Jules Reed

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Over 30 years of experience working in core analysis, with experience spanning petrophysics and reservoir engineering. Main areas of expertise are wettability, capillary pressure and dynamic reservoir properties. Expertise in laboratory experimental design, data quality control, data interpretation, petrophysical correlations, dynamic reservoir property correlations, enhanced oil recovery and CCUS.

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Hassan Mahani

Imperial College London

KONSTANTINOS G KOLOVOS

Hellenic Army Academy

Mohammed Ayoub

Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

Julius U Akpabio

University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria

Mohamad Aslam

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia - UTM

Abdulrahim Muhammadain

King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals

Apostolos Papanikolaou

National Technical University of Athens

Iqbal Fauzi

Ephraim Paul

Akwa Ibom State University

Chea Samneang

Institute of Technology of Cambodia

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Papers by Jules Reed

The role of ferrous clays in the interpretation of wettability – a case study

E3S Web of Conferences, 2019

Clean sandstone, with minimal clay content, is expected to be strongly water wet once the rock ha... more Clean sandstone, with minimal clay content, is expected to be strongly water wet once the rock has been through an effective cleaning process. Even samples containing significant clay minerals are usually expected to be water wet after appropriate cleaning. However, tests carried out on core samples from Fields in three different global locations show mixed indices, even for clean state samples where no aging with crude oil has taken place. A few hypotheses for this behaviour considered herein are: whether the cleaning method was adequate, whether wettability was altered by an external factor, or if wettability was due to mineral composition. This paper presents the results obtained from wettability studies on fresh, clean and restored state core plug samples from three different Fields. Wettability indices were obtained by using the combined Amott-USBM method. Petrography was performed on sample end-trims to investigate the possible presence of halite or barite in the clean state s...

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Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)

Developments in Petroleum Science, 2015

Abstract Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) describes the response of nuclei to an applied magnetic... more Abstract Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) describes the response of nuclei to an applied magnetic field. The NMR responses from downhole logs (e.g. amplitude, decay time) are analysed to determine lithology-independent estimates of porosity, saturations and pore system characteristics. This chapter describes the NMR measurements on core that are used to calibrate the log responses and to improve the characterisation of the fluid content in core material, and provide a unique look at the interaction of pore fluids within reservoir rock fabric. The theory and application of the NMR response in porous rocks are described, and the sample preparation methods, test equipment, measurement parameters, test procedures, data interpretation techniques and data reporting requirements for the principal NMR tests on core are detailed. The advantages and drawbacks/issues are described, and quality control checks and diagnostics are summarised.

Reservoir Characterization of the Middle/Upper Jurassic Sargelu and Najmah Formations, West Kuwait: Key Workflows and Findings for Future Development of Unconventionals

Day 3 Wed, November 02, 2022

Whole cores provide important and high-quality information about mineralogy, rock fabric and text... more Whole cores provide important and high-quality information about mineralogy, rock fabric and texture, porosity, saturations, geomechanical properties, facies stacking patterns, depositional environment, and fracture networks that often cannot be discerned with much certainty using other subsurface data sets. Here we present results from the detailed digital sedimentologic descriptions of three whole cores in West Kuwait that capture portions of the Middle/Upper Jurassic Najmah Formation, an important source rock and unconventional reservoir. The integration of detailed digital core descriptions with high-resolution XRF scanning of the cores, high-density routine core analysis and petrographic (thin section, epifluorescent, fracture-focused, and SEM) data, and a combination of XRD mineralogy and organic petrology provide the opportunity to evaluate multiple reservoir quality indicators across several depositional and diagenetic facies. Linking diagnostic indicators to specific facies...

Relative Permeability Theory - SCA 2016 Short Course

Gas Injection to Fractured Carbonate - Repressurisation

Core Analysis Requirements for Low Salinity Waterflooding

80th EAGE Conference and Exhibition 2018, 2018

Summary In order to effectively assess low salinity waterflooding it is essential to design appro... more Summary In order to effectively assess low salinity waterflooding it is essential to design appropriate laboratory analyses that employ best practice processes and provide sufficient analytical results to allow detailed quality control and interpretation of the data. It is also essential to investigate the potential impact that low salinity waterflooding may have on aspects of formation damage and geomechanics. These data, together with information of mineralogy and brine chemistry, will allow evaluation of the feasibility of low salinity waterflooding as a potential EOR field process.

Core Analysis - A Best Practice Guide

Developments in Petroleum Science, 2015

Core Analysis: A Best Practice Guide is a practical guide to the design of core analysis programs... more Core Analysis: A Best Practice Guide is a practical guide to the design of core analysis programs. Written to address the need for an updated set of recommended practices covering special core analysis and geomechanics tests, the book also provides unique insights into data quality control diagnosis and data utilization in reservoir models. The book's best practices and procedures benefit petrophysicists, geoscientists, reservoir engineers, and production engineers, who will find useful information on core data in reservoir static and dynamic models. It provides a solid understanding of the core analysis procedures and methods used by commercial laboratories, the details of lab data reporting required to create quality control tests, and the diagnostic plots and protocols that can be used to identify suspect or erroneous data. * Provides a practical overview of core analysis, from coring at the well site to laboratory data acquisition and interpretation* Defines current best practice in core analysis preparation and test procedures, and the diagnostic tools used to quality control core data* Provides essential information on design of core analysis programs and to judge the quality and reliability of core analysis data ultimately used in reservoir evaluation* Of specific interest to those working in core analysis, porosity, relative permeability, and geomechanics

Relative Permeability

Developments in Petroleum Science, 2015

This chapter concentrates on those laboratory core tests most commonly used to determine relative... more This chapter concentrates on those laboratory core tests most commonly used to determine relative permeability data input to dynamic reservoir simulation models to predict or match reservoir production, and oil and gas recovery factors. Relative permeability, residual and critical saturations, and reservoir wetting states are defined. Alteration to core wettability as a result of drilling mud contamination, core recovery and laboratory preparation, and the requirement to restore core wettability to reservoir conditions are explained. Sample preparation methods, test equipment, test states, test procedures and data reporting requirements for the principal water–oil, gas–oil and water–gas relative permeability tests using unsteady-state, steady-state and centrifuge techniques are detailed. The assumptions inherent in analytical solutions for unsteady-state and steady-state experiments are described, and the application of numerical solutions are explained. The advantages and drawbacks/issues associated with each test state (“fresh”, “cleaned” and “restored”) and test method are described, and quality control checks and diagnostics are summarised. The techniques used to process and refine experimental data prior to simulation input are illustrated.

Preparation for Special Core Analysis

Developments in Petroleum Science, 2015

Abstract Correct planning and preparation for special core analysis laboratory (SCAL) tests are f... more Abstract Correct planning and preparation for special core analysis laboratory (SCAL) tests are fundamental to the acquisition of high-quality data. This chapter describes the methods and procedures to prepare and characterise test fluids used in SCAL (oil, water and gas); how to select and screen representative test plugs; and the methods and data used to determine the test confining stress that is most representative of reservoir effective stress conditions.

Capillary Pressure

Developments in Petroleum Science, 2015

Capillary pressure in a reservoir determines the saturation distribution, and hence the total in-... more Capillary pressure in a reservoir determines the saturation distribution, and hence the total in-situ volumes of fluids (oil/water/gas). Accurate knowledge of the capillary pressure distribution on drainage is one of the primary factors in the reliable estimation of hydrocarbon reserves. Imbibition capillary pressure is used to describe reservoir fluid displacement processes on production and to interpret the results of relative permeability experiments. This chapter describes the sample preparation methods, test equipment, test procedures and data reporting requirements for the principal drainage and imbibition capillary pressure tests using mercury injection (low and high pressure), porous plate, and centrifuge methods. The advantages and drawbacks/issues associated with each test are described and quality control checks and diagnostics are summarised. The data corrections used to process experimental data (closure and centrifuge end face saturation corrections); and capillary pressure data: stress, clay-bound water and IFT are described and explained.

Routine Core Analysis

Developments in Petroleum Science, 2015

Abstract Routine (or basic or conventional) core analysis typically involves fluid saturation mea... more Abstract Routine (or basic or conventional) core analysis typically involves fluid saturation measurements and petrophysical measurements on dry plugs and samples at ambient or laboratory conditions. The data are principally used to characterise the reservoir properties and for log–core integration. This chapter provides details of sample preparation, test equipment, test procedures and data reporting requirements for the principal RCA tests: fluid saturations (retort and Dean–Stark); helium porosity; and steady-state and unsteady-state nitrogen/helium permeability measurements. Darcy's law is derived for steady-state gas flow, and corrections for non-Darcy flow (Klinkenberg corrections and Forchheimer's effect) are described. The chapter also includes details of recommended best practice for single-phase liquid permeability, high-resolution probe permeability, and basic porosity and permeability measurements on whole core samples. The advantages and drawbacks/issues associated with each test are described, and quality control checks and diagnostics are summarised.

Example of a Core Analysis Programme

Developments in Petroleum Science, 2015

Abstract Poor planning and ill-considered programme design are the two principal reasons why so m... more Abstract Poor planning and ill-considered programme design are the two principal reasons why so much core analysis data are unreliable or unrepresentative. This results in under-utilisation, poor appreciation and misapplication of the resultant core data. Proper planning, design and supervision of a core analysis programme can do much to reduce the data redundancy rate. This chapter provides the key steps in planning and designing both routine core analysis (RCA) and special core analysis (SCAL) programmes and provides test recommendations. These can be used as a basis of design or template that might be adapted to design and formalise specific RCA and SCAL programmes for oil and gas reservoirs.

Wellsite Core Acquisition, Handling and Transportation

Developments in Petroleum Science, 2015

Abstract Obtaining high-quality, undamaged core is an essential prerequisite for representative a... more Abstract Obtaining high-quality, undamaged core is an essential prerequisite for representative and reliable core analysis data. This chapter provides full details and explanations of both conventional core acquisition systems (full diameter, wireline retrievable, sidewall coring systems) and specialist systems: foam liners, pressure coring and liquid retention systems. The advantages and limitations of the different core liner systems are discussed. This chapter discussed coring fluids and the tracer systems used to assess filtrate invasion. The principal reasons for core damage are described. These are obvious, but rock wettability alteration is subtle and insidious yet has a crucial impact on the analysis data obtained from the core. Finally, best practices for avoiding core damage at wellsite and in the stabilisation and transportation of the core to the test laboratory are described.

Core Sample Preparation

Developments in Petroleum Science, 2015

Abstract For most core analysis tests, the plug samples must be initially cleaned and dried to re... more Abstract For most core analysis tests, the plug samples must be initially cleaned and dried to remove oil and water, as well as evaporated salts, mud filtrate and other contaminants. There are a number of methods and techniques used to clean and dry plug samples, but these can cause damage to petrophysical properties in certain formations. Selection of the most appropriate method depends on the lithology, petrography, potential wettability contamination, as well as the objectives of the analysis for RCA or SCAL. This chapter provides details of the principal core/plug cleaning and drying methods and equipment, typical cleaning solvents and discusses damage mechanisms associated with delicate authigenic clays. Specialist plug preparation for porosity measurements, wettability conditioning and preservation of clays and halite cements are described.

Best Practice in Coring and Core Analysis

Developments in Petroleum Science, 2015

Abstract Core analysis provides the only direct and quantitative measurement of “intact” oil and ... more Abstract Core analysis provides the only direct and quantitative measurement of “intact” oil and gas reservoir properties. It should provide the foundation of formation evaluation for building static and dynamic reservoir models. However, it is estimated that approximately 70% of core analysis data are unfit for purpose as a consequence of ill-conceived test programme design, lack of planning, poor laboratory practice, inadequate reporting standards and unrepresentative test samples or test conditions. This chapter explains why a best practice guide to core analysis data acquisition is needed, and outlines a core analysis management framework to ensure effective quality control of test data and minimise data uncertainties. The objectives are to provide reservoir engineers, geoscientists and petrophysicists with a solid grounding in the acquisition, evaluation and implementation of reliable and representative routine core analysis and special core analysis data, and the essential knowledge to be able to judge the quality and reliability of core analysis data that are used in reservoir evaluation and characterisation.

Electrical Property Tests

Developments in Petroleum Science, 2015

Abstract Measurements of the electrical properties of rock provide fundamental input to calibrate... more Abstract Measurements of the electrical properties of rock provide fundamental input to calibrate and interpret resistivity log measurements for water saturation interpretation. For clean sands and carbonates, the Archie equation requires porosity (or cementation) exponents (m) and saturation exponent (n) to calculate water saturation. In shaly sands, the Archie model must be discounted for the extra conductivity introduced by clays through intrinsic porosity (m*) and intrinsic saturation (n*) exponents in the Waxman–Smits model, for example. This chapter describes the test equipment, test procedures, data utilisation and data reporting requirements for the principal electrical property tests: formation factor (F), resistivity index (I) and cation-exchange capacity tests (wet chemistry CEC and multiple salinity Qv methods), and how the data are applied in the Archie and Waxman–Smits models. The advantages and drawbacks/issues associated with each test are described and quality control checks and diagnostics are summarised.

Wettability and Wettability Tests

Developments in Petroleum Science, 2015

Abstract Wettability is a fundamental property that controls fluid distributions within porous me... more Abstract Wettability is a fundamental property that controls fluid distributions within porous media and has a major impact on capillary behaviour, core electrical measurements, relative permeability behaviour and residual saturations. This chapter describes the sample preparation methods, test equipment, test procedures and data reporting requirements available to measure wettability in the laboratory using contact angle, Amott and USBM methods. The advantages and drawbacks/issues associated with each test are described, and quality control checks and diagnostics are summarised.

Core Laboratory Processing and Screening

Developments in Petroleum Science, 2015

Abstract When the core arrives at the test laboratory, it is processed, screened and sampled. Thi... more Abstract When the core arrives at the test laboratory, it is processed, screened and sampled. This chapter provides full details and explanations of the principal procedures and methods for sequential core processing in the laboratory—from initial core receipt through core computer tomography and gamma ray scanning, sample preservation, core plugging, core slabbing to core photography and archiving. This chapter includes recommendations for processing weak, friable or unconsolidated core to prevent or minimise core damage.

Experimental and Numerical Studies of Gas Injection in Fractured Carbonates: Pressure and Compositional Effects

ABSTRACT

Review of the Intercept Method for Relative Permeability Correction a Variety of Case Study Data

Petrophysics – The SPWLA Journal of Formation Evaluation and Reservoir Description

The role of ferrous clays in the interpretation of wettability – a case study

E3S Web of Conferences, 2019

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Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)

Developments in Petroleum Science, 2015