... Megan A. Swanson MD a , Justin R. Knight MD a and Michael H. Huo MD Corresponding Author Cont... more ... Megan A. Swanson MD a , Justin R. Knight MD a and Michael H. Huo MD Corresponding Author Contact Information , a , E-mail The Corresponding ... An extensile Kocher–Langenbeck approach is used if the posterior column requires reduction, plating, or major bone grafting. ...
The role of imagery in encoding event-based prospective memories has yet to be fully clarified. H... more The role of imagery in encoding event-based prospective memories has yet to be fully clarified. Herein, it is argued that imagery augments a cue-to-context association that supports event-based prospective memory performance. By this account, imagery encoding not only improves prospective memory performance but also reduces interference to intentionrelated information that occurs outside of context. In the current study, when lure words occurred outside of the appropriate responding context, the use of imagery encoding strategies resulted in less interference when compared with a standard event-based intention condition. This difference was eliminated when participants were not given a specific context to associate their intention (i.e., lures occurred within the appropriate responding context). These results support a cue-to-context association account of how imagery operates in certain event-based prospective memory tasks.
Journal of Experimental Psychology-learning Memory and Cognition, 2011
In event-based prospective memory, current theories make differing predictions as to whether inte... more In event-based prospective memory, current theories make differing predictions as to whether intentionrelated material can be spontaneously noticed (i.e., noticed without relying on preparatory attentional processes). In 2 experiments, participants formed an intention that was contextually associated to the final phase of the experiment, and lures that overlapped to differing degrees with the features of the intention-related cues were embedded in the initial phase. When participants were outside of the appropriate responding context (i.e., the initial phase), they exhibited slower latencies to lures that exactly matched the features of their intention compared with other types of lures and control words. In addition, on a final remember/know recognition test, participants reported having greater subjective recollection for the occurrence of the exact-match lures. These results suggest that exact-match lures were spontaneously noticed and differentially processed in the absence of any observable preparatory attentional processes. The findings have implications for the theoretical debate over whether preparatory attention must always be relied upon to notice intention-related material.
The Multi-Process View proposes that different processes can be used to detect event-based prospe... more The Multi-Process View proposes that different processes can be used to detect event-based prospective memory cues depending in part on the specificity of the cue. According to this theory, attentional processes are not necessary to detect focal cues whereas detection of nonfocal cues requires some form of controlled attention. This notion was tested using a design in which high or low working memory capacity participant's performance on a focal versus a nonfocal prospective memory task were compared. An interaction was found such that high and low working memory participants performed equally well on the focal task whereas the high working memory participants performed significantly better than the low working memory participants on the nonfocal task. Thus, controlled attention was only necessary for detecting event-based prospective memory cues in the nonfocal task. These results have implications for theories of prospective memory and the processes necessary for cue detection and the successful fulfillment of intentions.
The multiprocess view proposes that different processes can be used to detect event-based prospec... more The multiprocess view proposes that different processes can be used to detect event-based prospective memory cues, depending in part on the specificity of the cue. According to this theory, attentional processes are not necessary to detect focal cues, whereas detection of nonfocal cues requires some form of controlled attention. This notion was tested using a design in which we compared performance on a focal and on a nonfocal prospective memory task by participants with high or low working memory capacity. An interaction was found, such that participants with high and low working memory performed equally well on the focal task, whereas the participants with high working memory performed significantly better on the nonfocal task than did their counterparts with low working memory. Thus, controlled attention was only necessary for detecting event-based prospective memory cues in the nonfocal task. These results have implications for theories of prospective memory, the processes necessary for cue detection, and the successful fulfillment of intentions.
Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of divided attention on activity-based pros... more Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of divided attention on activity-based prospective memory. After establishing a goal to fulfill an intention upon completion of an ongoing activity, successful completion of the intention generally suffered when attention was being devoted to an additional task (Experiment 1). Forming an implementation intention at encoding ameliorated the negative effects of divided attention (Experiment 2). The results from the present experiments demonstrate that activity-based prospective memory is susceptible to distraction and that implementing encoding strategies that enhance prospective memory performance can reduce this interference. The current work raises interesting questions about the similarities and differences between event-and activity-based prospective memories.
... Megan A. Swanson MD a , Justin R. Knight MD a and Michael H. Huo MD Corresponding Author Cont... more ... Megan A. Swanson MD a , Justin R. Knight MD a and Michael H. Huo MD Corresponding Author Contact Information , a , E-mail The Corresponding ... An extensile Kocher–Langenbeck approach is used if the posterior column requires reduction, plating, or major bone grafting. ...
The role of imagery in encoding event-based prospective memories has yet to be fully clarified. H... more The role of imagery in encoding event-based prospective memories has yet to be fully clarified. Herein, it is argued that imagery augments a cue-to-context association that supports event-based prospective memory performance. By this account, imagery encoding not only improves prospective memory performance but also reduces interference to intentionrelated information that occurs outside of context. In the current study, when lure words occurred outside of the appropriate responding context, the use of imagery encoding strategies resulted in less interference when compared with a standard event-based intention condition. This difference was eliminated when participants were not given a specific context to associate their intention (i.e., lures occurred within the appropriate responding context). These results support a cue-to-context association account of how imagery operates in certain event-based prospective memory tasks.
Journal of Experimental Psychology-learning Memory and Cognition, 2011
In event-based prospective memory, current theories make differing predictions as to whether inte... more In event-based prospective memory, current theories make differing predictions as to whether intentionrelated material can be spontaneously noticed (i.e., noticed without relying on preparatory attentional processes). In 2 experiments, participants formed an intention that was contextually associated to the final phase of the experiment, and lures that overlapped to differing degrees with the features of the intention-related cues were embedded in the initial phase. When participants were outside of the appropriate responding context (i.e., the initial phase), they exhibited slower latencies to lures that exactly matched the features of their intention compared with other types of lures and control words. In addition, on a final remember/know recognition test, participants reported having greater subjective recollection for the occurrence of the exact-match lures. These results suggest that exact-match lures were spontaneously noticed and differentially processed in the absence of any observable preparatory attentional processes. The findings have implications for the theoretical debate over whether preparatory attention must always be relied upon to notice intention-related material.
The Multi-Process View proposes that different processes can be used to detect event-based prospe... more The Multi-Process View proposes that different processes can be used to detect event-based prospective memory cues depending in part on the specificity of the cue. According to this theory, attentional processes are not necessary to detect focal cues whereas detection of nonfocal cues requires some form of controlled attention. This notion was tested using a design in which high or low working memory capacity participant's performance on a focal versus a nonfocal prospective memory task were compared. An interaction was found such that high and low working memory participants performed equally well on the focal task whereas the high working memory participants performed significantly better than the low working memory participants on the nonfocal task. Thus, controlled attention was only necessary for detecting event-based prospective memory cues in the nonfocal task. These results have implications for theories of prospective memory and the processes necessary for cue detection and the successful fulfillment of intentions.
The multiprocess view proposes that different processes can be used to detect event-based prospec... more The multiprocess view proposes that different processes can be used to detect event-based prospective memory cues, depending in part on the specificity of the cue. According to this theory, attentional processes are not necessary to detect focal cues, whereas detection of nonfocal cues requires some form of controlled attention. This notion was tested using a design in which we compared performance on a focal and on a nonfocal prospective memory task by participants with high or low working memory capacity. An interaction was found, such that participants with high and low working memory performed equally well on the focal task, whereas the participants with high working memory performed significantly better on the nonfocal task than did their counterparts with low working memory. Thus, controlled attention was only necessary for detecting event-based prospective memory cues in the nonfocal task. These results have implications for theories of prospective memory, the processes necessary for cue detection, and the successful fulfillment of intentions.
Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of divided attention on activity-based pros... more Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of divided attention on activity-based prospective memory. After establishing a goal to fulfill an intention upon completion of an ongoing activity, successful completion of the intention generally suffered when attention was being devoted to an additional task (Experiment 1). Forming an implementation intention at encoding ameliorated the negative effects of divided attention (Experiment 2). The results from the present experiments demonstrate that activity-based prospective memory is susceptible to distraction and that implementing encoding strategies that enhance prospective memory performance can reduce this interference. The current work raises interesting questions about the similarities and differences between event-and activity-based prospective memories.
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