al-Muthna bridge (S2) was grade good quality index during the time period. From the analysis, it was found that the worst water quality index at the confluence point of Diyala river (S5) and grade unsuitable quality index.
One dimensional advection-diffusion equation is numerically solved by using finite difference met... more One dimensional advection-diffusion equation is numerically solved by using finite difference method that may be simulated to describe transport of a pollutant in open channel. A generalized Newton Raphson procedure is used to solve the system of equations. The validity of the numerical model is obtained by comparing the experimental results and numerical solution under proper initial and boundary conditions. The spatial variation of concentrations is also compared with the results of experimental measurement. The application of the model revealed good agreement and convincing between experimental and numerical results.
The Durah Oil Company represents one of the important companies in Iraq that consumes a large qua... more The Durah Oil Company represents one of the important companies in Iraq that consumes a large quantity of water. The refinery wastewater discharged from the company is evaluated to be 60 m 3 /hr, which causes high water pollution to Tiger river and the agricultural lands. The basic aim of this investigation is to modify the methods for treating oily wastewater. Measurements of wastewater such as turbidity, pH, and TDS, COD, TH and oil quantity were achieved during period four months. Two coagulants were used in this experiments including Alum and mixture of Bentonite and Kaolin, the optimum alum dosages are (20, 40 and 80 ppm) and clay dosage is (2.5, 5, and 9 g/l) are required to treat wastewater for initial oil concentration (20, 40, and 136 ppm) respectively. Keywords: Refinery wastewater, oil removal , Coagulant, Bentonite, Kaolin
Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development, 2019
Recently, the products of dyes and phenols that effluent into water cause serious environmental c... more Recently, the products of dyes and phenols that effluent into water cause serious environmental complications where they cannot be controlled and sustained in the environment. In this study, a special type of bentonite clay was used to remove two types of reactive dyes (red, green) and 2,4-dichlorophenol from water by adsorption processes, under different operating conditions of pH values between (4-9) contact time (30-180) min, bentonite dose (0.2-1) g/200 ml, initial concentration (5-100) mg/L for reactive dyes, and (5-50) mg/L for 2.4-Dichlorophenol.The adsorption model has been applied to represent fit the experimental data of the adsorption process. The results showed that the Langmuir model was more suitable to represent the removal of reactive dyes (red, green) and the Freundlich model was more suitable to represent the removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol by bentonite clay.
International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 2018
The objective of the experimental work performed in this study is to analyze the adsorption of th... more The objective of the experimental work performed in this study is to analyze the adsorption of the total organic carbon from aqueous solutions using a manufacturing porous media of Activated Ceramic (ACR) in a continuous flow system, consisting of horizontal PVC pipes of 150 mm diameter and 6 m length without membranes. The discharge of the polluted water in the system was varied at values of 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 L/hr while the contaminants were changed in concentrations of high and low with the measurement of pressure. The results show that in order to increase the removal efficiency of heavy metals, the detention time and the length of the pipe must be increased. The decrease in flow discharge results in an increase in the removal efficiency of the heavy metals while the results for the removal process of the ACR media were: Mn+2> Cr+3 > Fe+2 > Cu+2 > Zn+2.
In this research, flume experiments were conducted on stepped weirs to investigate the effect of ... more In this research, flume experiments were conducted on stepped weirs to investigate the effect of step shape on the energy dissipation of flow. Four configurations with a constant number of steps were considered, namely, horizontal steps, inclined steps, horizontal steps with rounded sills, and inclined steps with rounded sills. The slopes of inclined steps were 13% and 23%, and the diameters of the rounded sills of the step ends were 10 and 15 cm. The majority of previous studies focused on energy dissipation in stepped weirs in horizontal and inclined steps. In this research, new step geometries were used, such as horizontal steps with rounded sills and inclined steps with rounded sills. Dimensional analysis was applied to correlate the different variables affecting the flow hydraulics. Flow rates in the range of 0.61-9.12 lit/sec were used with each step shape. Results showed that the inclined steps with rounded sills had the highest flow energy dissipation in comparison to the other types. Rounded sills at the end of steps had more effective energy dissipation than did the horizontal step. However, the 23% inclination slope with rounded sills of a 7.5 cm radius was the most effective in dissipating flow energy.
Water Quality Index in the Main Drain River in Iraq by Application the Canadian Council of Minist... more Water Quality Index in the Main Drain River in Iraq by Application the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index(CCME WQI) has been achieved .Fifteen water quality parameters (pH, alkalinity, phosphate(PO 4) , nitrate(NO 3), sulfate(SO 4), chloride(Cl), total hardness(TH), calcium(Ca), magnesium(Mg), total dissolved solids(TDS), biological oxygen demand(BOD), dissolved oxygen(DO), electrical conductivity(EC), sodium (Na) and potassium(K) measured at ten stations along the main drain river (Baghdad, Babylon, Qadiysiah, ThiQar and Al-Basrah). The field work was conducted during the years 2004 until 2011. Based on the results obtained from the index the water quality of main outfall drain river ranged between 26.6-35.5 which indicate that river has the worst quality due to effect of various pollutant sources.
The work has been an experimental and numerical investigation of radioactivity risk assessments u... more The work has been an experimental and numerical investigation of radioactivity risk assessments using tracer test technique in open channel flow. Two types of tracer have been used and then examined, pure KCl which has dual indicator at the same time electrical conductivity and radioactivity, and Carmosine (E-122) a florescence dye which used for environmental safety requirements. Thirty three runs were performed to measure solute transport in open channels flows and calculate doses that response from these concentrations. ADE models for one and two dimensional of cases instantaneous and continuous injections in steady states were applications and shown good agreement between predict and observed concentration of the mixing in the flume. The analyses and comparisons show the average MRE equal to 7.2%, and discrepancy ratio between observed and predict of φ = 45 equal to 2.66% & r2 equal to 0.984.
Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences, Apr 22, 2018
Hydraulic structures can be accepted as the key components in improving aeration efficiency becau... more Hydraulic structures can be accepted as the key components in improving aeration efficiency because of the strong turbulent mixing associated with substantial air bubble entrainment at these structures. Different hydraulic structures have been designed to enhance aeration such as stepped cascades. A laboratory model of stepped cascade weir with five different shapes of end sill (normal, triangle, rectangle1, rectangle2 and rectangle3) have been installed at Al-Mustansiriya University, College of Engineering to evaluate treatment system and reduced pollutants in marginal water for different flow rates (35,60 and 80 L/min). Results indicate that high removal efficiency of all pollutants parameter (Cu, Cr, Mo, Br, Fe, Mn, Zn, PO4, Cl-, ClO2, Hardness as CaCO 3 , NH 3 , NO 2 , Toxic matter) is for rectangle1 shape at Q=60L/min. High aeration efficiency is 45.7% for rectangle1 shape at Q=80L/min. High removal efficiency for BOD 5 and COD are 48% and 47% respectively for rectangle 1 at Q=80 L/min.
Results are presented from a series of laboratory experiments conducted on an open channel. Twent... more Results are presented from a series of laboratory experiments conducted on an open channel. Twenty five data sets (L1-L25) have been measured to obtain the magnitude of the longitudinal dispersion coefficient and eight data sets (T1-T8) have been performed to estimate transverse mixing coefficient in channel. The method involves derivation of a new expression for the longitudinal and transverse dispersion coefficients which used routing concentration of pollutant in the advection- dispersion equation solution in water quality mathematical model. Values of longitudinal and transverse dispersion coefficients are compared with measured data and previous similar studies. These comparisons have been showed that tracer technique by using second moment is the most accurate prediction of the longitudinal and transverse dispersions coefficients than the other techniques.
Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development, 2021
This study was conducted to assess the water quality of Tigris River within Baghdad city by using... more This study was conducted to assess the water quality of Tigris River within Baghdad city by using Weighted Arithmetic model. The studay area included five sites: Thiraa-Tigris (S1), Al-Muthana bridge (S2), Al-Shuhadaa bridge (S3), Al-Doraa (S4) and confluence point of the Diyala river (S5). Ten water quality parameters were used in this study, Total Hardness (TH), Calcium (Ca), Hydrogen Ion concentration (pH), Chloride (Cl), Magnesium (Mg), Nitrate (NO3), Sodium (Na), Boron (B), Turbidity (TUR) and Sulfate (SO4). Statistical analysis such as correlation and regression coefficient using the statistical program SPSS was used to evaluate the results of the water quality index as well as to find a relationship between the water quality index and the variables. Several statistical methods, Factor Analysis (FA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Discriminant Analysis (DA), and Time Series Analysis assess parameters affecting water quality during the study period (August-December) 2019. ...
A comparative analysis of previous theoretical and empirical equations is applied to evaluate the... more A comparative analysis of previous theoretical and empirical equations is applied to evaluate their behavior in predicting dispersion coefficient in open channel. A new simplified method for predicting dispersion coefficients using hydraulic parameters is developed. A nonlinear multiple regression method is prepared to derive a new equation of dispersion coefficient. This equation is proven to be superior in explaining dispersion coefficient of open channel more precisely, as compared to existing equations.
Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development, 2020
This study has been provided to assess the stream water for Tigris River within Baghdad city incl... more This study has been provided to assess the stream water for Tigris River within Baghdad city included five sites Thiraa-Tigris (S1), Al-Muthana bridge (S2), Al-Shuhadaa bridge (S3), Al-Doraa (S4) and meeting place in the Diyala river (S5) and the study extended to stations south of Baghdad city. Ten parameters of water quality were used in this study, Total Hardness (TH), Calcium (Ca), Hydrogen Ion concentration (PH), Chloride (Cl), Magnesium (Mg), Nitrate (NO3), Sodium (Na), Boron (B), Turbidity (TUR) and Sulfate (SO4). The assessment of water quality for river water was done using three methods, Weighted, Arithmetic, Water Quality Index Method (WA WQI), Canadian Council of Ministry of Environmental (CCME WQI), and the third water quality method developed by Erdenebayar. Overall water quality index by the three methods showed Poor to Unsuitable quality index in Tigris River at Baghdad city except for Al-Muthna bridge (S2) was grade good quality index during the time period. From the analysis, it was found that the worst water quality index at the confluence point of Diyala river (S5) and grade unsuitable quality index.
One dimensional advection-diffusion equation is numerically solved by using finite difference met... more One dimensional advection-diffusion equation is numerically solved by using finite difference method that may be simulated to describe transport of a pollutant in open channel. A generalized Newton Raphson procedure is used to solve the system of equations. The validity of the numerical model is obtained by comparing the experimental results and numerical solution under proper initial and boundary conditions. The spatial variation of concentrations is also compared with the results of experimental measurement. The application of the model revealed good agreement and convincing between experimental and numerical results.
The Durah Oil Company represents one of the important companies in Iraq that consumes a large qua... more The Durah Oil Company represents one of the important companies in Iraq that consumes a large quantity of water. The refinery wastewater discharged from the company is evaluated to be 60 m 3 /hr, which causes high water pollution to Tiger river and the agricultural lands. The basic aim of this investigation is to modify the methods for treating oily wastewater. Measurements of wastewater such as turbidity, pH, and TDS, COD, TH and oil quantity were achieved during period four months. Two coagulants were used in this experiments including Alum and mixture of Bentonite and Kaolin, the optimum alum dosages are (20, 40 and 80 ppm) and clay dosage is (2.5, 5, and 9 g/l) are required to treat wastewater for initial oil concentration (20, 40, and 136 ppm) respectively. Keywords: Refinery wastewater, oil removal , Coagulant, Bentonite, Kaolin
Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development, 2019
Recently, the products of dyes and phenols that effluent into water cause serious environmental c... more Recently, the products of dyes and phenols that effluent into water cause serious environmental complications where they cannot be controlled and sustained in the environment. In this study, a special type of bentonite clay was used to remove two types of reactive dyes (red, green) and 2,4-dichlorophenol from water by adsorption processes, under different operating conditions of pH values between (4-9) contact time (30-180) min, bentonite dose (0.2-1) g/200 ml, initial concentration (5-100) mg/L for reactive dyes, and (5-50) mg/L for 2.4-Dichlorophenol.The adsorption model has been applied to represent fit the experimental data of the adsorption process. The results showed that the Langmuir model was more suitable to represent the removal of reactive dyes (red, green) and the Freundlich model was more suitable to represent the removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol by bentonite clay.
International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 2018
The objective of the experimental work performed in this study is to analyze the adsorption of th... more The objective of the experimental work performed in this study is to analyze the adsorption of the total organic carbon from aqueous solutions using a manufacturing porous media of Activated Ceramic (ACR) in a continuous flow system, consisting of horizontal PVC pipes of 150 mm diameter and 6 m length without membranes. The discharge of the polluted water in the system was varied at values of 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 L/hr while the contaminants were changed in concentrations of high and low with the measurement of pressure. The results show that in order to increase the removal efficiency of heavy metals, the detention time and the length of the pipe must be increased. The decrease in flow discharge results in an increase in the removal efficiency of the heavy metals while the results for the removal process of the ACR media were: Mn+2> Cr+3 > Fe+2 > Cu+2 > Zn+2.
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Papers by Karim Gubashi