This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Environment and Planning C-government and Policy, Jun 1, 2004
Rarely does a reviewer have the chance to read a book so intimately related to unfolding events t... more Rarely does a reviewer have the chance to read a book so intimately related to unfolding events that one's interpretation of news stories becomes more deeply informed by it, and vice versa. Harvey's latest work is one such example, examining America's current`war on terror', and arguing that the world since the end of the Cold War and the terrorist attacks in America in September 2001 has become defined by an American imperialist agenda. To assess the nature and effects of US imperialism, Harvey constructs a double dialectic between America's internal dynamics and external relationships on the one hand, and between territorial and economic political imperatives on the other. These logics drive contentious foreign policies, based on a selective remembering of history, and often provoke great international objection, whilst demanding instability and fear at home to provide their popular justification. The problems are compounded when the territorial and economic imperatives compete, forcing America's hand further. This occurs, Harvey says, because US imperialism is founded on the exploitation of a global geography of uneven development, and the need (inexplicitly) to maintain this inequality whilst overcoming the crises of capitalist overaccumulation of the kind Harvey has discussed before. It is the need for more extensive`fixes' to the crisis which both necessitates and justifies US expansionism, and which may result in America overreaching itself, as it finds it can no longer maintain the internal and external dimensions to its power. The need to maintain a strategic control in the Middle East lies behind recent military action: partly because of oil, but also because of a longer term imperative to have this region within its sphere of influence, in order to open up new areas for spatial fixes, and to resist potential rivals like the EU and China. Harvey places this in a clear historical context, arguing that, although differences exist, there are also similarities with previous imperialist periods, which were also driven by the demands of Harvey's double dialectic. Harvey's clarity in this respect is one of the book's strongest points, as it sets out his often complex ideas on Marxist economics in a particularly clear way, in a context students may find more readily understandable than his other works. Resisting US imperialism is a massive task for locally based and sometimes conflicting groups, often demonised as rejecting progress and denying the benefits of US hegemony. However, these benefits result from`accumulation by dispossession', as the world's poorest are reduced to the status of a (particularly devalued) commodity, as forced indebtedness and dependency grow, and as assets become privatised. Harvey shows how the class struggle of previous centuries has become translated onto a global scale: a reflection of the ever-increasing scale of the capitalist spatial fix. The final chapter offers the starkest warning: Harvey argues that the USA in the last decade has shifted the basis of its power from consent to coercion. Examples range from military threats to other interventions (such as attaching conditions to international aid to ensure`right' kind of developmental strategies). There is also a third weapon: the USA dominates various international organizations (such as the International Monetary Fund, the World Trade Organization, and the World Bank) to such an extent that the global political economy remains structured towards extending America's influence and maintaining its global agenda. Returning to his initial dialectic, Harvey shows how this is impossible without a similar coercive politics within the USA, led by a Christian right which condemns dissent as unpatriotic, and which sees resistance to US imperialism as evidence of the need for more intervention and coercion. It is not hard to believe Harvey's claim that America could develop into a`permanent war economy', using`invisible' enemies such as Al-Qaeda to maintain homeland support. It is hard to escape the thought that, as the scale at which capitalist crises have become displaced Reviews
Brazil is an upper middle income economy, with a GDP per capita of close to 12,000 (constant) dol... more Brazil is an upper middle income economy, with a GDP per capita of close to 12,000 (constant) dollars in 2014. Nonetheless, Brazil has a significant amount of people living under poverty. 7.6% of the population was poor in 2014 (Poverty headcount ratio at $3.10 a day, 2011 PPP), making Brazil one of the most unequal countries in the world. Concomitantly, Brazil's different regions and states are highly heterogeneous with respect to income levels, inequality, and prevalence of poverty. Moreover, in the last past decades, the dispersion of inequality between states has increased. This paper shows that Brazilian states are also heterogenous in terms of economic complexity; and analyzes how economic complexity affects income inequality. To test the relationship between economic complexity and income inequality we employ panel data analysis for the 27 Brazilian states over the period 2002-2014. Our main proposition is that economic complexity affects regional wage differentials in a ...
Using a large multi‐country firm‐level data set from the World Bank Enterprise Survey, we examine... more Using a large multi‐country firm‐level data set from the World Bank Enterprise Survey, we examine whether multinational corporations (MNCs) differ from domestic firms in the prevalence and size of the impact of COVID‐19 on sales. Our findings reveal significant differences between MNCs and domestic firms, especially when accounting for the interplay between foreign ownership and international trade. Exporting MNCs are significantly less likely to experience a negative sales impact; this finding is robust to controlling for firm characteristics including size, age and productivity and the use of a propensity score reweighting approach based on the likelihood that a firm was foreign owned prior to the onset of the pandemic. Regarding the impact of the pandemic on the level of sales decrease, trading MNCs experience a significantly smaller negative impact. However, MNCs with joint high levels of imports and exports sustain a larger negative effect. MNCs operating in countries and secto...
Contents: Preface Foreign direct investment in Mexico: externalities and geographical space FDI e... more Contents: Preface Foreign direct investment in Mexico: externalities and geographical space FDI externalities in host economies: heterogeneity, technology gap and geographical space Agglomeration and FDI location in Mexican regions Trade liberalisation and regional growth in Mexico: how important are agglomeration economies and foreign direct investment? Intra-industry FDI externalities in Mexican manufacturing industries: endogeneity, technology gap and agglomeration FDI in Mexican regions: identifying the industry and geographical dimensions of FDI externalities Foreign direct investment and backward linkages with local suppliers: survey evidence from Nuevo LeA^3n FDI externalities in Mexican manufacturing industries: main findings, policy recommendations and future research References Index.
ISBN 0 7530 1802 0 1 This paper is derived from one of the chapters of my thesis on externality e... more ISBN 0 7530 1802 0 1 This paper is derived from one of the chapters of my thesis on externality effects from FDI in Mexico, undertaken in the PhD program of the department of Geography and Environment of the London School of Economics. I would like to express my gratitude for the support and guidance from my supervisors Paul Cheshire and Gilles Duranton. The comments and suggestions from Henry Overman, Steve Gibbons, Vasillis Monastiriotis, Ian Gordon and Andres Rodriguez-Pose are much appreciated. Of course, the usual disclaimers apply and any mistakes or errors of judgement are mine. Also, I am grateful to Luis Fernando Esteves Cano and his staff at Inegi in Aguascalientes for kindly providing me with the data and to Leopoldo Gutierrez and his fellow professors, who supported me during my stay at the department of economics at the ITESM university in Monterrey.
I present novel direct evidence on the static and dynamic impact of producer firms on local suppl... more I present novel direct evidence on the static and dynamic impact of producer firms on local suppliers based on several firm level surveys that I conducted among producer firms and suppliers in Nuevo León, Mexico. I find that the level of use of suppliers does not differ between foreign direct investment (FDI) and Mexican producer firms. Next, I find substantial evidence that FDI firms generate a larger local dynamic impact; foreign-owned firms apply more pressure on their suppliers to improve and are also significantly more involved in the provision of several types of technological and organisational support. In extension of these findings, I use multivariate analysis to identify characteristics of suppliers and supply linkages that influence the dynamic impact among suppliers. I find that the level of absorptive capacity of suppliers, the size of the technology gap between producer firms and suppliers, and the provision of support by producer firms all enhance the likelihood that suppliers experience a large positive dynamic impact. Importantly, even when I control for the effects of these factors, suppliers of FDI firms are still significantly more likely to experience a large positive impact.
Despite the growing importance of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the Mexican economy, statist... more Despite the growing importance of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the Mexican economy, statistical evidence on the determinants of the regional distribution of foreign-owned firms is seriously limited. In this paper, empirical findings are presented from a variety of econometric models that identify several regional characteristics influencing the locational choice of FDI. The main findings are threefold. First, several locational factors appear to be potentially important; these include regional demand, wages, schooling, infrastructure, and agglomeration economies. Second, the effect of agglomeration economies stems from several sources. In particular, the regional presence of agglomerations of manufacturing activity and of foreign-owned manufacturing firms both have an independent positive effect on the locational decision of new FDI. Third, the locational process of maquiladora firms differs from the locational process of overall FDI. The actual findings suggest that regional demand and infrastructure, as suggested above, are not important locational factors for export-oriented firms. Furthermore, whereas agglomeration economies from manufacturing and the presence of existing FDI attract new maquiladora investment, the presence of a regional agglomeration of services deters the location of new maquiladora firms. Finally, agglomeration economies appear to be more important in the locational process of maquiladora firms.
Using a large multi‐country firm‐level data set from the World Bank Enterprise Survey, we examine... more Using a large multi‐country firm‐level data set from the World Bank Enterprise Survey, we examine whether multinational corporations (MNCs) differ from domestic firms in the prevalence and size of the impact of COVID‐19 on sales. Our findings reveal significant differences between MNCs and domestic firms, especially when accounting for the interplay between foreign ownership and international trade. Exporting MNCs are significantly less likely to experience a negative sales impact; this finding is robust to controlling for firm characteristics including size, age and productivity and the use of a propensity score reweighting approach based on the likelihood that a firm was foreign owned prior to the onset of the pandemic. Regarding the impact of the pandemic on the level of sales decrease, trading MNCs experience a significantly smaller negative impact. However, MNCs with joint high levels of imports and exports sustain a larger negative effect. MNCs operating in countries and sectors characterised by a high degree of participation in international production networks are less affected by the pandemic. When controlling for the interaction between MNCs and international trade, we also find a direct positive effect of foreign ownership on the size of sales decrease, representing a liability of foreignness effect.
In this paper, we present evidence of estimated significant associations between greenspace and p... more In this paper, we present evidence of estimated significant associations between greenspace and prisoners’ self-reported well-being, self-harm and violence in prisons in England and Wales. Refining and extending our previous research that estimated the relationship between greenspace and self-harm and violence while controlling for the effects of prison characteristics (e.g. prison size, over-crowding and security level), the findings in the present study show that greenspace remains significantly related to self-harm and violence when we additionally control for prison population characteristics (such as prisoner age, ethnicity, sentence length) and when we use additional self-reported indicators of well-being. Furthermore, our findings also show that the beneficial effects of greenspace appear to be particularly prominent in prison establishments that suffer from overcrowding or hold relatively large shares of younger and un-sentenced prisoners. Finally, our results reveal that gr...
Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch ge... more Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your personal and scholarly purposes. You are not to copy documents for public or commercial purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. If the documents have been made available under an Open Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence.
This volume is a product of the staff of the World Bank Group. The World Bank Group refers to the... more This volume is a product of the staff of the World Bank Group. The World Bank Group refers to the member institutions of the World Bank Group: The World Bank (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development); International Finance Corporation (IFC); and Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), which are separate and distinct legal entities each organized under its respective Articles of Agreement. We encourage use for educational and noncommercial purposes. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Directors or Executive Directors of the respective institutions of the World Bank Group or the Governments they represent. The World Bank Group does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. All queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank Group,
In this paper, we provide evidence based on New Economic Geography Models and estimate the statis... more In this paper, we provide evidence based on New Economic Geography Models and estimate the statistical effects of second nature advantages to shed some light on the locational transformation of the manufacturing sector in Mexico. Changes in regional industry shares and regional wages during trade liberalization show that the border states have gained at the expense of the old manufacturing belt in Mexico City. Furthermore, the statistical evidence indicates that that the relevant market has shifted from Mexico City to the USA. However, the relation between trade liberalization and industry location is subject to a considerable level of industry heterogeneity, suggesting the coexistence of processes of regional convergence and divergence.
This article presents crucial new evidence that prisons with a higher proportion of the area with... more This article presents crucial new evidence that prisons with a higher proportion of the area within their perimeter given over to natural vegetation exhibit lower levels of self-harm and violence (both between prisoners and toward staff). Extending prior qualitative prison-level studies that find that nature contact influences prisoners’ self-reported well-being, it uses geographic information systems mapping to generate a new prison greenspace data set, capturing—for a cross section of prisons in England and Wales—the percentage of greenspace within their perimeters. Econometric estimations confirm that greenspace fosters prisoner well-being, in that there are lower levels of self-harm and violence in prisons with more greenspace. These relationships are statistically robust, and they persist when we control for prison size, type, age, and level of crowding. These findings are noteworthy in that they both extend understandings of well-being in custodial environments and have the po...
Traditional trade theories explain international exchanges by relative resource endowments, focus... more Traditional trade theories explain international exchanges by relative resource endowments, focusing on issues such as country-product specialisation, as well as developments in factor prices and its welfare implications. An important issue -often overlooked- is the spatial impact of international trade. However, recent contributions from the new economic geography offer important explanations as to how trade and location of economic activity
The opening of the Mexican economy in the late 1980s has generated increasing levels of inward fo... more The opening of the Mexican economy in the late 1980s has generated increasing levels of inward foreign direct investment (FDI) as well as substantial changes in the location pattern of economic activity within Mexico. Although these developments have coincided with marked changes in Mexico's regional growth regime, previous research has focused mainly on identifying growth effects from regional endowments of physical and human capital. In this paper, we extend on this research by conducting empirical analysis that centers explicitly on identifying the regional growth effects from agglomeration and FDI. The main findings of our analysis are threefold. First, we find that both agglomeration and FDI have acted as important drivers of regional growth in the last two decades. Second, both phenomena can be linked to the materialization of both positive and negative growth effects. The variety of growth effects that we identify is in line with the locational readjustments of economic activity that have taken place. Third, our estimations also identify clear spatial dimensions to the growth effects from agglomeration and FDI; furthermore, these spatial growth effects represent an important component of the overall spatiality of the regional growth process in Mexico. JEL Classification O47 • R11 • F23 • N96
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Environment and Planning C-government and Policy, Jun 1, 2004
Rarely does a reviewer have the chance to read a book so intimately related to unfolding events t... more Rarely does a reviewer have the chance to read a book so intimately related to unfolding events that one's interpretation of news stories becomes more deeply informed by it, and vice versa. Harvey's latest work is one such example, examining America's current`war on terror', and arguing that the world since the end of the Cold War and the terrorist attacks in America in September 2001 has become defined by an American imperialist agenda. To assess the nature and effects of US imperialism, Harvey constructs a double dialectic between America's internal dynamics and external relationships on the one hand, and between territorial and economic political imperatives on the other. These logics drive contentious foreign policies, based on a selective remembering of history, and often provoke great international objection, whilst demanding instability and fear at home to provide their popular justification. The problems are compounded when the territorial and economic imperatives compete, forcing America's hand further. This occurs, Harvey says, because US imperialism is founded on the exploitation of a global geography of uneven development, and the need (inexplicitly) to maintain this inequality whilst overcoming the crises of capitalist overaccumulation of the kind Harvey has discussed before. It is the need for more extensive`fixes' to the crisis which both necessitates and justifies US expansionism, and which may result in America overreaching itself, as it finds it can no longer maintain the internal and external dimensions to its power. The need to maintain a strategic control in the Middle East lies behind recent military action: partly because of oil, but also because of a longer term imperative to have this region within its sphere of influence, in order to open up new areas for spatial fixes, and to resist potential rivals like the EU and China. Harvey places this in a clear historical context, arguing that, although differences exist, there are also similarities with previous imperialist periods, which were also driven by the demands of Harvey's double dialectic. Harvey's clarity in this respect is one of the book's strongest points, as it sets out his often complex ideas on Marxist economics in a particularly clear way, in a context students may find more readily understandable than his other works. Resisting US imperialism is a massive task for locally based and sometimes conflicting groups, often demonised as rejecting progress and denying the benefits of US hegemony. However, these benefits result from`accumulation by dispossession', as the world's poorest are reduced to the status of a (particularly devalued) commodity, as forced indebtedness and dependency grow, and as assets become privatised. Harvey shows how the class struggle of previous centuries has become translated onto a global scale: a reflection of the ever-increasing scale of the capitalist spatial fix. The final chapter offers the starkest warning: Harvey argues that the USA in the last decade has shifted the basis of its power from consent to coercion. Examples range from military threats to other interventions (such as attaching conditions to international aid to ensure`right' kind of developmental strategies). There is also a third weapon: the USA dominates various international organizations (such as the International Monetary Fund, the World Trade Organization, and the World Bank) to such an extent that the global political economy remains structured towards extending America's influence and maintaining its global agenda. Returning to his initial dialectic, Harvey shows how this is impossible without a similar coercive politics within the USA, led by a Christian right which condemns dissent as unpatriotic, and which sees resistance to US imperialism as evidence of the need for more intervention and coercion. It is not hard to believe Harvey's claim that America could develop into a`permanent war economy', using`invisible' enemies such as Al-Qaeda to maintain homeland support. It is hard to escape the thought that, as the scale at which capitalist crises have become displaced Reviews
Brazil is an upper middle income economy, with a GDP per capita of close to 12,000 (constant) dol... more Brazil is an upper middle income economy, with a GDP per capita of close to 12,000 (constant) dollars in 2014. Nonetheless, Brazil has a significant amount of people living under poverty. 7.6% of the population was poor in 2014 (Poverty headcount ratio at $3.10 a day, 2011 PPP), making Brazil one of the most unequal countries in the world. Concomitantly, Brazil's different regions and states are highly heterogeneous with respect to income levels, inequality, and prevalence of poverty. Moreover, in the last past decades, the dispersion of inequality between states has increased. This paper shows that Brazilian states are also heterogenous in terms of economic complexity; and analyzes how economic complexity affects income inequality. To test the relationship between economic complexity and income inequality we employ panel data analysis for the 27 Brazilian states over the period 2002-2014. Our main proposition is that economic complexity affects regional wage differentials in a ...
Using a large multi‐country firm‐level data set from the World Bank Enterprise Survey, we examine... more Using a large multi‐country firm‐level data set from the World Bank Enterprise Survey, we examine whether multinational corporations (MNCs) differ from domestic firms in the prevalence and size of the impact of COVID‐19 on sales. Our findings reveal significant differences between MNCs and domestic firms, especially when accounting for the interplay between foreign ownership and international trade. Exporting MNCs are significantly less likely to experience a negative sales impact; this finding is robust to controlling for firm characteristics including size, age and productivity and the use of a propensity score reweighting approach based on the likelihood that a firm was foreign owned prior to the onset of the pandemic. Regarding the impact of the pandemic on the level of sales decrease, trading MNCs experience a significantly smaller negative impact. However, MNCs with joint high levels of imports and exports sustain a larger negative effect. MNCs operating in countries and secto...
Contents: Preface Foreign direct investment in Mexico: externalities and geographical space FDI e... more Contents: Preface Foreign direct investment in Mexico: externalities and geographical space FDI externalities in host economies: heterogeneity, technology gap and geographical space Agglomeration and FDI location in Mexican regions Trade liberalisation and regional growth in Mexico: how important are agglomeration economies and foreign direct investment? Intra-industry FDI externalities in Mexican manufacturing industries: endogeneity, technology gap and agglomeration FDI in Mexican regions: identifying the industry and geographical dimensions of FDI externalities Foreign direct investment and backward linkages with local suppliers: survey evidence from Nuevo LeA^3n FDI externalities in Mexican manufacturing industries: main findings, policy recommendations and future research References Index.
ISBN 0 7530 1802 0 1 This paper is derived from one of the chapters of my thesis on externality e... more ISBN 0 7530 1802 0 1 This paper is derived from one of the chapters of my thesis on externality effects from FDI in Mexico, undertaken in the PhD program of the department of Geography and Environment of the London School of Economics. I would like to express my gratitude for the support and guidance from my supervisors Paul Cheshire and Gilles Duranton. The comments and suggestions from Henry Overman, Steve Gibbons, Vasillis Monastiriotis, Ian Gordon and Andres Rodriguez-Pose are much appreciated. Of course, the usual disclaimers apply and any mistakes or errors of judgement are mine. Also, I am grateful to Luis Fernando Esteves Cano and his staff at Inegi in Aguascalientes for kindly providing me with the data and to Leopoldo Gutierrez and his fellow professors, who supported me during my stay at the department of economics at the ITESM university in Monterrey.
I present novel direct evidence on the static and dynamic impact of producer firms on local suppl... more I present novel direct evidence on the static and dynamic impact of producer firms on local suppliers based on several firm level surveys that I conducted among producer firms and suppliers in Nuevo León, Mexico. I find that the level of use of suppliers does not differ between foreign direct investment (FDI) and Mexican producer firms. Next, I find substantial evidence that FDI firms generate a larger local dynamic impact; foreign-owned firms apply more pressure on their suppliers to improve and are also significantly more involved in the provision of several types of technological and organisational support. In extension of these findings, I use multivariate analysis to identify characteristics of suppliers and supply linkages that influence the dynamic impact among suppliers. I find that the level of absorptive capacity of suppliers, the size of the technology gap between producer firms and suppliers, and the provision of support by producer firms all enhance the likelihood that suppliers experience a large positive dynamic impact. Importantly, even when I control for the effects of these factors, suppliers of FDI firms are still significantly more likely to experience a large positive impact.
Despite the growing importance of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the Mexican economy, statist... more Despite the growing importance of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the Mexican economy, statistical evidence on the determinants of the regional distribution of foreign-owned firms is seriously limited. In this paper, empirical findings are presented from a variety of econometric models that identify several regional characteristics influencing the locational choice of FDI. The main findings are threefold. First, several locational factors appear to be potentially important; these include regional demand, wages, schooling, infrastructure, and agglomeration economies. Second, the effect of agglomeration economies stems from several sources. In particular, the regional presence of agglomerations of manufacturing activity and of foreign-owned manufacturing firms both have an independent positive effect on the locational decision of new FDI. Third, the locational process of maquiladora firms differs from the locational process of overall FDI. The actual findings suggest that regional demand and infrastructure, as suggested above, are not important locational factors for export-oriented firms. Furthermore, whereas agglomeration economies from manufacturing and the presence of existing FDI attract new maquiladora investment, the presence of a regional agglomeration of services deters the location of new maquiladora firms. Finally, agglomeration economies appear to be more important in the locational process of maquiladora firms.
Using a large multi‐country firm‐level data set from the World Bank Enterprise Survey, we examine... more Using a large multi‐country firm‐level data set from the World Bank Enterprise Survey, we examine whether multinational corporations (MNCs) differ from domestic firms in the prevalence and size of the impact of COVID‐19 on sales. Our findings reveal significant differences between MNCs and domestic firms, especially when accounting for the interplay between foreign ownership and international trade. Exporting MNCs are significantly less likely to experience a negative sales impact; this finding is robust to controlling for firm characteristics including size, age and productivity and the use of a propensity score reweighting approach based on the likelihood that a firm was foreign owned prior to the onset of the pandemic. Regarding the impact of the pandemic on the level of sales decrease, trading MNCs experience a significantly smaller negative impact. However, MNCs with joint high levels of imports and exports sustain a larger negative effect. MNCs operating in countries and sectors characterised by a high degree of participation in international production networks are less affected by the pandemic. When controlling for the interaction between MNCs and international trade, we also find a direct positive effect of foreign ownership on the size of sales decrease, representing a liability of foreignness effect.
In this paper, we present evidence of estimated significant associations between greenspace and p... more In this paper, we present evidence of estimated significant associations between greenspace and prisoners’ self-reported well-being, self-harm and violence in prisons in England and Wales. Refining and extending our previous research that estimated the relationship between greenspace and self-harm and violence while controlling for the effects of prison characteristics (e.g. prison size, over-crowding and security level), the findings in the present study show that greenspace remains significantly related to self-harm and violence when we additionally control for prison population characteristics (such as prisoner age, ethnicity, sentence length) and when we use additional self-reported indicators of well-being. Furthermore, our findings also show that the beneficial effects of greenspace appear to be particularly prominent in prison establishments that suffer from overcrowding or hold relatively large shares of younger and un-sentenced prisoners. Finally, our results reveal that gr...
Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch ge... more Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your personal and scholarly purposes. You are not to copy documents for public or commercial purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. If the documents have been made available under an Open Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence.
This volume is a product of the staff of the World Bank Group. The World Bank Group refers to the... more This volume is a product of the staff of the World Bank Group. The World Bank Group refers to the member institutions of the World Bank Group: The World Bank (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development); International Finance Corporation (IFC); and Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), which are separate and distinct legal entities each organized under its respective Articles of Agreement. We encourage use for educational and noncommercial purposes. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Directors or Executive Directors of the respective institutions of the World Bank Group or the Governments they represent. The World Bank Group does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. All queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank Group,
In this paper, we provide evidence based on New Economic Geography Models and estimate the statis... more In this paper, we provide evidence based on New Economic Geography Models and estimate the statistical effects of second nature advantages to shed some light on the locational transformation of the manufacturing sector in Mexico. Changes in regional industry shares and regional wages during trade liberalization show that the border states have gained at the expense of the old manufacturing belt in Mexico City. Furthermore, the statistical evidence indicates that that the relevant market has shifted from Mexico City to the USA. However, the relation between trade liberalization and industry location is subject to a considerable level of industry heterogeneity, suggesting the coexistence of processes of regional convergence and divergence.
This article presents crucial new evidence that prisons with a higher proportion of the area with... more This article presents crucial new evidence that prisons with a higher proportion of the area within their perimeter given over to natural vegetation exhibit lower levels of self-harm and violence (both between prisoners and toward staff). Extending prior qualitative prison-level studies that find that nature contact influences prisoners’ self-reported well-being, it uses geographic information systems mapping to generate a new prison greenspace data set, capturing—for a cross section of prisons in England and Wales—the percentage of greenspace within their perimeters. Econometric estimations confirm that greenspace fosters prisoner well-being, in that there are lower levels of self-harm and violence in prisons with more greenspace. These relationships are statistically robust, and they persist when we control for prison size, type, age, and level of crowding. These findings are noteworthy in that they both extend understandings of well-being in custodial environments and have the po...
Traditional trade theories explain international exchanges by relative resource endowments, focus... more Traditional trade theories explain international exchanges by relative resource endowments, focusing on issues such as country-product specialisation, as well as developments in factor prices and its welfare implications. An important issue -often overlooked- is the spatial impact of international trade. However, recent contributions from the new economic geography offer important explanations as to how trade and location of economic activity
The opening of the Mexican economy in the late 1980s has generated increasing levels of inward fo... more The opening of the Mexican economy in the late 1980s has generated increasing levels of inward foreign direct investment (FDI) as well as substantial changes in the location pattern of economic activity within Mexico. Although these developments have coincided with marked changes in Mexico's regional growth regime, previous research has focused mainly on identifying growth effects from regional endowments of physical and human capital. In this paper, we extend on this research by conducting empirical analysis that centers explicitly on identifying the regional growth effects from agglomeration and FDI. The main findings of our analysis are threefold. First, we find that both agglomeration and FDI have acted as important drivers of regional growth in the last two decades. Second, both phenomena can be linked to the materialization of both positive and negative growth effects. The variety of growth effects that we identify is in line with the locational readjustments of economic activity that have taken place. Third, our estimations also identify clear spatial dimensions to the growth effects from agglomeration and FDI; furthermore, these spatial growth effects represent an important component of the overall spatiality of the regional growth process in Mexico. JEL Classification O47 • R11 • F23 • N96
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