Recent studies exploring social memory have led to a growing literature on the ‘archaeology of me... more Recent studies exploring social memory have led to a growing literature on the ‘archaeology of memory’ that examines the ways material culture is deployed to make cultural statements about the past by modern, historic, and prehistoric societies. Nonetheless, the archaeology of memory encounters significant theoretical problems and terminological vagaries, shortcomings resolved by an inclusive and more robust theoretical position, the theory of practice. These issues illuminate recent archaeological data from the site of Santa Rosa, Department of Tumbes, Peru, where a specific place — a class of sacred spaces known in the Andes as a huaca — was the locus for ritual acts between circa BCE 3550—2700 and CE 1470. Although Santa Rosa exhibits a spatially recurrent significance, the distinctive material signatures are separated by substantial hiatuses and fundamentally different cosmologies. While Santa Rosa might appear as the locus of social memory, the archaeological patterns are bette...
Coast and Plateau peoples. Farid Rahemtulla describes a multiyear collaboration between the Lake ... more Coast and Plateau peoples. Farid Rahemtulla describes a multiyear collaboration between the Lake Babine Nation and the University of Northern British Columbia, commendable for its First Nations–focused inquiry into riverine fishing weirs and fish-smoking locales. McLaren and colleagues present findings from two sites in coastal British Columbia with long occupation spans: the Triquet Island site (ca. 11,300–5600 cal BP) and the Kildidt Narrows site (ca. 13,500–2700 cal BP). They paint a vibrant picture of early, watercraftdependent coastal societies that hunted and fished with wooden bipoints, fish barbs, and atlatls. Pollen analysis enables the authors to construct botanical profiles to differentiate resource procurement camps from residential settlements. Deidre Cullon and Heather Pratt examine wood traps and weirs on the east coast of Vancouver Island. They propose that longshore weirs were constructed not only near rivers and estuaries but also by coastal communities that had a deep understanding of beach and stream physiology, fish behavior, and spawn habitat. The guidelines and case studies in Waterlogged outline multifaceted approaches to the challenges inherent in wet-site archaeology. Particularly welcome are emphases on community partnerships, historical ecologies, and paleoenvironmental reconstruction, as well as the breadth of research from academic, consulting, tribal, and museum professionals. Although theoretical perspectives are not well developed or articulated in the book, the empirical finds and material analyses are instructive, and they fill in many gaps left by a historical focus on dryland sites in the Northwest. This compilation is certainly useful for archaeologists working in other coastal and riparian settings, but it is particularly welcome in the Northwest Coast, where wet sites and wetlands are ubiquitous and where paleoethnobotany often gets short shrift.
ABSTRACT These two books consider power relationships in human societies from diametrically oppos... more ABSTRACT These two books consider power relationships in human societies from diametrically opposite perspectives. Maisels proposes an overarching and universalizing model of ancient state formation from a macroscopic perspective, a valuable exercise that is flawed by significant distortions of the archaeological evidence. In contrast, the articles in the collection edited by Jennings and Bowser examine the ways alcoholic beverages are implicated in power relations within past and present Andean societies, a nuanced “bottoms up” perspective. This review summarizes and reviews the arguments and scholarship presented in these two very difference volumes whose concerns intersect at the important topic of power.
The development of inter-regional exchange systems is one of the outstanding achievements of the ... more The development of inter-regional exchange systems is one of the outstanding achievements of the native Chumash of southern California, a coastal hunting and gathering society characterized by a relatively high level of cultural complexity. Understanding the evolution of inter-regional exchange is a major research domain, and one element is to characterize the nature and intensity of prehistoric exchange between three macrozones: the offshore islands, the coastal plain, and the interior. Unfortunately, biases in the archaeological record downplay the significance of trade from the interior to the coast and thus skew current views about the evolution of inter-regional exchange. Analysis of an important lithic material—Franciscan chert—documents the significant movement of this resource from the interior to the coast and outlines new research approaches.
Este documento fue generado automáticamente el 26 abril 2017. Está derivado de une digitalización... more Este documento fue generado automáticamente el 26 abril 2017. Está derivado de une digitalización por un reconocimiento óptico de caracteres.
The concept of dualism has become a major theme in archaeological, ethnohistoric, and ethnographi... more The concept of dualism has become a major theme in archaeological, ethnohistoric, and ethnographic studies of native South American societies. This article reviews use of the concept by archaeologists and ethnohistorians in the Andes, and considers an ethnohistoric and archaeological case from the Nepeña Valley of the Peruvian North Coast. The review shows that various ideas have been described by the terms “dualism” or “dual organization,” and that archaeologists have interpreted paired sets of remains as the material expressions of dualism. The Nepeña Valley data document a paradoxical case in which the power of local lords, who shared rule, was based on dual organizations, and yet the settlement pattern is clearly hierarchical. This suggests that although dual principles may have formed the social syntax of authority, political power—particularly access to labor—was asymmetric, suggesting, in turn, the need to reconsider the relationship between material remains and complex socia...
Recent debate about the development of complex societies on the north coast of Peru has turned on... more Recent debate about the development of complex societies on the north coast of Peru has turned on the relative importance of marine vs. terrestrial resources and the extent to which different resource zones are upset by El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. While ENSO events are cited frequently as having important consequences for Prehispanic Andean societies, in fact there are few archaeological data about the nature of cultural responses to a specific ENSO event. Archaeological data from two Chimu settlements in the Casma Valley, Peru—Quebrada Sta. Cristina and Manchan—document the occurrence of a fourteenth-century A.D. ENSO event and some of the cultural responses to that prehistoric El Niño.
The cultural transformations associated with the Formative period are pivotal for understanding t... more The cultural transformations associated with the Formative period are pivotal for understanding the prehistory of the Americas. Over the last five decades, investigations in southwestern Ecuador have provided an early and robust set of archaeological data relating to Archaic-to-Formative transformations as exemplified by the Las Vegas, Valdivia, Machalilla, and Chorrera archaeological traditions. However, recent archaeological research in adjacent zones of the equatorial Andes indicates that the transformations in southwestern Ecuador were paralleled by coeval but distinct developments. Recent (2006–2007) excavations in the Department of Tumbes, Peru, have documented previously unknown Formative transformations, including the development of substantial domestic architecture during the Archaic (ca. 4700–4330 B.C.E.) and early Formative (ca. 3500–3100 B.C.E.), the shift from elliptical pole-and-thatch dwellings to rectangular wattle-and-daub structures at ca. 900–500 B.C.E., and the c...
Page 1. 265 Prehistoric Raised Field Agriculture in the Casma Valley, Peru Jerry D. Moore Univers... more Page 1. 265 Prehistoric Raised Field Agriculture in the Casma Valley, Peru Jerry D. Moore University of California Santa Barbara, California Investigations in the Casma Valley) Peru resulted in identification of a complex ofprehis ...
Sacred landscapes are a subset of the diverse media that people use to make statements about soci... more Sacred landscapes are a subset of the diverse media that people use to make statements about social order. Mary Douglas has discussed two dimensions of social order-group and grid-and suggested connections between their varied conceptions and expressions in the culturally constructed landscape. I extend Douglas's concepts to a specific domain of sacred landscapes, funerary architecture. Drawing on two examples from the prehispanic Andes, I argue that differences in Chimú and Inka funerary landscapes represent different conceptions of social order. Archaeological investigations of sacred spaces as expressions of varying social experience deepen understanding of Andean societies and other ancient peoples.
Perishable structures of pole and thatch construction are abundant in both modern and ancient set... more Perishable structures of pole and thatch construction are abundant in both modern and ancient settlements in Mesoamerica. This essay uses archaeological, ethnographic, and historic data from coastal Chiapas, Mexico, to define the features of such elusive buildings and to examine ways of demonstrating sequential occupation. The emphasis throughout is on investigating perishable structures in both their social and environmental settings.
ethnohistoric data to construct models of Aztec rural society, and the archaeological results are... more ethnohistoric data to construct models of Aztec rural society, and the archaeological results are interpreted in light of these models. Chapter 2, by Evans and Abrams, consists of a brief account of field methods followed by descriptions of the excavations. A total of nine houses were excavated, and each operation is described in detail. Particularly notable is structure 6, a house built like the others but much larger in size that is convincingly interpreted as a small-scale palace structure. The chapter contains over 100 pages of tables listing all artifacts by type and context. Chapter 3 by Abrams is a brief account of an obsidian midden, probably from a biface workshop that used the local Otumba obsidian. Chapter 4, by McCoy and Evans, provides preliminary identifications of materials from flotation samples, and Chapter 5 (by Evans) is a brief afterword on the continuing artifact analyses. This is an important project that is making significant advances in our understanding of Aztec rural society.
established a series of short-lived forts as he backtracked to Santa Elena. Hudson provides a det... more established a series of short-lived forts as he backtracked to Santa Elena. Hudson provides a detailed interpretation of southeastern chiefdoms based on the information in the Pardo documents. Readers of American Antiquitywill appreciate his efforts to link the ethnohistory with the known archaeology of the area. Working with regional archaeologists, Hudson meshes sixteenth-century archaeological phases with the political structure detailed in the narratives. He presents the organization of the chiefdoms with sociograms and explanatory texts. Groups were identified by language when possible; thus we can now identify people instead of archaeological constructs. Part II of the volume, by noted historian Paul Hoffman, contains virtually all known documents pertaining to the two expeditions of Pardo, including several that were not previously published. Full transcriptions of the documents are presented, and uniform translations are provided. Thus the interested scholar can see the original Spanish text, as well as the translation used by Hudson. For those interested in seeing the original documents, two selected pages of the Bandera document are reproduced as figures. The inclusion of the original documents makes this work extremely valuable for further research. The Juan Pardo Expeditions is an important volume for anyone interested in chiefdoms, southeastern Indians, or the effects of European exploration on New World peoples. Hudson's next book on the expedition of Hernando de Soto is eagerly anticipated.
southwestern researcher to another, and has been referenced frequently in publications. In sum th... more southwestern researcher to another, and has been referenced frequently in publications. In sum then, and despite my concerns with the overall conceptual model, this volume has much to recommend it. The individual papers succeed extremely well, as does Johnson's concluding paper. As such, this volume clearly constitutes a significant contribution. The editors deserve congratulations for bringing such a fine set of papers together.
Authors' Note Acknowledgments Introduction Chapter One. The Primordial Sea: Forming O... more Authors' Note Acknowledgments Introduction Chapter One. The Primordial Sea: Forming Open Space in Mesoamerica Mesoamerican Concept of Space Mountains and Altepetls Caves, Quatrefoils, and Sunken Courts Types of Open Space in Mesoamerica Triad Centering * U-shaped Courts * Quadrangles Quincunx: Symbol of the Cosmos Ballcourts The Sunken Court of Teopantecuanitlan The Dallas Plaque: A Cosmogram Chapter Two. Forming Spanish Towns in Mesoamerican Culture People and Ideas The Invasion The Europeans Making Contact European Plazas in the Early Sixteenth Century Origins of the Plaza Building New World Towns Types of Towns * First Acts and Encounters Laws of the Indies Conversion Quincunx Patios Relaciones Geograficas Chapter Three. Sixteenth-Century Communal Open Spaces (Five Hundred Years Later) Caves and Crevices Amecameca, State of Mexico * Zoquizoquipan, Hidalgo * Valladolid, Yucatan Quincunxial Arrangements Atlatlahuacan, Morelos * Huejotzingo, Puebla * Huaquechula, Puebla * Zacualpan de Amilpas, Morelos Terraced Mountains Molango, Hidalgo * Achiutla, Oaxaca * Yanhuitlan, Oaxaca Sunken Courts Tepoztlan, Morelos * Tochimilco, Puebla * Calpan, Puebla Ballcourts and Bullrings Villa Diaz Ordaz, Oaxaca * Tlanalapa, Hidalgo * Tepeapulco, Hidalgo Open Space Ensembles Tlaxiaco, Oaxaca * Tlacolula, Oaxaca * Otumba de Gomez Farias, State of Mexico * Tlacochahuaya, Oaxaca * Tepeaca, Puebla * Etla, Oaxaca Bishop Quiroga's Utopias in Michoacan Tzintzuntzan, Michoacan * Patzcuaro, Michoacan * Santa Fe de la Laguna, Michoacan * Erongaricuaro, Michoacan * Angahuan, Michoacan Visible Overlays and Deliberate Alignments Mitla, Oaxaca * Hacienda Xaaga, Oaxaca * Teposcolula, Oaxaca * Coixtlahuaca, Oaxaca * Epazoyucan, Hidalgo The Yucatan Experience Yotholin, Yucatan * Tibolon, Yucatan * Izamal, Yucatan Chapter Four. Origins and Evolution Epilogue: Plazas in the Twenty-first Century The San Miguel Example Qualities of Successful Plazas Sprawl and the American Myth Appendix. Measured Drawings: Plans of Towns Notes Glossary Bibliography Index
Turkmenistan by using archaeological data. They investigate the regional agricultural history to ... more Turkmenistan by using archaeological data. They investigate the regional agricultural history to see what historic practices worked well and which ones failed. The major failure was part of a large, state-sponsored irrigation work, while the successes were those in which individuals benefited as the result of their efforts, giving all users a vested interest in insuring that the irrigation network was maintained. They thus predict the failure of the Soviet-installed system unless its management procedures are modified. Shifting to Africa, Jean-Louis Ballais looked at Eastern Maghreb in Algeria and Tunisia over the last 2,000 years. As Barker did, he argues that Roman cultivation destroyed vegetation, exacerbating erosion, and only with a shift to Bedouin pastoralism has there been a more recent decrease in soil erosion. Gilbertson, Chris Hunt, and Gavin Gillmore focus on Romano-Libyan farming in Tripolitanian desert, and the establishment of the fortified barnlike gsur agricultural estates. After reviewing two dozen human, natural, and induced environmental factors proposed for the modern lack of farming in the area, they argue that the systems were abandoned not because of climate or environmental factors, but because the Islamic conquest brought a more nomadic existence. This led populations to move where local rainfall was most abundant each year, which reduced labor costs and, subsequently, resulted in the slow abandonment of local systems, even though floodwater farming methods were "sustainable" and had persisted for 2,000 years. David Mattingly reviews 3,000 years of agricultural production in Fezzan, Libyan Sahara. He also sees cultural, rather than environmental, factors as the cause in the shift of farming systems, with the development of well irrigation resulting in the centralization of communities around wells and the abandonment of rainfall-fed systems. Moving south of the Sahara, Ann Butler and Catherin D'Andrea present an ethnobotanical study of farming populations in Mekelle, Tigrai province, highland Ethiopia. They argue that sustainable agriculture is characterized by traditional practices and flexibility, but the shift from these patterns owing to modern political circumstances, exacerbated by local changing climate, has resulted in the current shortfall of production. John Sutton looks at the vegetational change in Engaruka, Maasailand, from C.E. 1400 to C.E. 1700. During this period, the decline in local runoffs was not climatic, but cultural because of deforestation for field clearing, fuel, fencing, and housing. The resurgence of local vegetation after C.E. 1700 was not climatic but resulted from the collapse of the agriculture regime, with the concomitant reduction in grazing, and the cessation of burning permitting survival of new plant communities. Robert Soper provides initial evaluation of the ridging and terracing systems at Nyanga, Zimbabwe, as risk strategy alternatives. John Kinahan, looking at 15th-century Letsibogo, in Southeast Botswana, challenges the conventional idea that subsistence agropastoralism is environmentally destructive. Mats Widgren provides ethnoarchaeological
Recent studies exploring social memory have led to a growing literature on the ‘archaeology of me... more Recent studies exploring social memory have led to a growing literature on the ‘archaeology of memory’ that examines the ways material culture is deployed to make cultural statements about the past by modern, historic, and prehistoric societies. Nonetheless, the archaeology of memory encounters significant theoretical problems and terminological vagaries, shortcomings resolved by an inclusive and more robust theoretical position, the theory of practice. These issues illuminate recent archaeological data from the site of Santa Rosa, Department of Tumbes, Peru, where a specific place — a class of sacred spaces known in the Andes as a huaca — was the locus for ritual acts between circa BCE 3550—2700 and CE 1470. Although Santa Rosa exhibits a spatially recurrent significance, the distinctive material signatures are separated by substantial hiatuses and fundamentally different cosmologies. While Santa Rosa might appear as the locus of social memory, the archaeological patterns are bette...
Coast and Plateau peoples. Farid Rahemtulla describes a multiyear collaboration between the Lake ... more Coast and Plateau peoples. Farid Rahemtulla describes a multiyear collaboration between the Lake Babine Nation and the University of Northern British Columbia, commendable for its First Nations–focused inquiry into riverine fishing weirs and fish-smoking locales. McLaren and colleagues present findings from two sites in coastal British Columbia with long occupation spans: the Triquet Island site (ca. 11,300–5600 cal BP) and the Kildidt Narrows site (ca. 13,500–2700 cal BP). They paint a vibrant picture of early, watercraftdependent coastal societies that hunted and fished with wooden bipoints, fish barbs, and atlatls. Pollen analysis enables the authors to construct botanical profiles to differentiate resource procurement camps from residential settlements. Deidre Cullon and Heather Pratt examine wood traps and weirs on the east coast of Vancouver Island. They propose that longshore weirs were constructed not only near rivers and estuaries but also by coastal communities that had a deep understanding of beach and stream physiology, fish behavior, and spawn habitat. The guidelines and case studies in Waterlogged outline multifaceted approaches to the challenges inherent in wet-site archaeology. Particularly welcome are emphases on community partnerships, historical ecologies, and paleoenvironmental reconstruction, as well as the breadth of research from academic, consulting, tribal, and museum professionals. Although theoretical perspectives are not well developed or articulated in the book, the empirical finds and material analyses are instructive, and they fill in many gaps left by a historical focus on dryland sites in the Northwest. This compilation is certainly useful for archaeologists working in other coastal and riparian settings, but it is particularly welcome in the Northwest Coast, where wet sites and wetlands are ubiquitous and where paleoethnobotany often gets short shrift.
ABSTRACT These two books consider power relationships in human societies from diametrically oppos... more ABSTRACT These two books consider power relationships in human societies from diametrically opposite perspectives. Maisels proposes an overarching and universalizing model of ancient state formation from a macroscopic perspective, a valuable exercise that is flawed by significant distortions of the archaeological evidence. In contrast, the articles in the collection edited by Jennings and Bowser examine the ways alcoholic beverages are implicated in power relations within past and present Andean societies, a nuanced “bottoms up” perspective. This review summarizes and reviews the arguments and scholarship presented in these two very difference volumes whose concerns intersect at the important topic of power.
The development of inter-regional exchange systems is one of the outstanding achievements of the ... more The development of inter-regional exchange systems is one of the outstanding achievements of the native Chumash of southern California, a coastal hunting and gathering society characterized by a relatively high level of cultural complexity. Understanding the evolution of inter-regional exchange is a major research domain, and one element is to characterize the nature and intensity of prehistoric exchange between three macrozones: the offshore islands, the coastal plain, and the interior. Unfortunately, biases in the archaeological record downplay the significance of trade from the interior to the coast and thus skew current views about the evolution of inter-regional exchange. Analysis of an important lithic material—Franciscan chert—documents the significant movement of this resource from the interior to the coast and outlines new research approaches.
Este documento fue generado automáticamente el 26 abril 2017. Está derivado de une digitalización... more Este documento fue generado automáticamente el 26 abril 2017. Está derivado de une digitalización por un reconocimiento óptico de caracteres.
The concept of dualism has become a major theme in archaeological, ethnohistoric, and ethnographi... more The concept of dualism has become a major theme in archaeological, ethnohistoric, and ethnographic studies of native South American societies. This article reviews use of the concept by archaeologists and ethnohistorians in the Andes, and considers an ethnohistoric and archaeological case from the Nepeña Valley of the Peruvian North Coast. The review shows that various ideas have been described by the terms “dualism” or “dual organization,” and that archaeologists have interpreted paired sets of remains as the material expressions of dualism. The Nepeña Valley data document a paradoxical case in which the power of local lords, who shared rule, was based on dual organizations, and yet the settlement pattern is clearly hierarchical. This suggests that although dual principles may have formed the social syntax of authority, political power—particularly access to labor—was asymmetric, suggesting, in turn, the need to reconsider the relationship between material remains and complex socia...
Recent debate about the development of complex societies on the north coast of Peru has turned on... more Recent debate about the development of complex societies on the north coast of Peru has turned on the relative importance of marine vs. terrestrial resources and the extent to which different resource zones are upset by El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. While ENSO events are cited frequently as having important consequences for Prehispanic Andean societies, in fact there are few archaeological data about the nature of cultural responses to a specific ENSO event. Archaeological data from two Chimu settlements in the Casma Valley, Peru—Quebrada Sta. Cristina and Manchan—document the occurrence of a fourteenth-century A.D. ENSO event and some of the cultural responses to that prehistoric El Niño.
The cultural transformations associated with the Formative period are pivotal for understanding t... more The cultural transformations associated with the Formative period are pivotal for understanding the prehistory of the Americas. Over the last five decades, investigations in southwestern Ecuador have provided an early and robust set of archaeological data relating to Archaic-to-Formative transformations as exemplified by the Las Vegas, Valdivia, Machalilla, and Chorrera archaeological traditions. However, recent archaeological research in adjacent zones of the equatorial Andes indicates that the transformations in southwestern Ecuador were paralleled by coeval but distinct developments. Recent (2006–2007) excavations in the Department of Tumbes, Peru, have documented previously unknown Formative transformations, including the development of substantial domestic architecture during the Archaic (ca. 4700–4330 B.C.E.) and early Formative (ca. 3500–3100 B.C.E.), the shift from elliptical pole-and-thatch dwellings to rectangular wattle-and-daub structures at ca. 900–500 B.C.E., and the c...
Page 1. 265 Prehistoric Raised Field Agriculture in the Casma Valley, Peru Jerry D. Moore Univers... more Page 1. 265 Prehistoric Raised Field Agriculture in the Casma Valley, Peru Jerry D. Moore University of California Santa Barbara, California Investigations in the Casma Valley) Peru resulted in identification of a complex ofprehis ...
Sacred landscapes are a subset of the diverse media that people use to make statements about soci... more Sacred landscapes are a subset of the diverse media that people use to make statements about social order. Mary Douglas has discussed two dimensions of social order-group and grid-and suggested connections between their varied conceptions and expressions in the culturally constructed landscape. I extend Douglas's concepts to a specific domain of sacred landscapes, funerary architecture. Drawing on two examples from the prehispanic Andes, I argue that differences in Chimú and Inka funerary landscapes represent different conceptions of social order. Archaeological investigations of sacred spaces as expressions of varying social experience deepen understanding of Andean societies and other ancient peoples.
Perishable structures of pole and thatch construction are abundant in both modern and ancient set... more Perishable structures of pole and thatch construction are abundant in both modern and ancient settlements in Mesoamerica. This essay uses archaeological, ethnographic, and historic data from coastal Chiapas, Mexico, to define the features of such elusive buildings and to examine ways of demonstrating sequential occupation. The emphasis throughout is on investigating perishable structures in both their social and environmental settings.
ethnohistoric data to construct models of Aztec rural society, and the archaeological results are... more ethnohistoric data to construct models of Aztec rural society, and the archaeological results are interpreted in light of these models. Chapter 2, by Evans and Abrams, consists of a brief account of field methods followed by descriptions of the excavations. A total of nine houses were excavated, and each operation is described in detail. Particularly notable is structure 6, a house built like the others but much larger in size that is convincingly interpreted as a small-scale palace structure. The chapter contains over 100 pages of tables listing all artifacts by type and context. Chapter 3 by Abrams is a brief account of an obsidian midden, probably from a biface workshop that used the local Otumba obsidian. Chapter 4, by McCoy and Evans, provides preliminary identifications of materials from flotation samples, and Chapter 5 (by Evans) is a brief afterword on the continuing artifact analyses. This is an important project that is making significant advances in our understanding of Aztec rural society.
established a series of short-lived forts as he backtracked to Santa Elena. Hudson provides a det... more established a series of short-lived forts as he backtracked to Santa Elena. Hudson provides a detailed interpretation of southeastern chiefdoms based on the information in the Pardo documents. Readers of American Antiquitywill appreciate his efforts to link the ethnohistory with the known archaeology of the area. Working with regional archaeologists, Hudson meshes sixteenth-century archaeological phases with the political structure detailed in the narratives. He presents the organization of the chiefdoms with sociograms and explanatory texts. Groups were identified by language when possible; thus we can now identify people instead of archaeological constructs. Part II of the volume, by noted historian Paul Hoffman, contains virtually all known documents pertaining to the two expeditions of Pardo, including several that were not previously published. Full transcriptions of the documents are presented, and uniform translations are provided. Thus the interested scholar can see the original Spanish text, as well as the translation used by Hudson. For those interested in seeing the original documents, two selected pages of the Bandera document are reproduced as figures. The inclusion of the original documents makes this work extremely valuable for further research. The Juan Pardo Expeditions is an important volume for anyone interested in chiefdoms, southeastern Indians, or the effects of European exploration on New World peoples. Hudson's next book on the expedition of Hernando de Soto is eagerly anticipated.
southwestern researcher to another, and has been referenced frequently in publications. In sum th... more southwestern researcher to another, and has been referenced frequently in publications. In sum then, and despite my concerns with the overall conceptual model, this volume has much to recommend it. The individual papers succeed extremely well, as does Johnson's concluding paper. As such, this volume clearly constitutes a significant contribution. The editors deserve congratulations for bringing such a fine set of papers together.
Authors' Note Acknowledgments Introduction Chapter One. The Primordial Sea: Forming O... more Authors' Note Acknowledgments Introduction Chapter One. The Primordial Sea: Forming Open Space in Mesoamerica Mesoamerican Concept of Space Mountains and Altepetls Caves, Quatrefoils, and Sunken Courts Types of Open Space in Mesoamerica Triad Centering * U-shaped Courts * Quadrangles Quincunx: Symbol of the Cosmos Ballcourts The Sunken Court of Teopantecuanitlan The Dallas Plaque: A Cosmogram Chapter Two. Forming Spanish Towns in Mesoamerican Culture People and Ideas The Invasion The Europeans Making Contact European Plazas in the Early Sixteenth Century Origins of the Plaza Building New World Towns Types of Towns * First Acts and Encounters Laws of the Indies Conversion Quincunx Patios Relaciones Geograficas Chapter Three. Sixteenth-Century Communal Open Spaces (Five Hundred Years Later) Caves and Crevices Amecameca, State of Mexico * Zoquizoquipan, Hidalgo * Valladolid, Yucatan Quincunxial Arrangements Atlatlahuacan, Morelos * Huejotzingo, Puebla * Huaquechula, Puebla * Zacualpan de Amilpas, Morelos Terraced Mountains Molango, Hidalgo * Achiutla, Oaxaca * Yanhuitlan, Oaxaca Sunken Courts Tepoztlan, Morelos * Tochimilco, Puebla * Calpan, Puebla Ballcourts and Bullrings Villa Diaz Ordaz, Oaxaca * Tlanalapa, Hidalgo * Tepeapulco, Hidalgo Open Space Ensembles Tlaxiaco, Oaxaca * Tlacolula, Oaxaca * Otumba de Gomez Farias, State of Mexico * Tlacochahuaya, Oaxaca * Tepeaca, Puebla * Etla, Oaxaca Bishop Quiroga's Utopias in Michoacan Tzintzuntzan, Michoacan * Patzcuaro, Michoacan * Santa Fe de la Laguna, Michoacan * Erongaricuaro, Michoacan * Angahuan, Michoacan Visible Overlays and Deliberate Alignments Mitla, Oaxaca * Hacienda Xaaga, Oaxaca * Teposcolula, Oaxaca * Coixtlahuaca, Oaxaca * Epazoyucan, Hidalgo The Yucatan Experience Yotholin, Yucatan * Tibolon, Yucatan * Izamal, Yucatan Chapter Four. Origins and Evolution Epilogue: Plazas in the Twenty-first Century The San Miguel Example Qualities of Successful Plazas Sprawl and the American Myth Appendix. Measured Drawings: Plans of Towns Notes Glossary Bibliography Index
Turkmenistan by using archaeological data. They investigate the regional agricultural history to ... more Turkmenistan by using archaeological data. They investigate the regional agricultural history to see what historic practices worked well and which ones failed. The major failure was part of a large, state-sponsored irrigation work, while the successes were those in which individuals benefited as the result of their efforts, giving all users a vested interest in insuring that the irrigation network was maintained. They thus predict the failure of the Soviet-installed system unless its management procedures are modified. Shifting to Africa, Jean-Louis Ballais looked at Eastern Maghreb in Algeria and Tunisia over the last 2,000 years. As Barker did, he argues that Roman cultivation destroyed vegetation, exacerbating erosion, and only with a shift to Bedouin pastoralism has there been a more recent decrease in soil erosion. Gilbertson, Chris Hunt, and Gavin Gillmore focus on Romano-Libyan farming in Tripolitanian desert, and the establishment of the fortified barnlike gsur agricultural estates. After reviewing two dozen human, natural, and induced environmental factors proposed for the modern lack of farming in the area, they argue that the systems were abandoned not because of climate or environmental factors, but because the Islamic conquest brought a more nomadic existence. This led populations to move where local rainfall was most abundant each year, which reduced labor costs and, subsequently, resulted in the slow abandonment of local systems, even though floodwater farming methods were "sustainable" and had persisted for 2,000 years. David Mattingly reviews 3,000 years of agricultural production in Fezzan, Libyan Sahara. He also sees cultural, rather than environmental, factors as the cause in the shift of farming systems, with the development of well irrigation resulting in the centralization of communities around wells and the abandonment of rainfall-fed systems. Moving south of the Sahara, Ann Butler and Catherin D'Andrea present an ethnobotanical study of farming populations in Mekelle, Tigrai province, highland Ethiopia. They argue that sustainable agriculture is characterized by traditional practices and flexibility, but the shift from these patterns owing to modern political circumstances, exacerbated by local changing climate, has resulted in the current shortfall of production. John Sutton looks at the vegetational change in Engaruka, Maasailand, from C.E. 1400 to C.E. 1700. During this period, the decline in local runoffs was not climatic, but cultural because of deforestation for field clearing, fuel, fencing, and housing. The resurgence of local vegetation after C.E. 1700 was not climatic but resulted from the collapse of the agriculture regime, with the concomitant reduction in grazing, and the cessation of burning permitting survival of new plant communities. Robert Soper provides initial evaluation of the ridging and terracing systems at Nyanga, Zimbabwe, as risk strategy alternatives. John Kinahan, looking at 15th-century Letsibogo, in Southeast Botswana, challenges the conventional idea that subsistence agropastoralism is environmentally destructive. Mats Widgren provides ethnoarchaeological
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