The most prevalent form of Colon Cancer is the Colorectal Adenocarcinoma which originates particu... more The most prevalent form of Colon Cancer is the Colorectal Adenocarcinoma which originates particularly in intestinal glandular structures. For its prognosis and plan of treatment, pathological tests are conducted where the morphology of intestinal glands including an architectural appearance as well as glandular formation are analyzed in samples collected during biopsies. But in modern pathology, to achieve good inter-observer along with intra-observer reproducibility of cancer grading still remains a key challenge owing to variations present in staining, sectioning and fixation procedures that also lead to artifacts introduction and variances in tissue sections and ultimately resulted in variances in gland appearances. Also, manual segmentation and classification of these glandular structures are time-consuming owing to large datasets from a single patient. Thus, in this paper semantic segmentation model for effectively detecting and segmenting the mucous glands from large size histopathological images i.e. 775 × 552 × 3 is proposed which keeps the original size at the input and is the main highlight of the model. The model is trained and tested using the dataset from GlaS@MICCAI 2015 Colon Gland Segmentation Challenge.
Schmitt Trigger, first presented by Schmitt in 1938 is extensively used in Pulse Width Modulation... more Schmitt Trigger, first presented by Schmitt in 1938 is extensively used in Pulse Width Modulation Circuits, Sensors, Square Wave Generators, buffers and Sub threshold SRAM. It utilizes the fundamental concept of bi-stable state i.e. for positive and negative going input signals, Schmitt Trigger shows different switching thresholds which is termed as Hysteresis. Slew rate and bandwidth of the op-amp restricts the performance of Schmitt Trigger based on op-amp. Schmitt Trigger using Current Conveyors lack electronically tuned hysteresis level. CDTA and CCCDTA based Schmitt Trigger are comparatively less efficient owning to excessive use of passive elements, devoid of dual hysteresis operations using same topologies, absence of electronic controllability of output levels and threshold. Keeping all in knowledge,the purpose of this paper is to introduce adaptive or Super Schmitt trigger based on Operational Trans-conductance amplifier with many adjustable parameters to tame input values....
In 1950, an American biophysicist and polymath Otto Schmitt coined the term 'Biomimetics'... more In 1950, an American biophysicist and polymath Otto Schmitt coined the term 'Biomimetics' (imitation of nature element, systems, models for the purpose of solving complex problems of the human). Proceeding on the same concept, finally he developed the Schmitt Trigger by studying the nerves in squid, attempting to engineer a device that replicated the nerve propagation's biological system during his doctoral research. Many researchers proposed the numerous designs, advantages and implementation of Schmitt Trigger for different applications. This paper reveals a detail review of each circuit illustrated in literature for last two decades in terms of their merits and demerits. Section 1 gives brief illustration of history, properties and advancement of Schmitt Trigge,. Section2 comprises merits, demerits and application of Schmitt Trigger. Section 3 gives detailed review about threshold adaption by Schmitt trigger and Section 4 ends with the summary of the review.
In 1950, an American biophysicist and polymath Otto Schmitt coined the term 'Biomimetics'... more In 1950, an American biophysicist and polymath Otto Schmitt coined the term 'Biomimetics' (imitation of nature element, systems, models for the purpose of solving complex problems of the human). Proceeding on the same concept, finally he developed the Schmitt Trigger by studying the nerves in squid, attempting to engineer a device that replicated the nerve propagation's biological system during his doctoral research. Many researchers proposed the numerous designs, advantages and implementation of Schmitt Trigger for different applications. This paper reveals a detail review of each circuit illustrated in literature for last two decades in terms of their merits and demerits. Section 1 gives brief illustration of history, properties and advancement of Schmitt Trigge,. Section2 comprises merits, demerits and application of Schmitt Trigger. Section 3 gives detailed review about threshold adaption by Schmitt trigger and Section 4 ends with the summary of the review.
Schmitt Trigger, first presented by Schmitt in 1938 is extensively used in Pulse Width Modulation... more Schmitt Trigger, first presented by Schmitt in 1938 is extensively used in Pulse Width Modulation Circuits, Sensors, Square Wave Generators, buffers and Sub threshold SRAM. It utilizes the fundamental concept of bi-stable state i.e. for positive and negative going input signals, Schmitt Trigger shows different switching thresholds which is termed as Hysteresis. Slew rate and bandwidth of the op-amp restricts the performance of Schmitt Trigger based on op-amp. Schmitt Trigger using Current Conveyors lack electronically tuned hysteresis level. CDTA and CCCDTA based Schmitt Trigger are comparatively less efficient owning to excessive use of passive elements, devoid of dual hysteresis operations using same topologies, absence of electronic controllability of output levels and threshold. Keeping all in knowledge,the purpose of this paper is to introduce adaptive or Super Schmitt trigger based on Operational Trans-conductance amplifier with many adjustable parameters to tame input values....
Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research, 2013
The possibility for more confidential predictions, leaning on scientific methods and accomplishme... more The possibility for more confidential predictions, leaning on scientific methods and accomplishments of information technology leaves more time for the realization of logistic needs. Longstanding ambitions to acquire desired levels of efficiency within the system with minimal costs of resources, materials, energy and money are the features of executive structures of logistic systems. A successful logistic process is based on validation of technological development, indicating the need for a faster and more confidential integration of logistic systems and "instilling confidence" with military units that provide critical support (supply, transport and maintenance) will be reliably realized according to relevance and priority. Conclusions like these impose the necessity that the decision-making process of logistic organs is accessed carefully and systematically, since any wrong decision leads to a reduced state of readiness for military units. To facilitate the day-to-day ope...
In 1950, an American biophysicist and polymath Otto Schmitt coined the term 'Biomimetics'... more In 1950, an American biophysicist and polymath Otto Schmitt coined the term 'Biomimetics' (imitation of nature element, systems, models for the purpose of solving complex problems of the human). Proceeding on the same concept, finally he developed the Schmitt Trigger by studying the nerves in squid, attempting to engineer a device that replicated the nerve propagation's biological system during his doctoral research. Many researchers proposed the numerous designs, advantages and implementation of Schmitt Trigger for different applications. This paper reveals a detail review of each circuit illustrated in literature for last two decades in terms of their merits and demerits. Section 1 gives brief illustration of history, properties and advancement of Schmitt Trigge,. Section2 comprises merits, demerits and application of Schmitt Trigger. Section 3 gives detailed review about threshold adaption by Schmitt trigger and Section 4 ends with the summary of the review.
The glandular morphology analysis done within the colon histopathological images is an imperative... more The glandular morphology analysis done within the colon histopathological images is an imperative step for grade determination of colon cancer. But the manual segmentation is quite laborious as well as time-consuming. It also suffers from the subjectivity among pathologists. Thus, the rising computational pathology has escorted to the development of various automated methods for the gland segmentation task. However, automated gland segmentation remains an exigent task due to numerous factors like the need for high-level resolution for precise delineation of glandular boundaries, etc. Thus, in order to alleviate the development of automated gland segmentation techniques, various image enhancement techniques are applied on colon cancer images for preprocessing them in order to get an enhanced image in which all the critical elements are easily detectable. The enhancement results are analyzed based on both objective qualitative assessment as well as subjective assessment given in the f...
In this paper, a new control circuitry for bridgeless PFC boost converter is proposed. The bridge... more In this paper, a new control circuitry for bridgeless PFC boost converter is proposed. The bridgeless PFC boost converter utilizes a bidirectional switch and two fast diodes. The absence of an input diode bridge and presence of only one diode in the flowing-current path during each switching cycle results in less conduction loss and improved thermal management compared to existing PFC rectifiers. Here, this bridgeless boost converter circuit is analyzed and simulated with motor load. The circuit has advantages like reduced harmonics and improved power factor. Also, near unity power factor is obtained by using this bridgeless boost converter with EMI Filter. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed technique.
In the contemporary world, breast tumor is the most consistently spotted neoplasm among women, th... more In the contemporary world, breast tumor is the most consistently spotted neoplasm among women, that is, instigating women’s transience at a higher rate. Radiologists prefer computer-aided mammography in order to detect breast cancer. Mammograms consist of many artifacts like labels, pectoral muscles whose removal is a daunting task. The presence of glandular tissues in digital mammograms plays a pivotal role in the early finding of breast cancer. This is necessary to find the radiation risk linked with screening and also to find the irregularity between right and left breasts. The proposed method focuses on pre-processing and breast density segmentation. In this method, both binarization and the modified region growing method are applied for removing the labels, background and pectoral muscles. For improving the contrast of the images bereft of the pectoral muscles, it uses the contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization with Rayleigh distribution. Next use is made of K-means c...
In medical applications, processing of various medical images like chest X-rays, projection image... more In medical applications, processing of various medical images like chest X-rays, projection images of trans-axial tomography, cineangiograms and other medical images that occur in radiology, ultrasonic scanning and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is required. These images may be used for patients’ screening and monitoring for detection of diseases in patients. Image enhancement algorithms are employed to emphasize, smoothen or sharpen image features for display and analysis. In the biomedical field, image enhancement faces the greatest difficulty in quantifying the criterion for enhancement. Enhancement methods are application specific and often developed empirically. The theme work presented in this paper is a detailed analysis of enhancement of medical images using contrast manipulation, noise reduction, edge sharpening, gray level slicing, edge crispening, magnification, interpolation, and pseudo-coloring. Comparison of these techniques is necessary for deciding an apt algorithm...
In this paper, we have proposed a new authentication method for verification in withdrawal of mon... more In this paper, we have proposed a new authentication method for verification in withdrawal of money from ATMs. For this, the user’s fingerprint will be used instead of entering the traditional 4 digit PIN codes. And the ATMs will be given an unified fingerprint enabled touch panel that combines multiple capacitive TFT based fingerprint sensors. If the user will enter the correctly aligned fingerprint then the withdrawal of money will be done as usual. But if the user is forced by anyone for withdrawal of money then the user can enter wrongly aligned fingerprint followed by the rightly aligned fingerprint. It will allow the withdrawal of money as like as the normal case but along with that it also generate alarm call in the nearest police station without giving any hint at the ATM. Thus giving more security in withdrawal of money. KeywordsAuto Teller machine, PIN code, TFT, User Identity Sensing, Fingerprint
The most prevalent form of Colon Cancer is the Colorectal Adenocarcinoma which originates particu... more The most prevalent form of Colon Cancer is the Colorectal Adenocarcinoma which originates particularly in intestinal glandular structures. For its prognosis and plan of treatment, pathological tests are conducted where the morphology of intestinal glands including an architectural appearance as well as glandular formation are analyzed in samples collected during biopsies. But in modern pathology, to achieve good inter-observer along with intra-observer reproducibility of cancer grading still remains a key challenge owing to variations present in staining, sectioning and fixation procedures that also lead to artifacts introduction and variances in tissue sections and ultimately resulted in variances in gland appearances. Also, manual segmentation and classification of these glandular structures are time-consuming owing to large datasets from a single patient. Thus, in this paper semantic segmentation model for effectively detecting and segmenting the mucous glands from large size his...
Breast Cancer is the most habitually detected neoplasm amid women in India and it is one of the p... more Breast Cancer is the most habitually detected neoplasm amid women in India and it is one of the principal reasons for cancer decreases in females. In order to visualize the breast cancer, radiologists prefer to use mammogram. It consists of many artifacts, which negatively influences the detection of breast cancer. Presence of pectoral muscles makes abnormality detection a cumbersome task. The recognition of glandular tissue in mammograms is imperative in evaluating asymmetry between left and right breasts and in guesstimating the radiation risk connected with screening. Thus, the proposed technique focuses on breast part extraction, muscle part removal, enhancement of mammogram, and segmentation of mammogram images into regions conforming to different densities. The anticipated method has been verified on Mini-MIAS database mammogram images with ground truth offered by expert radiologists. The results show that the proposed technique is efficient in removing pectoral muscles and se...
In order to visualize the breast cancer radiologists prefer to use mammogram and breast ultrasoun... more In order to visualize the breast cancer radiologists prefer to use mammogram and breast ultrasound imaging modalities. To detect cancer, a region of interest (ROI) symbolizing tumor is extracted from the image. The segmentation process becomes tedious in presence of noise, low contrast, and blurriness. Pre-processing is done before segmentation to enhance the contrast and to remove the unwanted information from the image. Segmentation also influences the classification of the image into benign and malignant classes. Various segmentation techniques have been proposed in the literature to extract microcalcification region of interest, masses, and breast lesions and to remove the pectoral muscles. This paper provides the detailed review of these techniques, particularly for mammogram images.
Mortality rate because of breast cancer diminishes to a large extent if the categorization of bre... more Mortality rate because of breast cancer diminishes to a large extent if the categorization of breast lesions as malignant or benign is done properly. But this process is quite complicated owing to erroneous detection of noise pixels as false positives. It can be reduced by proper enhancement of the features of the mammogram giving an indication of cancer. In this paper, contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) and entropy-based intuitionistic fuzzy method are anticipated for improving the contrast of digital mammogram images. To validate the efficacy of the proposed algorithm over type II fuzzy set-based techniques, subjective, quantitative and visual evaluation is done on publicly available MIAS database. Experimental results prove that the proposed technique gives better visual quality. It provides high values of subjective and quantitative metrics compared to several states of art algorithms.
The most prevalent form of Colon Cancer is the Colorectal Adenocarcinoma which originates particu... more The most prevalent form of Colon Cancer is the Colorectal Adenocarcinoma which originates particularly in intestinal glandular structures. For its prognosis and plan of treatment, pathological tests are conducted where the morphology of intestinal glands including an architectural appearance as well as glandular formation are analyzed in samples collected during biopsies. But in modern pathology, to achieve good inter-observer along with intra-observer reproducibility of cancer grading still remains a key challenge owing to variations present in staining, sectioning and fixation procedures that also lead to artifacts introduction and variances in tissue sections and ultimately resulted in variances in gland appearances. Also, manual segmentation and classification of these glandular structures are time-consuming owing to large datasets from a single patient. Thus, in this paper semantic segmentation model for effectively detecting and segmenting the mucous glands from large size histopathological images i.e. 775 × 552 × 3 is proposed which keeps the original size at the input and is the main highlight of the model. The model is trained and tested using the dataset from GlaS@MICCAI 2015 Colon Gland Segmentation Challenge.
Schmitt Trigger, first presented by Schmitt in 1938 is extensively used in Pulse Width Modulation... more Schmitt Trigger, first presented by Schmitt in 1938 is extensively used in Pulse Width Modulation Circuits, Sensors, Square Wave Generators, buffers and Sub threshold SRAM. It utilizes the fundamental concept of bi-stable state i.e. for positive and negative going input signals, Schmitt Trigger shows different switching thresholds which is termed as Hysteresis. Slew rate and bandwidth of the op-amp restricts the performance of Schmitt Trigger based on op-amp. Schmitt Trigger using Current Conveyors lack electronically tuned hysteresis level. CDTA and CCCDTA based Schmitt Trigger are comparatively less efficient owning to excessive use of passive elements, devoid of dual hysteresis operations using same topologies, absence of electronic controllability of output levels and threshold. Keeping all in knowledge,the purpose of this paper is to introduce adaptive or Super Schmitt trigger based on Operational Trans-conductance amplifier with many adjustable parameters to tame input values....
In 1950, an American biophysicist and polymath Otto Schmitt coined the term 'Biomimetics'... more In 1950, an American biophysicist and polymath Otto Schmitt coined the term 'Biomimetics' (imitation of nature element, systems, models for the purpose of solving complex problems of the human). Proceeding on the same concept, finally he developed the Schmitt Trigger by studying the nerves in squid, attempting to engineer a device that replicated the nerve propagation's biological system during his doctoral research. Many researchers proposed the numerous designs, advantages and implementation of Schmitt Trigger for different applications. This paper reveals a detail review of each circuit illustrated in literature for last two decades in terms of their merits and demerits. Section 1 gives brief illustration of history, properties and advancement of Schmitt Trigge,. Section2 comprises merits, demerits and application of Schmitt Trigger. Section 3 gives detailed review about threshold adaption by Schmitt trigger and Section 4 ends with the summary of the review.
In 1950, an American biophysicist and polymath Otto Schmitt coined the term 'Biomimetics'... more In 1950, an American biophysicist and polymath Otto Schmitt coined the term 'Biomimetics' (imitation of nature element, systems, models for the purpose of solving complex problems of the human). Proceeding on the same concept, finally he developed the Schmitt Trigger by studying the nerves in squid, attempting to engineer a device that replicated the nerve propagation's biological system during his doctoral research. Many researchers proposed the numerous designs, advantages and implementation of Schmitt Trigger for different applications. This paper reveals a detail review of each circuit illustrated in literature for last two decades in terms of their merits and demerits. Section 1 gives brief illustration of history, properties and advancement of Schmitt Trigge,. Section2 comprises merits, demerits and application of Schmitt Trigger. Section 3 gives detailed review about threshold adaption by Schmitt trigger and Section 4 ends with the summary of the review.
Schmitt Trigger, first presented by Schmitt in 1938 is extensively used in Pulse Width Modulation... more Schmitt Trigger, first presented by Schmitt in 1938 is extensively used in Pulse Width Modulation Circuits, Sensors, Square Wave Generators, buffers and Sub threshold SRAM. It utilizes the fundamental concept of bi-stable state i.e. for positive and negative going input signals, Schmitt Trigger shows different switching thresholds which is termed as Hysteresis. Slew rate and bandwidth of the op-amp restricts the performance of Schmitt Trigger based on op-amp. Schmitt Trigger using Current Conveyors lack electronically tuned hysteresis level. CDTA and CCCDTA based Schmitt Trigger are comparatively less efficient owning to excessive use of passive elements, devoid of dual hysteresis operations using same topologies, absence of electronic controllability of output levels and threshold. Keeping all in knowledge,the purpose of this paper is to introduce adaptive or Super Schmitt trigger based on Operational Trans-conductance amplifier with many adjustable parameters to tame input values....
Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research, 2013
The possibility for more confidential predictions, leaning on scientific methods and accomplishme... more The possibility for more confidential predictions, leaning on scientific methods and accomplishments of information technology leaves more time for the realization of logistic needs. Longstanding ambitions to acquire desired levels of efficiency within the system with minimal costs of resources, materials, energy and money are the features of executive structures of logistic systems. A successful logistic process is based on validation of technological development, indicating the need for a faster and more confidential integration of logistic systems and "instilling confidence" with military units that provide critical support (supply, transport and maintenance) will be reliably realized according to relevance and priority. Conclusions like these impose the necessity that the decision-making process of logistic organs is accessed carefully and systematically, since any wrong decision leads to a reduced state of readiness for military units. To facilitate the day-to-day ope...
In 1950, an American biophysicist and polymath Otto Schmitt coined the term 'Biomimetics'... more In 1950, an American biophysicist and polymath Otto Schmitt coined the term 'Biomimetics' (imitation of nature element, systems, models for the purpose of solving complex problems of the human). Proceeding on the same concept, finally he developed the Schmitt Trigger by studying the nerves in squid, attempting to engineer a device that replicated the nerve propagation's biological system during his doctoral research. Many researchers proposed the numerous designs, advantages and implementation of Schmitt Trigger for different applications. This paper reveals a detail review of each circuit illustrated in literature for last two decades in terms of their merits and demerits. Section 1 gives brief illustration of history, properties and advancement of Schmitt Trigge,. Section2 comprises merits, demerits and application of Schmitt Trigger. Section 3 gives detailed review about threshold adaption by Schmitt trigger and Section 4 ends with the summary of the review.
The glandular morphology analysis done within the colon histopathological images is an imperative... more The glandular morphology analysis done within the colon histopathological images is an imperative step for grade determination of colon cancer. But the manual segmentation is quite laborious as well as time-consuming. It also suffers from the subjectivity among pathologists. Thus, the rising computational pathology has escorted to the development of various automated methods for the gland segmentation task. However, automated gland segmentation remains an exigent task due to numerous factors like the need for high-level resolution for precise delineation of glandular boundaries, etc. Thus, in order to alleviate the development of automated gland segmentation techniques, various image enhancement techniques are applied on colon cancer images for preprocessing them in order to get an enhanced image in which all the critical elements are easily detectable. The enhancement results are analyzed based on both objective qualitative assessment as well as subjective assessment given in the f...
In this paper, a new control circuitry for bridgeless PFC boost converter is proposed. The bridge... more In this paper, a new control circuitry for bridgeless PFC boost converter is proposed. The bridgeless PFC boost converter utilizes a bidirectional switch and two fast diodes. The absence of an input diode bridge and presence of only one diode in the flowing-current path during each switching cycle results in less conduction loss and improved thermal management compared to existing PFC rectifiers. Here, this bridgeless boost converter circuit is analyzed and simulated with motor load. The circuit has advantages like reduced harmonics and improved power factor. Also, near unity power factor is obtained by using this bridgeless boost converter with EMI Filter. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed technique.
In the contemporary world, breast tumor is the most consistently spotted neoplasm among women, th... more In the contemporary world, breast tumor is the most consistently spotted neoplasm among women, that is, instigating women’s transience at a higher rate. Radiologists prefer computer-aided mammography in order to detect breast cancer. Mammograms consist of many artifacts like labels, pectoral muscles whose removal is a daunting task. The presence of glandular tissues in digital mammograms plays a pivotal role in the early finding of breast cancer. This is necessary to find the radiation risk linked with screening and also to find the irregularity between right and left breasts. The proposed method focuses on pre-processing and breast density segmentation. In this method, both binarization and the modified region growing method are applied for removing the labels, background and pectoral muscles. For improving the contrast of the images bereft of the pectoral muscles, it uses the contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization with Rayleigh distribution. Next use is made of K-means c...
In medical applications, processing of various medical images like chest X-rays, projection image... more In medical applications, processing of various medical images like chest X-rays, projection images of trans-axial tomography, cineangiograms and other medical images that occur in radiology, ultrasonic scanning and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is required. These images may be used for patients’ screening and monitoring for detection of diseases in patients. Image enhancement algorithms are employed to emphasize, smoothen or sharpen image features for display and analysis. In the biomedical field, image enhancement faces the greatest difficulty in quantifying the criterion for enhancement. Enhancement methods are application specific and often developed empirically. The theme work presented in this paper is a detailed analysis of enhancement of medical images using contrast manipulation, noise reduction, edge sharpening, gray level slicing, edge crispening, magnification, interpolation, and pseudo-coloring. Comparison of these techniques is necessary for deciding an apt algorithm...
In this paper, we have proposed a new authentication method for verification in withdrawal of mon... more In this paper, we have proposed a new authentication method for verification in withdrawal of money from ATMs. For this, the user’s fingerprint will be used instead of entering the traditional 4 digit PIN codes. And the ATMs will be given an unified fingerprint enabled touch panel that combines multiple capacitive TFT based fingerprint sensors. If the user will enter the correctly aligned fingerprint then the withdrawal of money will be done as usual. But if the user is forced by anyone for withdrawal of money then the user can enter wrongly aligned fingerprint followed by the rightly aligned fingerprint. It will allow the withdrawal of money as like as the normal case but along with that it also generate alarm call in the nearest police station without giving any hint at the ATM. Thus giving more security in withdrawal of money. KeywordsAuto Teller machine, PIN code, TFT, User Identity Sensing, Fingerprint
The most prevalent form of Colon Cancer is the Colorectal Adenocarcinoma which originates particu... more The most prevalent form of Colon Cancer is the Colorectal Adenocarcinoma which originates particularly in intestinal glandular structures. For its prognosis and plan of treatment, pathological tests are conducted where the morphology of intestinal glands including an architectural appearance as well as glandular formation are analyzed in samples collected during biopsies. But in modern pathology, to achieve good inter-observer along with intra-observer reproducibility of cancer grading still remains a key challenge owing to variations present in staining, sectioning and fixation procedures that also lead to artifacts introduction and variances in tissue sections and ultimately resulted in variances in gland appearances. Also, manual segmentation and classification of these glandular structures are time-consuming owing to large datasets from a single patient. Thus, in this paper semantic segmentation model for effectively detecting and segmenting the mucous glands from large size his...
Breast Cancer is the most habitually detected neoplasm amid women in India and it is one of the p... more Breast Cancer is the most habitually detected neoplasm amid women in India and it is one of the principal reasons for cancer decreases in females. In order to visualize the breast cancer, radiologists prefer to use mammogram. It consists of many artifacts, which negatively influences the detection of breast cancer. Presence of pectoral muscles makes abnormality detection a cumbersome task. The recognition of glandular tissue in mammograms is imperative in evaluating asymmetry between left and right breasts and in guesstimating the radiation risk connected with screening. Thus, the proposed technique focuses on breast part extraction, muscle part removal, enhancement of mammogram, and segmentation of mammogram images into regions conforming to different densities. The anticipated method has been verified on Mini-MIAS database mammogram images with ground truth offered by expert radiologists. The results show that the proposed technique is efficient in removing pectoral muscles and se...
In order to visualize the breast cancer radiologists prefer to use mammogram and breast ultrasoun... more In order to visualize the breast cancer radiologists prefer to use mammogram and breast ultrasound imaging modalities. To detect cancer, a region of interest (ROI) symbolizing tumor is extracted from the image. The segmentation process becomes tedious in presence of noise, low contrast, and blurriness. Pre-processing is done before segmentation to enhance the contrast and to remove the unwanted information from the image. Segmentation also influences the classification of the image into benign and malignant classes. Various segmentation techniques have been proposed in the literature to extract microcalcification region of interest, masses, and breast lesions and to remove the pectoral muscles. This paper provides the detailed review of these techniques, particularly for mammogram images.
Mortality rate because of breast cancer diminishes to a large extent if the categorization of bre... more Mortality rate because of breast cancer diminishes to a large extent if the categorization of breast lesions as malignant or benign is done properly. But this process is quite complicated owing to erroneous detection of noise pixels as false positives. It can be reduced by proper enhancement of the features of the mammogram giving an indication of cancer. In this paper, contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) and entropy-based intuitionistic fuzzy method are anticipated for improving the contrast of digital mammogram images. To validate the efficacy of the proposed algorithm over type II fuzzy set-based techniques, subjective, quantitative and visual evaluation is done on publicly available MIAS database. Experimental results prove that the proposed technique gives better visual quality. It provides high values of subjective and quantitative metrics compared to several states of art algorithms.
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