Key message Adaptation to the Norwegian environment is associated with polymorphisms in the Vrn-A... more Key message Adaptation to the Norwegian environment is associated with polymorphisms in the Vrn-A1 locus. Historical selection for grain yield in Nordic wheat is associated with TaGS5-3A and TaCol-5 loci. Abstract Grain yields in Norwegian spring wheat increased by 18 kg ha−1 per year between 1972 and 2019 due to introduction of new varieties. These gains were associated with increments in the number of grains per spike and extended length of the vegetative period. However, little is known about the genetic background of this progress. To fill this gap, we conducted genome-wide association study on a panel consisting of both adapted (historical and current varieties and lines in the Nordics) and important not adapted accessions used as parents in the Norwegian wheat breeding program. The study concerned grain yield, plant height, and heading and maturity dates, and detected 12 associated loci, later validated using independent sets of recent breeding lines. Adaptation to the Norwegi...
Spring wheat is currently dominating wheat production in Norway. The introduction of combine harv... more Spring wheat is currently dominating wheat production in Norway. The introduction of combine harvesting in the 1950s spurred breeding efforts to improve lodging and preharvest sprouting resistance, and to integrate good breadmaking quality in the locally adapted germplasm. Release of landmark cultivars Runar and Reno in the 1970s revitalized the country's production and marked the onset of modern wheat cultivation in Norway. Since that time, new cultivars have been developed but little is known about the genetic basis of the achieved yield gains. We collected 21 representative cultivars released since 1972 in Norway and tested them in a multiyear field trial including two fertilization rates: 75 and 150 kg ha–1 N. We assessed grain yield, plant height, heading, maturity, length of grain filling period, grain protein content, protein yield, aboveground biomass, harvest index, grain weight, test weight, grains per spike, grains per square meter, and spikes per square meter and their response to fertilization. We document an annual increase in grain yield of 17.8 kg ha–1 (0.34%), at both rates of N fertilization. None of the traits exhibited significant genotype × management interaction. Wheat breeding has led to the development of higher‐yielding cultivars with higher protein yield that mature later, have a prolonged grain‐filling period, and produce more grains per spike and grains per unit area.
For a 100% organic value chain, we need more varieties suitable for organic cultivation. Varietie... more For a 100% organic value chain, we need more varieties suitable for organic cultivation. Varieties bred for organic growing is a challenge in small markets. Many breeding goals are equal for organic and conventional cereals. Hence, accessions failing qualification as commercial varieties may perform well in organic growing. A field experiment over two years was performed at two growing sites to compare 25 accessions of spring wheat, ranging from old heritage varieties to modern breeding lines. We assessed yield and agronomic characteristics, artisan bread baking quality and sensory characteristics. Modern accessions gave best yields. Old varieties had smaller kernels, less grain filling, lower falling numbers and SDS-sedimentation volumes, but higher concentrations of minerals, although the growing site has a strong effect. Bread from modern accessions performed best in a baking test. Several sensory characteristics such as juiciness, chew resistance, firmness, acid taste and vinegar odor varied between varieties. Heritage varieties have an important cultural value, and many consumers are willing to pay a significant premium price for such products. A premium price is required, since yield levels are often considerably lower. Introduction: Wheat is an important food crop, and the main ingredient in Norwegian bread. Some organic growers prefer heritage varieties due to a different protein quality and higher mineral content. Will this imply a significant loss of yield and income? Are modern accessions actually less well suited for artisan baking than heritage varieties? Can accessions failing to become approved for conventional growing perform well in organic growing, with artisan baking? We designed an experiment to study these questions. Most breeding goals, such as grain yield, earliness, straw strength, weather damage resistance and resistance against fungal diseases are equal across farming systems, whereas organic farmers may emphasize longer straw and denser canopies to compete with weeds. There is no separate breeding of organic cereals in Norway, but the national breeding company Graminor Ltd. assess their breeding lines of spring wheat under organic growing conditions. The assessments include characteristics listed above (grain yield etc.) as well as grain quality (SDS etc.), but no baking test. The project was funded by the Norwegian Agricultural Authority's genetic resources development program, the County Governor of Oppland who organized a program on organic cereal growing, and the County Governor of Trøndelag (mid-Norway). The project brought together actors from the whole value chain of organic cereals and strengthened relationships between actors who formerly had not been much in contact. The main aim of this study was to increase the diversity of accessions used for growing of organic cereals, by searching for modern accessions possibly performing well under organic growing conditions and with artisan baking in Mid-Norway. In this paper, we want to present the output of this 3-year project. Material and methods: 25 accessions of spring wheat were compared in a field experiment 2017-2018, at two sites in Mid-Norway, with organic management. Growing spring wheat for bread baking in this region, around 64ºN, is a big challenge due to short growing seasons with cold weather, and commonly humid weather during harvest. For rural brought to you by CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk provided by Organic Eprints
T he necrotrophic fungus Parastagonospora nodorum (Berk.) Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous is the caus... more T he necrotrophic fungus Parastagonospora nodorum (Berk.) Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous is the causal agent of Septoria nodorum blotch (SNB) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and can cause significant yield and quality losses (Bhathal et al., 2003). It causes both leaf and glume blotch and is the dominating leaf blotch pathogen in Norwegian spring wheat (Ficke et al., 2011b; Abrahamsen et al., 2013). The disease pressure increases under reduced tillage and rainy growth seasons. Control of SNB relies on fungicides, strobilurins and azoles in particular, but increased loss of fungicide sensitivity has been observed in European P. nodorum isolates (Blixt et al., 2009; Ficke et al., 2011a; Abrahamsen 2013; Pereira et al., 2017). For instance, the majority of isolates collected in Sweden from 2003 to 2005 carried an amino acid substitution associated with loss of sensitivity to strobilurins (Blixt et al., 2009). Twenty-five percent of these Swedish isolates also harbored point mutations associated with reduced triazole sensitivity. Growing cultivars with durable genetic resistance is a more sustainable way to control disease. However, breeding for
Key message This study identified a significant number of QTL that are associated with FHB diseas... more Key message This study identified a significant number of QTL that are associated with FHB disease resistance in NMBU spring wheat panel by conducting genome-wide association study. Abstract Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a widely known devastating disease of wheat caused by Fusarium graminearum and other Fusarium species. FHB resistance is quantitative, highly complex and divided into several resistance types. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) that are effective against several of the resistance types give valuable contributions to resistance breeding. A spring wheat panel of 300 cultivars and breeding lines of Nordic and exotic origins was tested in artificially inoculated field trials and subjected to visual FHB assessment in the years 2013-2015, 2019 and 2020. Deoxynivalenol (DON) content was measured on harvested grain samples, and anther extrusion (AE) was assessed in separate trials. Principal component analysis based on 35 and 25 K SNP arrays revealed the existence of two subgroups, dividing the panel into European and exotic lines. We employed a genome-wide association study to detect QTL associated with FHB traits and identify marker-trait associations that consistently influenced FHB resistance. A total of thirteen QTL were identified showing consistent effects across FHB resistance traits and environments. Haplotype analysis revealed a highly significant QTL on 7A, Qfhb.nmbu.7A.2, which was further validated on an independent set of breeding lines. Breeder-friendly KASP markers were developed for this QTL that can be used in marker-assisted selection. The lines in the wheat panel harbored from zero to five resistance alleles, and allele stacking showed that resistance can be significantly increased by combining several of these resistance alleles. This information enhances breeders´ possibilities for genomic prediction and to breed cultivars with improved FHB resistance. Abbreviations AE Anther extrusion AR Anther retention DH Days to heading DA Days to anthesis DON Deoxynivalenol DONcPHDH DON corrected for plant height and days to heading FHB Fusarium head blight FHBcPHDH FHB disease severity corrected for plant height and days to heading Mbp Mega base pairs MTA Marker-Trait associations PCA Principal component analysis Communicated by Thomas Miedaner.
Key message A major yellow rust resistance QTL, QYr.nmbu.6A, contributed consistent adult plant r... more Key message A major yellow rust resistance QTL, QYr.nmbu.6A, contributed consistent adult plant resistance in field trials across Europe, China, Kenya and Mexico. Abstract Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, causing wheat yellow rust (YR), is one of the most devastating biotrophic pathogens affecting global wheat yields. Owing to the recent epidemic of the PstS10 race group in Europe, yellow rust has become a reoccurring disease in Norway since 2014. As all stage resistances (ASR) (or seedling resistances) are usually easily overcome by pathogen evolution, deployment of durable adult plant resistance (APR) is crucial for yellow rust resistance breeding. In this study, we assessed a Nordic spring wheat association mapping panel (n = 301) for yellow rust field resistance in seventeen field trials from 2015 to 2021, including nine locations in six countries across four different continents. Nine consistent QTL were identified across continents by genome-wide association studies (GWAS)...
Grain yields in Norwegian spring wheat increased by 18 kg ha− 1 per year between 1972 and 2019 du... more Grain yields in Norwegian spring wheat increased by 18 kg ha− 1 per year between 1972 and 2019 due to introduction of new varieties. These gains were associated with increments in the number of grains per spike and extended length of the vegetative period. However, little is known about the genetic background of this progress. To fill this gap, we conducted genome-wide association study on a panel consisting of both adapted (historical and current varieties and lines in the Nordics) and important not adapted accessions used as parents in the Norwegian wheat breeding program. The study concerned grain yield, plant height, and heading and maturity dates, and detected 12 associated loci, later validated using independent sets of recent breeding lines. Adaptation to the Norwegian cropping conditions is associated with the Vrn-A1 locus, and a previously undescribed locus on chromosome 1B associated with heading date. Two loci associated with grain yield, corresponding to the TaGS5-3A and...
Key message A new QTL for SNB, QSnb.nmbu-2AS, was found in both winter and spring wheat panels th... more Key message A new QTL for SNB, QSnb.nmbu-2AS, was found in both winter and spring wheat panels that can greatly advance SNB resistance breeding Abstract Septoria nodorum blotch (SNB), caused by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum, is the dominant leaf blotch pathogen of wheat in Norway. Resistance/susceptibility to SNB is a quantitatively inherited trait, which can be partly explained by the interactions between wheat sensitivity loci (Snn) and corresponding P. nodorum necrotrophic effectors (NEs). Two Nordic wheat association mapping panels were assessed for SNB resistance in the field over three to four years: a spring wheat and a winter wheat panel (n = 296 and 102, respectively). Genome-wide association studies found consistent SNB resistance associated with quantitative trait loci (QTL) on eleven wheat chromosomes, and ten of those QTL were common in the spring and winter wheat panels. One robust QTL on the short arm of chromosome 2A, QSnb.nmbu-2AS, was si...
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a widely known devastating disease of wheat caused by Fusarium gram... more Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a widely known devastating disease of wheat caused by Fusarium graminearum and other Fusarium species. FHB resistance is quantitative, highly complex and divided into several resistance types. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) that are effective against several of the resistance types give valuable contributions to resistance breeding. A spring wheat panel of 300 cultivars and breeding lines of Nordic and exotic origins was tested in artificially inoculated field trials and subjected to visual FHB assessment in the years 2013 to 2015, 2019 and 2020. Deoxynivalenol (DON) content was measured on harvested grain samples and anther extrusion (AE) was assessed in separate trials. Principal component analysis based on 35K and 25K SNP arrays revealed the existence of two subgroups, dividing the panel into European and exotic lines. We employed a genome-wide association study to detect QTL associated with FHB traits and identify marker-trait associations (MTAs) tha...
Spring wheat is currently dominating wheat production in Norway. The introduction of combine harv... more Spring wheat is currently dominating wheat production in Norway. The introduction of combine harvesting in the 1950s spurred breeding efforts to improve lodging and preharvest sprouting resistance, and to integrate good breadmaking quality in the locally adapted germplasm. Release of landmark cultivars Runar and Reno in the 1970s revitalized the country's production and marked the onset of modern wheat cultivation in Norway. Since that time, new cultivars have been developed but little is known about the genetic basis of the achieved yield gains. We collected 21 representative cultivars released since 1972 in Norway and tested them in a multiyear field trial including two fertilization rates: 75 and 150 kg ha–1 N. We assessed grain yield, plant height, heading, maturity, length of grain filling period, grain protein content, protein yield, aboveground biomass, harvest index, grain weight, test weight, grains per spike, grains per square meter, and spikes per square meter and the...
Traditional plant breeding based on selection for grain yield is time-consuming and costly; there... more Traditional plant breeding based on selection for grain yield is time-consuming and costly; therefore, new innovative methods are in high demand to reduce costs and accelerate genetic gains. Remote sensing-based platforms such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) show promise to predict different traits including grain yield. Attention is currently being devoted to machine learning methods in order to extract the most meaningful information from the massive amounts of data generated by UAV images. These methods have shown a promising capability to come up with nonlinearity and explore patterns beyond the human ability. This study investigates the application of two different machine learning based regressor methods to predict wheat grain yield using extracted vegetation indices from UAV images. The goal of the study was to investigate the strength of Support Vector Regression (SVR) in combination with Sequential Forward Selection (SFS) for grain yield prediction and compare the results with LASSO regressor with an internal feature selector. Models were tested on grain yield data from 600 plots of spring wheat planted in SouthEastern Norway in 2018. Five spectral bands along with three different vegetation indices; the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), and MERIS Terrestrial Chlorophyll Index (MTCI) were extracted from multispectral images at three dates between heading and maturity of the plants. These features for each field trial plot at each date were used as input data for the SVR model. The best model hyperparameters were estimated using grid search. Based on feature selection results from both methods, NDVI showed the highest prediction ability for grain yield at all dates and its explanatory power increased toward maturity, while adding MTCI and EVI at earlier stages of grain filling improved model performance. Combined models based on all indices and dates explained up to 90% of the variation in grain yield on the test set. Inclusion of individual bands added collinearity to the models and did not improve the predictions. Although both regression methods showed a good capability for grain yield prediction, LASSO regressor proved to be more affordable and economical in terms of time.
Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici is a major wheat disease in maritime an... more Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici is a major wheat disease in maritime and temperate climates. Breeding for race-non-specific or partial resistance is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly disease control strategy. The German spring wheat cultivar Naxos has proven to be a good source for partial resistance to powdery mildew. The objectives of the present study were to map the resistance loci in Naxos with use of high-density SNP markers in the Shanghai3/Catbird x Naxos inbred line population and validate the results in a different genetic background; Soru#1 x Naxos. Both populations were genotyped with the Illumina iSelect 90K wheat chip, and integrated linkage maps developed by inclusion of previously genotyped SSR and DArT markers. With the new linkage maps, we detected a total of twelve QTL for powdery mildew resistance in Shanghai3/Catbird x Naxos, of which eight were derived from Naxos. Previously reported QTL on chromosome arms 1AS and 2BL were more precisely mapped and the SNP markers enabled discovery of new QTL on 1AL, 2AL, 5AS and 5AL. In the Soru#1 x Naxos population, four QTL for powdery mildew resistance were detected, of which three had resistance from Naxos. This mapping verified the 1AS and 2AL QTL detected Shanghai3/Catbird x Naxos, and identified a new QTL from Naxos on 2BL. In conclusion, the improved linkage maps with SNP markers enabled discovery of new resistance QTL and more precise mapping of previously known QTL. Moreover, the results were validated in an independent genetic background.
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2004
Differences in baking quality among cultivars have been related to differences in gluten protein ... more Differences in baking quality among cultivars have been related to differences in gluten protein composition, and in particular to the high molecular weight glutenin subunits (reviewed by Shewry et al,8 Schofield9 and Weegels et al3). The composition of glutenin subunits are indirectly ...
Korn For første gang på over 25 år var det sommeren 2014 til dels sterke angrep av gulrust i nors... more Korn For første gang på over 25 år var det sommeren 2014 til dels sterke angrep av gulrust i norsk hvete. Sjukdommen gjorde seg også sterkt gjeldende i 2015, og noe mindre i 2016. Kartlegging har vist at en har fått inn nye aggressive raser, sannsynligvis ved sporespredning gjennom lufta fra Sør-Sverige og Danmark. År med store høsthveteareal, gode overvintringsforhold (også for soppen), og hvetesorter som ikke er resistente mot de nye rasene, har bidratt til at sjukdommen på ny har etablert seg i Norge.
Key message Adaptation to the Norwegian environment is associated with polymorphisms in the Vrn-A... more Key message Adaptation to the Norwegian environment is associated with polymorphisms in the Vrn-A1 locus. Historical selection for grain yield in Nordic wheat is associated with TaGS5-3A and TaCol-5 loci. Abstract Grain yields in Norwegian spring wheat increased by 18 kg ha−1 per year between 1972 and 2019 due to introduction of new varieties. These gains were associated with increments in the number of grains per spike and extended length of the vegetative period. However, little is known about the genetic background of this progress. To fill this gap, we conducted genome-wide association study on a panel consisting of both adapted (historical and current varieties and lines in the Nordics) and important not adapted accessions used as parents in the Norwegian wheat breeding program. The study concerned grain yield, plant height, and heading and maturity dates, and detected 12 associated loci, later validated using independent sets of recent breeding lines. Adaptation to the Norwegi...
Spring wheat is currently dominating wheat production in Norway. The introduction of combine harv... more Spring wheat is currently dominating wheat production in Norway. The introduction of combine harvesting in the 1950s spurred breeding efforts to improve lodging and preharvest sprouting resistance, and to integrate good breadmaking quality in the locally adapted germplasm. Release of landmark cultivars Runar and Reno in the 1970s revitalized the country's production and marked the onset of modern wheat cultivation in Norway. Since that time, new cultivars have been developed but little is known about the genetic basis of the achieved yield gains. We collected 21 representative cultivars released since 1972 in Norway and tested them in a multiyear field trial including two fertilization rates: 75 and 150 kg ha–1 N. We assessed grain yield, plant height, heading, maturity, length of grain filling period, grain protein content, protein yield, aboveground biomass, harvest index, grain weight, test weight, grains per spike, grains per square meter, and spikes per square meter and their response to fertilization. We document an annual increase in grain yield of 17.8 kg ha–1 (0.34%), at both rates of N fertilization. None of the traits exhibited significant genotype × management interaction. Wheat breeding has led to the development of higher‐yielding cultivars with higher protein yield that mature later, have a prolonged grain‐filling period, and produce more grains per spike and grains per unit area.
For a 100% organic value chain, we need more varieties suitable for organic cultivation. Varietie... more For a 100% organic value chain, we need more varieties suitable for organic cultivation. Varieties bred for organic growing is a challenge in small markets. Many breeding goals are equal for organic and conventional cereals. Hence, accessions failing qualification as commercial varieties may perform well in organic growing. A field experiment over two years was performed at two growing sites to compare 25 accessions of spring wheat, ranging from old heritage varieties to modern breeding lines. We assessed yield and agronomic characteristics, artisan bread baking quality and sensory characteristics. Modern accessions gave best yields. Old varieties had smaller kernels, less grain filling, lower falling numbers and SDS-sedimentation volumes, but higher concentrations of minerals, although the growing site has a strong effect. Bread from modern accessions performed best in a baking test. Several sensory characteristics such as juiciness, chew resistance, firmness, acid taste and vinegar odor varied between varieties. Heritage varieties have an important cultural value, and many consumers are willing to pay a significant premium price for such products. A premium price is required, since yield levels are often considerably lower. Introduction: Wheat is an important food crop, and the main ingredient in Norwegian bread. Some organic growers prefer heritage varieties due to a different protein quality and higher mineral content. Will this imply a significant loss of yield and income? Are modern accessions actually less well suited for artisan baking than heritage varieties? Can accessions failing to become approved for conventional growing perform well in organic growing, with artisan baking? We designed an experiment to study these questions. Most breeding goals, such as grain yield, earliness, straw strength, weather damage resistance and resistance against fungal diseases are equal across farming systems, whereas organic farmers may emphasize longer straw and denser canopies to compete with weeds. There is no separate breeding of organic cereals in Norway, but the national breeding company Graminor Ltd. assess their breeding lines of spring wheat under organic growing conditions. The assessments include characteristics listed above (grain yield etc.) as well as grain quality (SDS etc.), but no baking test. The project was funded by the Norwegian Agricultural Authority's genetic resources development program, the County Governor of Oppland who organized a program on organic cereal growing, and the County Governor of Trøndelag (mid-Norway). The project brought together actors from the whole value chain of organic cereals and strengthened relationships between actors who formerly had not been much in contact. The main aim of this study was to increase the diversity of accessions used for growing of organic cereals, by searching for modern accessions possibly performing well under organic growing conditions and with artisan baking in Mid-Norway. In this paper, we want to present the output of this 3-year project. Material and methods: 25 accessions of spring wheat were compared in a field experiment 2017-2018, at two sites in Mid-Norway, with organic management. Growing spring wheat for bread baking in this region, around 64ºN, is a big challenge due to short growing seasons with cold weather, and commonly humid weather during harvest. For rural brought to you by CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk provided by Organic Eprints
T he necrotrophic fungus Parastagonospora nodorum (Berk.) Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous is the caus... more T he necrotrophic fungus Parastagonospora nodorum (Berk.) Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous is the causal agent of Septoria nodorum blotch (SNB) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and can cause significant yield and quality losses (Bhathal et al., 2003). It causes both leaf and glume blotch and is the dominating leaf blotch pathogen in Norwegian spring wheat (Ficke et al., 2011b; Abrahamsen et al., 2013). The disease pressure increases under reduced tillage and rainy growth seasons. Control of SNB relies on fungicides, strobilurins and azoles in particular, but increased loss of fungicide sensitivity has been observed in European P. nodorum isolates (Blixt et al., 2009; Ficke et al., 2011a; Abrahamsen 2013; Pereira et al., 2017). For instance, the majority of isolates collected in Sweden from 2003 to 2005 carried an amino acid substitution associated with loss of sensitivity to strobilurins (Blixt et al., 2009). Twenty-five percent of these Swedish isolates also harbored point mutations associated with reduced triazole sensitivity. Growing cultivars with durable genetic resistance is a more sustainable way to control disease. However, breeding for
Key message This study identified a significant number of QTL that are associated with FHB diseas... more Key message This study identified a significant number of QTL that are associated with FHB disease resistance in NMBU spring wheat panel by conducting genome-wide association study. Abstract Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a widely known devastating disease of wheat caused by Fusarium graminearum and other Fusarium species. FHB resistance is quantitative, highly complex and divided into several resistance types. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) that are effective against several of the resistance types give valuable contributions to resistance breeding. A spring wheat panel of 300 cultivars and breeding lines of Nordic and exotic origins was tested in artificially inoculated field trials and subjected to visual FHB assessment in the years 2013-2015, 2019 and 2020. Deoxynivalenol (DON) content was measured on harvested grain samples, and anther extrusion (AE) was assessed in separate trials. Principal component analysis based on 35 and 25 K SNP arrays revealed the existence of two subgroups, dividing the panel into European and exotic lines. We employed a genome-wide association study to detect QTL associated with FHB traits and identify marker-trait associations that consistently influenced FHB resistance. A total of thirteen QTL were identified showing consistent effects across FHB resistance traits and environments. Haplotype analysis revealed a highly significant QTL on 7A, Qfhb.nmbu.7A.2, which was further validated on an independent set of breeding lines. Breeder-friendly KASP markers were developed for this QTL that can be used in marker-assisted selection. The lines in the wheat panel harbored from zero to five resistance alleles, and allele stacking showed that resistance can be significantly increased by combining several of these resistance alleles. This information enhances breeders´ possibilities for genomic prediction and to breed cultivars with improved FHB resistance. Abbreviations AE Anther extrusion AR Anther retention DH Days to heading DA Days to anthesis DON Deoxynivalenol DONcPHDH DON corrected for plant height and days to heading FHB Fusarium head blight FHBcPHDH FHB disease severity corrected for plant height and days to heading Mbp Mega base pairs MTA Marker-Trait associations PCA Principal component analysis Communicated by Thomas Miedaner.
Key message A major yellow rust resistance QTL, QYr.nmbu.6A, contributed consistent adult plant r... more Key message A major yellow rust resistance QTL, QYr.nmbu.6A, contributed consistent adult plant resistance in field trials across Europe, China, Kenya and Mexico. Abstract Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, causing wheat yellow rust (YR), is one of the most devastating biotrophic pathogens affecting global wheat yields. Owing to the recent epidemic of the PstS10 race group in Europe, yellow rust has become a reoccurring disease in Norway since 2014. As all stage resistances (ASR) (or seedling resistances) are usually easily overcome by pathogen evolution, deployment of durable adult plant resistance (APR) is crucial for yellow rust resistance breeding. In this study, we assessed a Nordic spring wheat association mapping panel (n = 301) for yellow rust field resistance in seventeen field trials from 2015 to 2021, including nine locations in six countries across four different continents. Nine consistent QTL were identified across continents by genome-wide association studies (GWAS)...
Grain yields in Norwegian spring wheat increased by 18 kg ha− 1 per year between 1972 and 2019 du... more Grain yields in Norwegian spring wheat increased by 18 kg ha− 1 per year between 1972 and 2019 due to introduction of new varieties. These gains were associated with increments in the number of grains per spike and extended length of the vegetative period. However, little is known about the genetic background of this progress. To fill this gap, we conducted genome-wide association study on a panel consisting of both adapted (historical and current varieties and lines in the Nordics) and important not adapted accessions used as parents in the Norwegian wheat breeding program. The study concerned grain yield, plant height, and heading and maturity dates, and detected 12 associated loci, later validated using independent sets of recent breeding lines. Adaptation to the Norwegian cropping conditions is associated with the Vrn-A1 locus, and a previously undescribed locus on chromosome 1B associated with heading date. Two loci associated with grain yield, corresponding to the TaGS5-3A and...
Key message A new QTL for SNB, QSnb.nmbu-2AS, was found in both winter and spring wheat panels th... more Key message A new QTL for SNB, QSnb.nmbu-2AS, was found in both winter and spring wheat panels that can greatly advance SNB resistance breeding Abstract Septoria nodorum blotch (SNB), caused by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum, is the dominant leaf blotch pathogen of wheat in Norway. Resistance/susceptibility to SNB is a quantitatively inherited trait, which can be partly explained by the interactions between wheat sensitivity loci (Snn) and corresponding P. nodorum necrotrophic effectors (NEs). Two Nordic wheat association mapping panels were assessed for SNB resistance in the field over three to four years: a spring wheat and a winter wheat panel (n = 296 and 102, respectively). Genome-wide association studies found consistent SNB resistance associated with quantitative trait loci (QTL) on eleven wheat chromosomes, and ten of those QTL were common in the spring and winter wheat panels. One robust QTL on the short arm of chromosome 2A, QSnb.nmbu-2AS, was si...
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a widely known devastating disease of wheat caused by Fusarium gram... more Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a widely known devastating disease of wheat caused by Fusarium graminearum and other Fusarium species. FHB resistance is quantitative, highly complex and divided into several resistance types. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) that are effective against several of the resistance types give valuable contributions to resistance breeding. A spring wheat panel of 300 cultivars and breeding lines of Nordic and exotic origins was tested in artificially inoculated field trials and subjected to visual FHB assessment in the years 2013 to 2015, 2019 and 2020. Deoxynivalenol (DON) content was measured on harvested grain samples and anther extrusion (AE) was assessed in separate trials. Principal component analysis based on 35K and 25K SNP arrays revealed the existence of two subgroups, dividing the panel into European and exotic lines. We employed a genome-wide association study to detect QTL associated with FHB traits and identify marker-trait associations (MTAs) tha...
Spring wheat is currently dominating wheat production in Norway. The introduction of combine harv... more Spring wheat is currently dominating wheat production in Norway. The introduction of combine harvesting in the 1950s spurred breeding efforts to improve lodging and preharvest sprouting resistance, and to integrate good breadmaking quality in the locally adapted germplasm. Release of landmark cultivars Runar and Reno in the 1970s revitalized the country's production and marked the onset of modern wheat cultivation in Norway. Since that time, new cultivars have been developed but little is known about the genetic basis of the achieved yield gains. We collected 21 representative cultivars released since 1972 in Norway and tested them in a multiyear field trial including two fertilization rates: 75 and 150 kg ha–1 N. We assessed grain yield, plant height, heading, maturity, length of grain filling period, grain protein content, protein yield, aboveground biomass, harvest index, grain weight, test weight, grains per spike, grains per square meter, and spikes per square meter and the...
Traditional plant breeding based on selection for grain yield is time-consuming and costly; there... more Traditional plant breeding based on selection for grain yield is time-consuming and costly; therefore, new innovative methods are in high demand to reduce costs and accelerate genetic gains. Remote sensing-based platforms such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) show promise to predict different traits including grain yield. Attention is currently being devoted to machine learning methods in order to extract the most meaningful information from the massive amounts of data generated by UAV images. These methods have shown a promising capability to come up with nonlinearity and explore patterns beyond the human ability. This study investigates the application of two different machine learning based regressor methods to predict wheat grain yield using extracted vegetation indices from UAV images. The goal of the study was to investigate the strength of Support Vector Regression (SVR) in combination with Sequential Forward Selection (SFS) for grain yield prediction and compare the results with LASSO regressor with an internal feature selector. Models were tested on grain yield data from 600 plots of spring wheat planted in SouthEastern Norway in 2018. Five spectral bands along with three different vegetation indices; the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), and MERIS Terrestrial Chlorophyll Index (MTCI) were extracted from multispectral images at three dates between heading and maturity of the plants. These features for each field trial plot at each date were used as input data for the SVR model. The best model hyperparameters were estimated using grid search. Based on feature selection results from both methods, NDVI showed the highest prediction ability for grain yield at all dates and its explanatory power increased toward maturity, while adding MTCI and EVI at earlier stages of grain filling improved model performance. Combined models based on all indices and dates explained up to 90% of the variation in grain yield on the test set. Inclusion of individual bands added collinearity to the models and did not improve the predictions. Although both regression methods showed a good capability for grain yield prediction, LASSO regressor proved to be more affordable and economical in terms of time.
Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici is a major wheat disease in maritime an... more Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici is a major wheat disease in maritime and temperate climates. Breeding for race-non-specific or partial resistance is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly disease control strategy. The German spring wheat cultivar Naxos has proven to be a good source for partial resistance to powdery mildew. The objectives of the present study were to map the resistance loci in Naxos with use of high-density SNP markers in the Shanghai3/Catbird x Naxos inbred line population and validate the results in a different genetic background; Soru#1 x Naxos. Both populations were genotyped with the Illumina iSelect 90K wheat chip, and integrated linkage maps developed by inclusion of previously genotyped SSR and DArT markers. With the new linkage maps, we detected a total of twelve QTL for powdery mildew resistance in Shanghai3/Catbird x Naxos, of which eight were derived from Naxos. Previously reported QTL on chromosome arms 1AS and 2BL were more precisely mapped and the SNP markers enabled discovery of new QTL on 1AL, 2AL, 5AS and 5AL. In the Soru#1 x Naxos population, four QTL for powdery mildew resistance were detected, of which three had resistance from Naxos. This mapping verified the 1AS and 2AL QTL detected Shanghai3/Catbird x Naxos, and identified a new QTL from Naxos on 2BL. In conclusion, the improved linkage maps with SNP markers enabled discovery of new resistance QTL and more precise mapping of previously known QTL. Moreover, the results were validated in an independent genetic background.
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2004
Differences in baking quality among cultivars have been related to differences in gluten protein ... more Differences in baking quality among cultivars have been related to differences in gluten protein composition, and in particular to the high molecular weight glutenin subunits (reviewed by Shewry et al,8 Schofield9 and Weegels et al3). The composition of glutenin subunits are indirectly ...
Korn For første gang på over 25 år var det sommeren 2014 til dels sterke angrep av gulrust i nors... more Korn For første gang på over 25 år var det sommeren 2014 til dels sterke angrep av gulrust i norsk hvete. Sjukdommen gjorde seg også sterkt gjeldende i 2015, og noe mindre i 2016. Kartlegging har vist at en har fått inn nye aggressive raser, sannsynligvis ved sporespredning gjennom lufta fra Sør-Sverige og Danmark. År med store høsthveteareal, gode overvintringsforhold (også for soppen), og hvetesorter som ikke er resistente mot de nye rasene, har bidratt til at sjukdommen på ny har etablert seg i Norge.
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