This study was performed to extract and separate the volatiles with solid-phase microextraction (... more This study was performed to extract and separate the volatiles with solid-phase microextraction (SPME), and was conducted to analyze volatile odor compounds qualitatively and quantitatively in the production of a strong aroma tallow by mild oxidation. A total of 51 odor compounds were detected in the tallow smelted under different conditions. It was found that the high proportion of aldehydes was an important feature of the aroma components in the oxidized melted tallow, such as 1-hexanal, heptanal, nonanal, octanal, benzaldehyde, etc. Through the determination of various indicators, sensory evaluation, and the gas chromatography-olfaction-mass spectrometry (GC-O-MS) analysis and, in combination with response surface methodology, the optimal process parameters for oxidative smelting of tallow were determined as follows: a reaction temperature of 149.61 • C, a reaction time of 31.68 min, and an airflow rate of 97.44 L/h. The accelerated oxidation test further verified the quality of the oxidized tallow.
This study was performed to extract and separate the volatiles with solid-phase microextraction (... more This study was performed to extract and separate the volatiles with solid-phase microextraction (SPME), and was conducted to analyze volatile odor compounds qualitatively and quantitatively in the production of a strong aroma tallow by mild oxidation. A total of 51 odor compounds were detected in the tallow smelted under different conditions. It was found that the high proportion of aldehydes was an important feature of the aroma components in the oxidized melted tallow, such as 1-hexanal, heptanal, nonanal, octanal, benzaldehyde, etc. Through the determination of various indicators, sensory evaluation, and the gas chromatography-olfaction–mass spectrometry (GC-O–MS) analysis and, in combination with response surface methodology, the optimal process parameters for oxidative smelting of tallow were determined as follows: a reaction temperature of 149.61 °C, a reaction time of 31.68 min, and an airflow rate of 97.44 L/h. The accelerated oxidation test further verified the quality of t...
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Beef-like odorants were generated from the thermal treatment of glutathione enriched yeast extrac... more Beef-like odorants were generated from the thermal treatment of glutathione enriched yeast extract with partial addition of cysteine and ribose, and the optimal Maillard reaction conditions were obtained.
Two series, A and B, of PVC based nanocomposite polymer membranes (nCPMs) were prepared using PbO... more Two series, A and B, of PVC based nanocomposite polymer membranes (nCPMs) were prepared using PbO only and PbO/graphite mixture as a filler by solution casting method. Seven samples with varying compositions (5–35%) of filler particles were prepared for each series and were compared by thickness measurements, porosity, water uptake, swelling degree, ionic conductivity, ion exchange capacity (IEC), membrane potential and transport number. The maximum values for these characteristics were observed as 0.402 mm, 0.77, 141.3%, 0.11, 0.0033 Scm−1, 8.6 milli-eq.g−1, 0.19 V and 0.01391 for series-A composites whereas that of 0.367 mm, 0.83, 63.4%, 0.019, 0.00981 Scm−1, 5.21 milli-eq.g−1, 0.13 V and 0.0108 for series-B nCPMs respectively. The SEM images of membranes showed greater voids produced in the series-B compared to series-A composites. The maximum Ionic conductivity, IEC, membrane potential and transport number were observed for membrane with 25% PbO/graphite, 20% PbO and 35% PbO par...
Extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis plants was used for the green synthesis of PbO nanoparticles. T... more Extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis plants was used for the green synthesis of PbO nanoparticles. The prepared nanoparticles were conformed with the help of SEM, X-ray diffraction, FTIR and UV-visible spectroscopy. The prepared PbO nanoparticles were dispersed in deionized water and mixed with graphite to get graphite-PbO (G-PbO) filler. Seven different nanocomposite membranes with variable compositions (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35%) of PVC/G-PbO were prepared in tetrahydrofuran (THF) solvent using solution casting method. Different physiochemical parameters of the nanocomposite membranes studied included morphology, porosity, density, water uptake, swelling degree, electrical conductivity and proton adsorption capacity. All these physiochemical parameters were compared with pure PVC membranes available in literature. It was found that the addition of G-PbO filler in PVC polymer improved all the physiochemical properties except density. PVC/G-PbO membranes showed 42.65 times more ele...
Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 2020
Different plants can be used to prepare nanoparticles. This is termed as green technology. It is ... more Different plants can be used to prepare nanoparticles. This is termed as green technology. It is one of the best ecofriendly and low-cost method for the preparation of nanoparticles which has no harmful effects. PbO nanoparticles were prepared by green method using leaf extract of Datura Sternum plants. The preparation of Lead oxide was confirmed by color change from colorless to yellowish brown. UV-Visible peak obtained at 250 nm and XRD study clarified the formation of PbO NPs. These PbO nanoparticles were then applied for the preparation of Nano Composite Polymer Membranes (nCPMs). PbO-PVC nCPMs were prepared based on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polymer and PbO filler with the help of solution casting method, using cyclohexanone as a solvent. Different percentage (5-35%) of filler was used. The physiochemical parameters studied were viscosity, water uptake (WU), perpendicular swelling (DT) in deionized water, density, porosity (ε), morphology, ion adsorption capacity (IAC) and electrical conductivity (σ). The values of all these parameters except viscosity and conductivity were increased on increasing filler percentage. Viscosity of the nCPMs solution was decreased from 171 to 46.21. The conductivity of nCPMs was first increased upto 25% filler and then decreased. The deformation in PVC structure was increased on enhancing PbO amount. The values of Density, porosity, water uptake, DT and IAC were found in range 1. 15-5.02, 0.50-0.87, 72.01-141.30, 0.012-0.11, and 3.13 × 10 7 -8.60 × 10 7 respectively.
Machiavellian leadership, an emerging form of toxic leadership, has been noticed to have serious ... more Machiavellian leadership, an emerging form of toxic leadership, has been noticed to have serious negative effects on organizations. Thus, expanding the literature on dark styles of leadership, this study specifically examines the mechanism via which Machiavellian leadership of departmental heads (HODs) may hinder university teachers’ creativity by considering the mediating effect of teachers’ enterprising tendency. Furthermore, the study considers leader-member exchange (LMX) as a moderator that buffers the dysfunctional effects of Machiavellian leadership. A dual-source data was collected from 303 teachers and 32 HODs of two leading universities in Islamabad. Findings from statistical analyses confirm that the Machiavellian leadership–creativity relationship is mediated by teachers enterprising tendency. Also, the Machiavellian leadership and enterprising tendency relationship is moderated by LMX, such that the relationship is more evident under higher levels of LMX. In total, this...
This study was performed to extract and separate the volatiles with solid-phase microextraction (... more This study was performed to extract and separate the volatiles with solid-phase microextraction (SPME), and was conducted to analyze volatile odor compounds qualitatively and quantitatively in the production of a strong aroma tallow by mild oxidation. A total of 51 odor compounds were detected in the tallow smelted under different conditions. It was found that the high proportion of aldehydes was an important feature of the aroma components in the oxidized melted tallow, such as 1-hexanal, heptanal, nonanal, octanal, benzaldehyde, etc. Through the determination of various indicators, sensory evaluation, and the gas chromatography-olfaction-mass spectrometry (GC-O-MS) analysis and, in combination with response surface methodology, the optimal process parameters for oxidative smelting of tallow were determined as follows: a reaction temperature of 149.61 • C, a reaction time of 31.68 min, and an airflow rate of 97.44 L/h. The accelerated oxidation test further verified the quality of the oxidized tallow.
This study was performed to extract and separate the volatiles with solid-phase microextraction (... more This study was performed to extract and separate the volatiles with solid-phase microextraction (SPME), and was conducted to analyze volatile odor compounds qualitatively and quantitatively in the production of a strong aroma tallow by mild oxidation. A total of 51 odor compounds were detected in the tallow smelted under different conditions. It was found that the high proportion of aldehydes was an important feature of the aroma components in the oxidized melted tallow, such as 1-hexanal, heptanal, nonanal, octanal, benzaldehyde, etc. Through the determination of various indicators, sensory evaluation, and the gas chromatography-olfaction–mass spectrometry (GC-O–MS) analysis and, in combination with response surface methodology, the optimal process parameters for oxidative smelting of tallow were determined as follows: a reaction temperature of 149.61 °C, a reaction time of 31.68 min, and an airflow rate of 97.44 L/h. The accelerated oxidation test further verified the quality of t...
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Beef-like odorants were generated from the thermal treatment of glutathione enriched yeast extrac... more Beef-like odorants were generated from the thermal treatment of glutathione enriched yeast extract with partial addition of cysteine and ribose, and the optimal Maillard reaction conditions were obtained.
Two series, A and B, of PVC based nanocomposite polymer membranes (nCPMs) were prepared using PbO... more Two series, A and B, of PVC based nanocomposite polymer membranes (nCPMs) were prepared using PbO only and PbO/graphite mixture as a filler by solution casting method. Seven samples with varying compositions (5–35%) of filler particles were prepared for each series and were compared by thickness measurements, porosity, water uptake, swelling degree, ionic conductivity, ion exchange capacity (IEC), membrane potential and transport number. The maximum values for these characteristics were observed as 0.402 mm, 0.77, 141.3%, 0.11, 0.0033 Scm−1, 8.6 milli-eq.g−1, 0.19 V and 0.01391 for series-A composites whereas that of 0.367 mm, 0.83, 63.4%, 0.019, 0.00981 Scm−1, 5.21 milli-eq.g−1, 0.13 V and 0.0108 for series-B nCPMs respectively. The SEM images of membranes showed greater voids produced in the series-B compared to series-A composites. The maximum Ionic conductivity, IEC, membrane potential and transport number were observed for membrane with 25% PbO/graphite, 20% PbO and 35% PbO par...
Extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis plants was used for the green synthesis of PbO nanoparticles. T... more Extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis plants was used for the green synthesis of PbO nanoparticles. The prepared nanoparticles were conformed with the help of SEM, X-ray diffraction, FTIR and UV-visible spectroscopy. The prepared PbO nanoparticles were dispersed in deionized water and mixed with graphite to get graphite-PbO (G-PbO) filler. Seven different nanocomposite membranes with variable compositions (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35%) of PVC/G-PbO were prepared in tetrahydrofuran (THF) solvent using solution casting method. Different physiochemical parameters of the nanocomposite membranes studied included morphology, porosity, density, water uptake, swelling degree, electrical conductivity and proton adsorption capacity. All these physiochemical parameters were compared with pure PVC membranes available in literature. It was found that the addition of G-PbO filler in PVC polymer improved all the physiochemical properties except density. PVC/G-PbO membranes showed 42.65 times more ele...
Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 2020
Different plants can be used to prepare nanoparticles. This is termed as green technology. It is ... more Different plants can be used to prepare nanoparticles. This is termed as green technology. It is one of the best ecofriendly and low-cost method for the preparation of nanoparticles which has no harmful effects. PbO nanoparticles were prepared by green method using leaf extract of Datura Sternum plants. The preparation of Lead oxide was confirmed by color change from colorless to yellowish brown. UV-Visible peak obtained at 250 nm and XRD study clarified the formation of PbO NPs. These PbO nanoparticles were then applied for the preparation of Nano Composite Polymer Membranes (nCPMs). PbO-PVC nCPMs were prepared based on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polymer and PbO filler with the help of solution casting method, using cyclohexanone as a solvent. Different percentage (5-35%) of filler was used. The physiochemical parameters studied were viscosity, water uptake (WU), perpendicular swelling (DT) in deionized water, density, porosity (ε), morphology, ion adsorption capacity (IAC) and electrical conductivity (σ). The values of all these parameters except viscosity and conductivity were increased on increasing filler percentage. Viscosity of the nCPMs solution was decreased from 171 to 46.21. The conductivity of nCPMs was first increased upto 25% filler and then decreased. The deformation in PVC structure was increased on enhancing PbO amount. The values of Density, porosity, water uptake, DT and IAC were found in range 1. 15-5.02, 0.50-0.87, 72.01-141.30, 0.012-0.11, and 3.13 × 10 7 -8.60 × 10 7 respectively.
Machiavellian leadership, an emerging form of toxic leadership, has been noticed to have serious ... more Machiavellian leadership, an emerging form of toxic leadership, has been noticed to have serious negative effects on organizations. Thus, expanding the literature on dark styles of leadership, this study specifically examines the mechanism via which Machiavellian leadership of departmental heads (HODs) may hinder university teachers’ creativity by considering the mediating effect of teachers’ enterprising tendency. Furthermore, the study considers leader-member exchange (LMX) as a moderator that buffers the dysfunctional effects of Machiavellian leadership. A dual-source data was collected from 303 teachers and 32 HODs of two leading universities in Islamabad. Findings from statistical analyses confirm that the Machiavellian leadership–creativity relationship is mediated by teachers enterprising tendency. Also, the Machiavellian leadership and enterprising tendency relationship is moderated by LMX, such that the relationship is more evident under higher levels of LMX. In total, this...
Uploads
Papers by Junaid raza