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Judith Whipple

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Kansas State University

Cabeza-Herrera E.A.

Universidad de Pamplona

Dalson Figueiredo

Universidade Federal de Pernambuco

SIMAD

Giorgio Verdiani

Università degli Studi di Firenze (University of Florence)

Mansoura University

Rodolfo Andrés Cabeza Herrera

Marek Dabrowski

Central European University

University of Utah

Kenneth Merchant

University of Southern California

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Papers by Judith Whipple

Designing Global Supply Chain Organizations: A Case of Strategy, Structure and Alignment

Explores, 2011

Commodity-Procurement Strategies of Food Companies: A Case Study

This research evaluates the main characteristics considered in commodity-procurement decisions ma... more This research evaluates the main characteristics considered in commodity-procurement decisions made by food manufacturers. Procurement characteristics are examined and a framework is developed which classifies procurement characteristics into three categories: product constraints, company constraints, and service constraints. A case-study approach is used to determine the importance of various procurement characteristics and their impact on the buyer's procurement-mechanism choice. The research also examines the strategic role that a commodity-procurement department plays within a corporation and how that role relates to the three commodity-procurement decision classifications.

Supply Chain Integration in the Food and Consumer Goods Industries

The interorganizational structures necessary to implement and achieve the logistical performance ... more The interorganizational structures necessary to implement and achieve the logistical performance improvements identified in the Efficient Consumer Response (ECR) initiative and related supply chain management concepts are difficult to develop. Firms continue to struggle to implement integrated programs and techniques, particularly with respect to changing operating structures, relationships, and mindsets to facilitate true supply chain integration. This research explores the logistical strategies and structures used by selected food and consumer goods firms to integrate their supply chains. It illustrates effective integration strategies and identifies critical success factors and barriers to successful ECR implementation. A framework is used to guide managers in developing the competencies essential to integrating the supply chain and to establishing the relationships necessary to operate in an ECR environment. The framework, entitled Supply Chain 2000, depicts supply chain value c...

Evaluating Food Commodity Procurement Strategies

We use a case study approach to determine the primary factors affecting food manufacturers' c... more We use a case study approach to determine the primary factors affecting food manufacturers' commodity procurement decisions, as well as to examine the strategic nature of commodity procurement departments. The research fills a gap in both the commodity and procurement literature. A large literature exists on commodity marketing; however, very little exists on the topic of commodity procurement. Existing procurement literature tends to focus on non-commodity products rather than commodity products. The results suggest a model for the strategic role of commodity procurement departments within food manufacturers. The initial procurement strategy must be supply maintenance, which once accomplished, allows the commodity procurement department to progress to a profit-focused strategy, which is generally cost-based. Finally, the role of the commodity procurement department can expand by offering additional services to customers, such as designing promotional programs.

Strategic Alliances: Creating Long Term Success

Given today's increasingly competitive environment, firms in every industry are searching for... more Given today's increasingly competitive environment, firms in every industry are searching for new ways to increase their competitive advantage. Many firms have realized that, due to a variety of different reasons (e.g., fast-paced technological advances), significant performance improvements cannot be achieved alone. As such, the traditional response of performance enhancement through acquisition is no longer the only option. Strategic alliances are a new alternative that enable partnering firms to combine their individual strengths while compensating for their internal resource scarcities without making the investment required for actual ownership. While interest in alliances is growing, firms are often unsure how to build and maintain successful alliances. This research examines alliances between manufacturers and their suppliers in the food and health/personal care industries to determine what factors lead to successful, long term alliances.

The Role of Strategic Security: Internal and External Security Measures with Security Performance Implications

Transportation Journal, 2009

Ensuring a supply chain is secure from intentional as well as unintentional incidents is critical... more Ensuring a supply chain is secure from intentional as well as unintentional incidents is critical in today's global economy. However, some firms place a greater level of strategic importance on supply chain security than others. This research compares firms in the food industry that place a high level of strategic importance on security to firms that do not place a high level of strategic importance on security. The research assesses the measures employed by each group and resulting performance. Findings indicate that firms considering security to be a strategic priority perceive higher levels of security implementation and better security performance. Firms that place a high strategic priority on security show a greater ability to detect and recover from security incidents both inside the firm and across the supply chain in comparison to firms that place a low strategic priority on security. Cluster analysis grouped firms into high and low security performance categories in a m...

Perceptions of Resource Scarcity in Factor Markets: The Effect on Managerial Attention and Collaboration

Journal of Business Logistics, 2022

Staff Paper Strategic Alliances : Creating Long Term Success

Given today’s increasingly competitive environment, firms in every industry are searching for new... more Given today’s increasingly competitive environment, firms in every industry are searching for new ways to increase their competitive advantage. Many firms have realized that, due to a variety of different reasons (e.g., fast-paced technological advances), significant performance improvements cannot be achieved alone. As such, the traditional response of performance enhancement through acquisition is no longer the only option. Strategic alliances are a new alternative that enable partnering firms to combine their individual strengths while compensating for their internal resource scarcities without making the investment required for actual ownership. While interest in alliances is growing, firms are often unsure how to build and maintain successful alliances. This research examines alliances between manufacturers and their suppliers in the food and health/personal care industries to determine what factors lead to successful, long term alliances. 37 pages Acknowledgments This research...

Designing the “Right” Supply Chain Management Organizational Structure

An examination of the effects of omni-channel service offerings on retailer performance

International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 2021

PurposeBoth online and brick and mortar retailers have invested heavily in developing omni-channe... more PurposeBoth online and brick and mortar retailers have invested heavily in developing omni-channel service offerings. Though seen as a competitive necessity, these omni-channel service offerings increase costs and complexities. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of strategies involving bundles of omni-channel services related to order fulfillment and returns management on retailer performance.Design/methodology/approachArchival data were obtained for 152 retailers and analyzed using ordinary least squares regression. Robustness tests using an alternative dependent variable and a model-based classification strategy corroborate our findings.FindingsRetailers offering full sets of high integration omni-channel services (buy online pick up in store, ship from store and in-store returns) have better performance (e.g. sales, growth and competitive position) and web sales than retailers that offer only a partial mix of these high integration services. Retailers offering a ...

Resource Scarcity Perceptions in Supply Chains: The Effect of Buyer Altruism on the Propensity for Collaboration

Journal of Supply Chain Management, 2020

When faced with potential resource scarcities, purchasing managers have to make decisions regardi... more When faced with potential resource scarcities, purchasing managers have to make decisions regarding how to react to such scarcity threats. This can be challenging as there is often uncertainty surrounding the potential scarcity. Buyers’ mitigation decisions are impacted by their perceptions, which may lead to potentially ineffective mitigation responses. Resource dependence theory as well as supply chain literature emphasize the importance of collaborating with supply chain partners to secure access to scarce resources. However, behavioral research argues that the scarcity mindset causes individuals to behave more competitively, rather than collaboratively. This research examines the extent to which buyers’ perceptions of scarcity threats affect the decision to act altruistically towards the major supplier as well as to choose to collaborate with a major supplier in order to mitigate the scarcity. The research uses a scenario‐based role‐playing experiment with respondents serving as...

The Impact of Out-of-Stocks and Supply Chain Design on Manufacturers: Insights from an Agent-Based Model

Transportation Journal, 2018

In today's competitive environment, consumers have high expectations regarding product availa... more In today's competitive environment, consumers have high expectations regarding product availability. Out-of-stock (OOS) occurrences can have a detrimental impact to both retailers and manufacturers in terms of lost sales as well as reduced consumer loyalty. In this article, we investigate the impact of repeated OOS occurrences under different supply chain design scenarios, which mix the channel replenishment strategy with the inventory responsibility for in-store shelf management on the retailer versus on the manufacturer. We frame our agent-based simulation to examine the change in manufacturer's market share that results from OOS scenarios not only under different supply chain distribution scenarios (i.e., traditional versus direct store delivery or DSD), but also with different consumer preference characteristics (i.e., high and low brand loyalty) and varied levels of demand. The agent-based simulation allows us to examine the impact of consumer learning under repeated OO...

The Impact of Distribution Channel Decisions and Repeated Stockouts on Manufacturer and Retailer Performance

IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 2019

Product availability is a critical aspect of customer service for retailers and manufacturers. Wh... more Product availability is a critical aspect of customer service for retailers and manufacturers. When product is out of stock (OOS), both retailers and manufacturers may suffer depending on the demand-side characteristics, such as whether consumers are more loyal to the store or the brand. While both retailers and manufacturers contribute to OOS situations, the supply-side characteristics, such as whether the retailer or manufacturer is responsible for in-store fulfillment [i.e., traditional versus direct store delivery (DSD) distribution], may impact OOS performance. DSD involves the manufacturer bypassing the retailer's distribution center and delivering product directly to the retailer's individual stores. This paper considers demand-and supply-side issues simultaneously to determine the implications of stockouts for both retailers and manufacturers using an agent-based simulation. An agent-based simulation allows for consideration of these issues under repeated OOS situations to determine the overall impact to retailer and manufacturer performance.

A Simulation Model Of Multi‐Echelon Retail Inventory With Cross‐Channel Product Returns

Journal of Business Logistics, 2019

T his study explores the relationship between a retailer's product returns processing structure a... more T his study explores the relationship between a retailer's product returns processing structure and Multi-Echelon inventory system performance under cross-channel and same-channel product returns policies with nonstationary demand. Our research contributes to the growing body of reverse logistics literature, offering insight into how a retailer's logistical returns management strategy can impact inventory effectiveness in cross-channel retail environments. Adopting a contingency framework, we develop research hypotheses which we test through experimentation on a Multi-Echelon retail inventory system within a discrete-event simulation. Model parameters are derived from data collected from a large U.S. retailer of consumer durable and nondurable goods. We find an amplifying effect of a cross-channel returns policy on the positive relationship between a decentralized returns processing structure and inventory effectiveness. Further, through our analysis of nonstationarity in demand and resulting returns, we uncover strong main and interaction effects that seasonal demand variation can have on inventory outcomes, even under only moderate levels of seasonality. Our results highlight the need for firms to align logistical structures for returns processing with the returns policy and the external environment, while also lending credence to calls within the logistics literature for improved modeling of nonstationary demand in inventory management research.

Organizational design change in multinational supply chain organizations

The International Journal of Logistics Management, 2017

Purpose Managing internal supply chains is becoming increasingly complex, requiring managers to b... more Purpose Managing internal supply chains is becoming increasingly complex, requiring managers to balance diverse needs. As a result, managers continuously face the need to change how they organize their internal supply chains. The purpose of this paper is to examine this phenomenon by addressing why multinational supply chain management organizations (SCMOs) change their designs, as well as how managers respond to pertinent change phenomena using complementary theoretical perspectives. Design/methodology/approach Qualitative data, collected from 50 executives within 24 multinational manufacturers, is used to develop an understanding of the organizational design change phenomena. A theory elaboration approach is taken to illustrate how various theoretical perspectives explain organizational design change. Findings This study identifies and elaborates organizational design change phenomena in the context of multinational SCMOs, including internal and external drivers of design change. ...

A Comprehensive Risk Assessment and Evaluation Model: Proposing a Risk Priority Continuum

Transportation Journal, 2012

Supply chain risks continue to affect global operations, with no promise of abating in the forese... more Supply chain risks continue to affect global operations, with no promise of abating in the foreseeable future. While past studies have examined elements of supply chain risk, many have focused on only the likelihood of a risk occurring and/or the impact of the risk. This research outlines a more rigorous risk assessment and evaluation process, one that builds upon the reliability engineering field and includes an additional risk factor, the probability of risk detection. By using the proposed process, managers can create a risk priority continuum, which can lead to the development of better risk mitigation strategies. Given that not all risks are the same, this article provides a tool for assessing and prioritizing risks to enable managers to achieve desired risk prevention levels as well as to offer faster recovery from risks that actually occur.

A Primer on Moderated Mediation Analysis: Exploring Logistics Involvement in New Product Development

Journal of Business Logistics, 2017

Theorizing and empirically testing moderated mediation hypotheses allows logistics and supply cha... more Theorizing and empirically testing moderated mediation hypotheses allows logistics and supply chain management (L&SCM) scholars to extend the boundaries of our current understanding by examining how, when, and why relationships arise between constructs central to our theories. However, while moderated mediation analyses can enrich theory in L&SCM, they are few in number, likely due to the complexities associated with their execution. In this article, we provide a didactic treatment for executing moderated mediation analysis. We do so using primary data regarding logistics involvement in new product development. In the hopes of spurring greater application of moderated mediation in L&SCM, we devise a series of recommendations that guide scholars through the process of conducting such analyses. These recommendations extend prior treatments by explaining how to address challenges associated with devising theories to undergird moderated mediation hypotheses, measuring constructs using m...

Managing Internal Supply Chain Integration: Integration Mechanisms and Requirements

Journal of Business Logistics, 2017

I n response to globalization, diversification, and other organizational drivers, managers contin... more I n response to globalization, diversification, and other organizational drivers, managers continue to seek organizational designs that promote integration. We study this phenomenon by focusing on requirements and mechanisms for internal supply chain integration (SCI). Using qualitative interview data, we examine how managers in manufacturing firms integrate internal supply chain activities. We elaborate and extend the information processing view by studying why organizations integrate (integration requirements) and how integration mechanisms are associated with different integration requirements. Four patterns of integration requirement-mechanism linkages emerged from our study, depicting integration mechanisms that are associated with a particular integration requirement, and those that are not. We provide a detailed examination of the multidimensional nature of integration requirements, as well as an increased understanding of how integration mechanisms are used to manage different integration requirements. These findings offer deeper insights into organizational integration, enhancing the understanding of integration in the context of internal supply chains, while also contributing to the literature on organizational design. For supply chain managers, these findings describe ways in which organizational design decisions can support internal SCI efforts with varying aims.

Vertical Integration Without Ownership: Strategic Alliances Offer a Managerial Alternative

Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 1995

Changing business realities are forcing firms to reexamine traditional business paradigms such as... more Changing business realities are forcing firms to reexamine traditional business paradigms such as the desirability of vertical integration. This paper proposes that advances in information technology enable vertical integration without financial ownership and that logistical processes facilitate this integration. Two forms of intra-channel alliances, basic and extended, are examined to provide evidence of this shift toward channel integration. While vertical integration without ownership is shown to be theoretically possible, the operational methods for achieving integration remain undeveloped. This paper calls for the development of managerial guidelines for forming strategic alliances.

Logistical Alliance Formation Motives: Similarities and Differences Within the Channel

Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 1996

Designing Global Supply Chain Organizations: A Case of Strategy, Structure and Alignment

Explores, 2011

Commodity-Procurement Strategies of Food Companies: A Case Study

This research evaluates the main characteristics considered in commodity-procurement decisions ma... more This research evaluates the main characteristics considered in commodity-procurement decisions made by food manufacturers. Procurement characteristics are examined and a framework is developed which classifies procurement characteristics into three categories: product constraints, company constraints, and service constraints. A case-study approach is used to determine the importance of various procurement characteristics and their impact on the buyer's procurement-mechanism choice. The research also examines the strategic role that a commodity-procurement department plays within a corporation and how that role relates to the three commodity-procurement decision classifications.

Supply Chain Integration in the Food and Consumer Goods Industries

The interorganizational structures necessary to implement and achieve the logistical performance ... more The interorganizational structures necessary to implement and achieve the logistical performance improvements identified in the Efficient Consumer Response (ECR) initiative and related supply chain management concepts are difficult to develop. Firms continue to struggle to implement integrated programs and techniques, particularly with respect to changing operating structures, relationships, and mindsets to facilitate true supply chain integration. This research explores the logistical strategies and structures used by selected food and consumer goods firms to integrate their supply chains. It illustrates effective integration strategies and identifies critical success factors and barriers to successful ECR implementation. A framework is used to guide managers in developing the competencies essential to integrating the supply chain and to establishing the relationships necessary to operate in an ECR environment. The framework, entitled Supply Chain 2000, depicts supply chain value c...

Evaluating Food Commodity Procurement Strategies

We use a case study approach to determine the primary factors affecting food manufacturers' c... more We use a case study approach to determine the primary factors affecting food manufacturers' commodity procurement decisions, as well as to examine the strategic nature of commodity procurement departments. The research fills a gap in both the commodity and procurement literature. A large literature exists on commodity marketing; however, very little exists on the topic of commodity procurement. Existing procurement literature tends to focus on non-commodity products rather than commodity products. The results suggest a model for the strategic role of commodity procurement departments within food manufacturers. The initial procurement strategy must be supply maintenance, which once accomplished, allows the commodity procurement department to progress to a profit-focused strategy, which is generally cost-based. Finally, the role of the commodity procurement department can expand by offering additional services to customers, such as designing promotional programs.

Strategic Alliances: Creating Long Term Success

Given today's increasingly competitive environment, firms in every industry are searching for... more Given today's increasingly competitive environment, firms in every industry are searching for new ways to increase their competitive advantage. Many firms have realized that, due to a variety of different reasons (e.g., fast-paced technological advances), significant performance improvements cannot be achieved alone. As such, the traditional response of performance enhancement through acquisition is no longer the only option. Strategic alliances are a new alternative that enable partnering firms to combine their individual strengths while compensating for their internal resource scarcities without making the investment required for actual ownership. While interest in alliances is growing, firms are often unsure how to build and maintain successful alliances. This research examines alliances between manufacturers and their suppliers in the food and health/personal care industries to determine what factors lead to successful, long term alliances.

The Role of Strategic Security: Internal and External Security Measures with Security Performance Implications

Transportation Journal, 2009

Ensuring a supply chain is secure from intentional as well as unintentional incidents is critical... more Ensuring a supply chain is secure from intentional as well as unintentional incidents is critical in today's global economy. However, some firms place a greater level of strategic importance on supply chain security than others. This research compares firms in the food industry that place a high level of strategic importance on security to firms that do not place a high level of strategic importance on security. The research assesses the measures employed by each group and resulting performance. Findings indicate that firms considering security to be a strategic priority perceive higher levels of security implementation and better security performance. Firms that place a high strategic priority on security show a greater ability to detect and recover from security incidents both inside the firm and across the supply chain in comparison to firms that place a low strategic priority on security. Cluster analysis grouped firms into high and low security performance categories in a m...

Perceptions of Resource Scarcity in Factor Markets: The Effect on Managerial Attention and Collaboration

Journal of Business Logistics, 2022

Staff Paper Strategic Alliances : Creating Long Term Success

Given today’s increasingly competitive environment, firms in every industry are searching for new... more Given today’s increasingly competitive environment, firms in every industry are searching for new ways to increase their competitive advantage. Many firms have realized that, due to a variety of different reasons (e.g., fast-paced technological advances), significant performance improvements cannot be achieved alone. As such, the traditional response of performance enhancement through acquisition is no longer the only option. Strategic alliances are a new alternative that enable partnering firms to combine their individual strengths while compensating for their internal resource scarcities without making the investment required for actual ownership. While interest in alliances is growing, firms are often unsure how to build and maintain successful alliances. This research examines alliances between manufacturers and their suppliers in the food and health/personal care industries to determine what factors lead to successful, long term alliances. 37 pages Acknowledgments This research...

Designing the “Right” Supply Chain Management Organizational Structure

An examination of the effects of omni-channel service offerings on retailer performance

International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 2021

PurposeBoth online and brick and mortar retailers have invested heavily in developing omni-channe... more PurposeBoth online and brick and mortar retailers have invested heavily in developing omni-channel service offerings. Though seen as a competitive necessity, these omni-channel service offerings increase costs and complexities. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of strategies involving bundles of omni-channel services related to order fulfillment and returns management on retailer performance.Design/methodology/approachArchival data were obtained for 152 retailers and analyzed using ordinary least squares regression. Robustness tests using an alternative dependent variable and a model-based classification strategy corroborate our findings.FindingsRetailers offering full sets of high integration omni-channel services (buy online pick up in store, ship from store and in-store returns) have better performance (e.g. sales, growth and competitive position) and web sales than retailers that offer only a partial mix of these high integration services. Retailers offering a ...

Resource Scarcity Perceptions in Supply Chains: The Effect of Buyer Altruism on the Propensity for Collaboration

Journal of Supply Chain Management, 2020

When faced with potential resource scarcities, purchasing managers have to make decisions regardi... more When faced with potential resource scarcities, purchasing managers have to make decisions regarding how to react to such scarcity threats. This can be challenging as there is often uncertainty surrounding the potential scarcity. Buyers’ mitigation decisions are impacted by their perceptions, which may lead to potentially ineffective mitigation responses. Resource dependence theory as well as supply chain literature emphasize the importance of collaborating with supply chain partners to secure access to scarce resources. However, behavioral research argues that the scarcity mindset causes individuals to behave more competitively, rather than collaboratively. This research examines the extent to which buyers’ perceptions of scarcity threats affect the decision to act altruistically towards the major supplier as well as to choose to collaborate with a major supplier in order to mitigate the scarcity. The research uses a scenario‐based role‐playing experiment with respondents serving as...

The Impact of Out-of-Stocks and Supply Chain Design on Manufacturers: Insights from an Agent-Based Model

Transportation Journal, 2018

In today's competitive environment, consumers have high expectations regarding product availa... more In today's competitive environment, consumers have high expectations regarding product availability. Out-of-stock (OOS) occurrences can have a detrimental impact to both retailers and manufacturers in terms of lost sales as well as reduced consumer loyalty. In this article, we investigate the impact of repeated OOS occurrences under different supply chain design scenarios, which mix the channel replenishment strategy with the inventory responsibility for in-store shelf management on the retailer versus on the manufacturer. We frame our agent-based simulation to examine the change in manufacturer's market share that results from OOS scenarios not only under different supply chain distribution scenarios (i.e., traditional versus direct store delivery or DSD), but also with different consumer preference characteristics (i.e., high and low brand loyalty) and varied levels of demand. The agent-based simulation allows us to examine the impact of consumer learning under repeated OO...

The Impact of Distribution Channel Decisions and Repeated Stockouts on Manufacturer and Retailer Performance

IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 2019

Product availability is a critical aspect of customer service for retailers and manufacturers. Wh... more Product availability is a critical aspect of customer service for retailers and manufacturers. When product is out of stock (OOS), both retailers and manufacturers may suffer depending on the demand-side characteristics, such as whether consumers are more loyal to the store or the brand. While both retailers and manufacturers contribute to OOS situations, the supply-side characteristics, such as whether the retailer or manufacturer is responsible for in-store fulfillment [i.e., traditional versus direct store delivery (DSD) distribution], may impact OOS performance. DSD involves the manufacturer bypassing the retailer's distribution center and delivering product directly to the retailer's individual stores. This paper considers demand-and supply-side issues simultaneously to determine the implications of stockouts for both retailers and manufacturers using an agent-based simulation. An agent-based simulation allows for consideration of these issues under repeated OOS situations to determine the overall impact to retailer and manufacturer performance.

A Simulation Model Of Multi‐Echelon Retail Inventory With Cross‐Channel Product Returns

Journal of Business Logistics, 2019

T his study explores the relationship between a retailer's product returns processing structure a... more T his study explores the relationship between a retailer's product returns processing structure and Multi-Echelon inventory system performance under cross-channel and same-channel product returns policies with nonstationary demand. Our research contributes to the growing body of reverse logistics literature, offering insight into how a retailer's logistical returns management strategy can impact inventory effectiveness in cross-channel retail environments. Adopting a contingency framework, we develop research hypotheses which we test through experimentation on a Multi-Echelon retail inventory system within a discrete-event simulation. Model parameters are derived from data collected from a large U.S. retailer of consumer durable and nondurable goods. We find an amplifying effect of a cross-channel returns policy on the positive relationship between a decentralized returns processing structure and inventory effectiveness. Further, through our analysis of nonstationarity in demand and resulting returns, we uncover strong main and interaction effects that seasonal demand variation can have on inventory outcomes, even under only moderate levels of seasonality. Our results highlight the need for firms to align logistical structures for returns processing with the returns policy and the external environment, while also lending credence to calls within the logistics literature for improved modeling of nonstationary demand in inventory management research.

Organizational design change in multinational supply chain organizations

The International Journal of Logistics Management, 2017

Purpose Managing internal supply chains is becoming increasingly complex, requiring managers to b... more Purpose Managing internal supply chains is becoming increasingly complex, requiring managers to balance diverse needs. As a result, managers continuously face the need to change how they organize their internal supply chains. The purpose of this paper is to examine this phenomenon by addressing why multinational supply chain management organizations (SCMOs) change their designs, as well as how managers respond to pertinent change phenomena using complementary theoretical perspectives. Design/methodology/approach Qualitative data, collected from 50 executives within 24 multinational manufacturers, is used to develop an understanding of the organizational design change phenomena. A theory elaboration approach is taken to illustrate how various theoretical perspectives explain organizational design change. Findings This study identifies and elaborates organizational design change phenomena in the context of multinational SCMOs, including internal and external drivers of design change. ...

A Comprehensive Risk Assessment and Evaluation Model: Proposing a Risk Priority Continuum

Transportation Journal, 2012

Supply chain risks continue to affect global operations, with no promise of abating in the forese... more Supply chain risks continue to affect global operations, with no promise of abating in the foreseeable future. While past studies have examined elements of supply chain risk, many have focused on only the likelihood of a risk occurring and/or the impact of the risk. This research outlines a more rigorous risk assessment and evaluation process, one that builds upon the reliability engineering field and includes an additional risk factor, the probability of risk detection. By using the proposed process, managers can create a risk priority continuum, which can lead to the development of better risk mitigation strategies. Given that not all risks are the same, this article provides a tool for assessing and prioritizing risks to enable managers to achieve desired risk prevention levels as well as to offer faster recovery from risks that actually occur.

A Primer on Moderated Mediation Analysis: Exploring Logistics Involvement in New Product Development

Journal of Business Logistics, 2017

Theorizing and empirically testing moderated mediation hypotheses allows logistics and supply cha... more Theorizing and empirically testing moderated mediation hypotheses allows logistics and supply chain management (L&SCM) scholars to extend the boundaries of our current understanding by examining how, when, and why relationships arise between constructs central to our theories. However, while moderated mediation analyses can enrich theory in L&SCM, they are few in number, likely due to the complexities associated with their execution. In this article, we provide a didactic treatment for executing moderated mediation analysis. We do so using primary data regarding logistics involvement in new product development. In the hopes of spurring greater application of moderated mediation in L&SCM, we devise a series of recommendations that guide scholars through the process of conducting such analyses. These recommendations extend prior treatments by explaining how to address challenges associated with devising theories to undergird moderated mediation hypotheses, measuring constructs using m...

Managing Internal Supply Chain Integration: Integration Mechanisms and Requirements

Journal of Business Logistics, 2017

I n response to globalization, diversification, and other organizational drivers, managers contin... more I n response to globalization, diversification, and other organizational drivers, managers continue to seek organizational designs that promote integration. We study this phenomenon by focusing on requirements and mechanisms for internal supply chain integration (SCI). Using qualitative interview data, we examine how managers in manufacturing firms integrate internal supply chain activities. We elaborate and extend the information processing view by studying why organizations integrate (integration requirements) and how integration mechanisms are associated with different integration requirements. Four patterns of integration requirement-mechanism linkages emerged from our study, depicting integration mechanisms that are associated with a particular integration requirement, and those that are not. We provide a detailed examination of the multidimensional nature of integration requirements, as well as an increased understanding of how integration mechanisms are used to manage different integration requirements. These findings offer deeper insights into organizational integration, enhancing the understanding of integration in the context of internal supply chains, while also contributing to the literature on organizational design. For supply chain managers, these findings describe ways in which organizational design decisions can support internal SCI efforts with varying aims.

Vertical Integration Without Ownership: Strategic Alliances Offer a Managerial Alternative

Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 1995

Changing business realities are forcing firms to reexamine traditional business paradigms such as... more Changing business realities are forcing firms to reexamine traditional business paradigms such as the desirability of vertical integration. This paper proposes that advances in information technology enable vertical integration without financial ownership and that logistical processes facilitate this integration. Two forms of intra-channel alliances, basic and extended, are examined to provide evidence of this shift toward channel integration. While vertical integration without ownership is shown to be theoretically possible, the operational methods for achieving integration remain undeveloped. This paper calls for the development of managerial guidelines for forming strategic alliances.

Logistical Alliance Formation Motives: Similarities and Differences Within the Channel

Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 1996