Papers by Jaswinder Singh
Performance evaluation of the phase encoded optical CDMA system
Optik, 2010
Recently, there has been increasing interest in field of Optical CDMA due to its potential for of... more Recently, there has been increasing interest in field of Optical CDMA due to its potential for offering unmatched features at ultra high data rates in field of local and metro area networks. In this paper, a very simple method of Optical CDMA encoding known as the Temporal Phase Encoding is discussed and the performance of the system with this encoding
A survey on channel coding techniques for 5G wireless networks
Telecommunication Systems, Nov 12, 2019
Although 4G (fourth generation) i.e. LTE (long term evolution) systems are now in use world-wide.... more Although 4G (fourth generation) i.e. LTE (long term evolution) systems are now in use world-wide. But today’s 4G systems have some challenges left such as spectrum scarcity and energy efficiency. The prime objectives of near-by-future 5G (fifth generation) wireless communications are reliability, higher data rate, higher bandwidth, high spectrum efficiency, higher energy efficient and that too at lower latency. Channel coding tend to increase the reliability of the wireless communications system by adding extra bits in a controlled fashion and is considered to be most persuasive element of communication system. 4G LTE Turbo Codes have already been replaced by LDPC (low density parity check) Codes in many of the standards including mMTC (massive machine type communication), D2D (device to device communication) and URLLC (ultra-reliable low latency reliable communications). LDPC Codes and Polar Codes are securing much more observation because of their inherent advantages of excellent bit-error-rate performance, fast encoding and decoding procedures; which make them the strong contenders for 5G Channel Codes too. This paper provides the broad survey and comparison of the LDPC and Polar Codes along with their advantages and drawbacks which will aid in further improvement of the next generation wireless networks. In order to enlighten future research possibilities in this direction, issues addressed by distinct researchers have been explored too.
Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces, Apr 25, 2019
This paper presents an object acquisition and selection approach in human computer interaction sy... more This paper presents an object acquisition and selection approach in human computer interaction systems. In this approach, objects placed over computer screen are automatically scanned and the user performs voluntary eye blinks for object selection when the focus comes over the object of interest. Here, scanning means moving the focus over objects placed on the computer screen one by one and the scanning time is the time taken to move focus from one object to the next object. The user is not required to perform any physical movement, the moving part is only the eye lids. A low cost webcam and MATLAB software with computer vision toolbox are required to implement the proposed approach. The performance of the proposed approach has been compared with the Camera Mouse for selection of text and graphic objects. The Camera Mouse utilizes facial feature tracking for mouse cursor control and dwell time for object selection. Three experiments were performed for evaluation of the proposed method in which ten healthy users voluntarily participated. The proposed method has given significantly better performance than the Camera Mouse when selection of text objects was performed in an html file. For selection of graphic objects placed on computer screen, where page scrolling is not required, no significant difference has been found in the performance of both the systems. The proposed method has also been evaluated for performing mouse analogous operations using eye blinks and a performance comparison has been made with state-of-the-art methods.
Eye tracking refers to the process of tracking the movement of the eye and determining where the ... more Eye tracking refers to the process of tracking the movement of the eye and determining where the user is looking. The aim of this paper is to present a review on various techniques used for eye tracking. There are a number of principles used in measuring eye movements, including measurements of electric and photoelectric signals, tracking a number of visual features in the image of the eye, measuring relative reflection of infra-red (IR) light, and using either mechanical or optical levers or a magnetic field. This paper also includes the factors involved in the selection of a particular eye tracking method. Finally, it includes a light on some of the applications of the eye tracking technique.
Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces, Jan 27, 2018
This paper presents an approach for real-time detection of three types of eye blinks: eye blink (... more This paper presents an approach for real-time detection of three types of eye blinks: eye blink (blinking both eyes simultaneously), left and right winks. The process of blink detection has been divided into four parts viz. face localization in facial images acquired through a video camera, eye pair localization, pixels' motion analysis using optical flow technique, and classification of eye blinks. Blink detection has been performed using a video camera and MATLAB software with image processing and computer vision toolbox. The algorithm takes about 60 ms time for processing a frame and 250 ms time for confirmation and classification of the detected blink. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach in which 10 users voluntarily participated. The performance of the proposed method has been tested under two lighting conditions: natural lighting conditions and controlled lighting conditions. Also, the performance has been tested by varying the distance of the user from the camera. Here, it is observed that the system gives best performance when used under controlled lighting conditions and the user sitting at a distance of about 0.5 m. Accuracy of the proposed approach has been found to be 96, 92 and 88% for detection of eye blink, left wink and right wink, respectively. The proposed method has also been tested on ZJU dataset where it has given precision, detection accuracy and false alarm rate of values 94.11, 91.2 and 1.54%, respectively. The proposed system has been used and evaluated for performing various mouse analogous functions using eye blinks and winks. It has given an accuracy of 90, 80 and 90% in performing left click, double click, and right click operations, respectively. Keywords Real-time eye blink detection • Target selection • Analogous mouse operations • HCI systems 1 Introduction Eye blink detection is used in different applications e.g. object selection in HCI systems [1], driver fatigue detection [2,3], or liveness detection [4]. Object selection is a very significant part of a human-computer interaction system. Two commonly used selection triggers are the key trigger, where
Energy efficient secured routing protocol for MANETs
Wireless Networks, Jan 27, 2016
The design of routing protocol with energy efficiency and security is a challenging task. To over... more The design of routing protocol with energy efficiency and security is a challenging task. To overcome this challenge, we propose energy-efficient secured routing protocol. The objective of our work...
Performance evaluation of energy optimized precoded—LDPC encoded system
Wireless Networks, Apr 7, 2023
International Journal of Mobile Network Design and Innovation, 2016
Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a wireless network without fixed infrastructure. Routing of MANE... more Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a wireless network without fixed infrastructure. Routing of MANET and its security are critical challenges due its unique features. There are many secure routing protocols presented. In this paper, an extensive survey of various secure routing protocols in MANET is presented. The secure routing protocols are analysed in terms of end to end delay, throughput, packet delivery ratio, minimum power, total energy consumed, normalised routing load, packet loss cost, battery capacity, drain rate and control overhead.
Spectral Efficient and Reliable Irregular QC-LDPC Channel Coding Scheme for 5G Vehicular Applications
International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control, 2020
Background and Objective: Today’s wireless systems i.e. 4G systems are facing major issues of spe... more Background and Objective: Today’s wireless systems i.e. 4G systems are facing major issues of spectral inefficiency, and unreliability for high speed applications. To address these issues, 5G systems have chosen LDPC codes and replaced earlier used Turbo Codes for the purpose of Channel encoding. This paper proposes a design method for Irregular QC- LDPC codes with better spectral efficiency and reliability that too at higher speed. Methods: This paper describes the analysis of LDPC codes and their comparison with different encoding techniques. Also, it describes the design method for Irregular QC- LDPC codes and elaborates its applications in high-pace vehicular 5G scenario. Conclusion: This paper focuses on the design method for irregular QC-LDPC codes and using MATLAB simulations illustrated that these codes have better reliability and spectral efficiency as compared with conventional LDPC codes in high-speed environments.
A new family of three-dimensional codes for optical CDMA systems with differential detection
Optical Fiber Technology, 2009
Two-dimensional codes for OCDMA have been shown to be more versatile compared to the one-dimensio... more Two-dimensional codes for OCDMA have been shown to be more versatile compared to the one-dimensional codes for their good spectral efficiency as well as better BER performance. The two-dimensional (2-D) codes also benefit from the reduction of the wavelength/time-like property over the one-dimensional (1-D) codes. The three-dimensional (3-D) codes are important as these produce a larger code set. In this
Optik, 2009
The design of a new family of two-dimensional single pulse per column codes for optical code divi... more The design of a new family of two-dimensional single pulse per column codes for optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) networks is reported. The 1-D modified pseudo-noise codes have been known to be orthogonal and their generation and system design based on these codes is rather simple. But their performance is limited due to the bandwidth constraints if the code length increases. Hence, using these 1-D modified pseudo-noise codes, modified 2-D pseudo-noise matrix codes (MPMCs) are generated. The system performance is evaluated for two, three and four simultaneous users using the link with all the sources responsible for degradation included: attenuation, chromatic dispersion, non-linear refractive effects, non-linear scattering and four-wave mixing. The effect of the non-linear and lossy dispersive medium over the system performance is shown by plotting the BER with respect to the link length for the systems designed using encoders/decoders base on 1-D modified pseudo-noise codes and our MPMCs. The performance is compared for the two types of codes by finding the crosstalk due to interfering users simultaneously operating in the network.
Journal of Optical and Fiber Communications Research, 2009
In most of the related literature available, two-dimensional codes for OCDMA have been shown to b... more In most of the related literature available, two-dimensional codes for OCDMA have been shown to be more versatile compared to the one-dimensional codes for their good spectral efficiency as well as better system performance. The two-dimensional (2-D) codes also benefit from the reduction of the length of either code dimension over the one-dimensional (1-D) code. The three-dimensional (3-D) codes are important as these produce a larger code set and also smaller code dimensions. In this chapter, a new family of 3-D Single Pulse per plane codes for Differential Detection (SPDD) for optical CDMA systems (based on the 1-D Golomb ruler sequences) is presented, which achieve good code cardinality and a low bit error rate. The definitions for auto-correlation and cross-correlation for a 3-D code are given. The algorithm for the design of the 3-D wavelength/time/space codes for differential detection is described. Using the proposed codes, the improved system performance can be obtained by using two codes to encode '1' and '0' bits in the encoder and adopting Differential Detection in the receiver. The comparison of our 3-D single pulse per plane codes for differential detection, called SPDD codes herein, with some of the best reported 2-D/3-D codes, shows that the 3-D SPDD codes perform significantly better than the others. The 3-D SPDD codes support a larger number of simultaneous users at a BER of 10-9 compared to the earlier proposed 2-D/3-D codes.
IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2010
Optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) Single-pulse per plane codes (SPP) Multiple pulse p... more Optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) Single-pulse per plane codes (SPP) Multiple pulse per row codes (MPP) Multiple access interference (MAI) Differential detection a b s t r a c t Two-dimensional codes for OCDMA have been shown to be more versatile compared to the one-dimensional codes for their good spectral efficiency as well as better BER performance. The two-dimensional (2-D) codes also benefit from the reduction of the wavelength/time-like property over the one-dimensional (1-D) codes. The three-dimensional (3-D) codes are important as these produce a larger code set. In this paper, we present a new family of 3-D single-pulse per plane codes for differential detection (SPDD) for OCDMA systems (based on the 1-D golomb ruler sequences), which achieve good code cardinality and a very high BER performance. The improved BER performance is obtained by using two codes to encode '1' and '0' bits in the encoder and differential detection in the receiver. The comparison of 3-D SPDD with some of the best reported 2-D/3-D codes, shows that the 3-D SPDD codes perform significantly better than the others. A larger number of simultaneous users is supported at 1e-9 compared to the earlier proposed 2-D/3-D orthogonal codes.
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Papers by Jaswinder Singh