This article discusses the depiction of the Balkans in two Slovenian translations of Karl May’s O... more This article discusses the depiction of the Balkans in two Slovenian translations of Karl May’s Orientzyklus. This hexalogy was translated for the first time at a time when most of the Slovenian ethnic territory was part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and it was later retranslated when Slovenia was a republic in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. A textual comparison of the originals and translations shows that in the first translations, numerous interventions were made to portray the Balkans in a more negative manner than in the originals, whereas in the retranslations, May’s frequently negative depiction of the region was somewhat mitigated.
This paper addresses Bowie’s reception in Slovenia prior to the period when he became recognised ... more This paper addresses Bowie’s reception in Slovenia prior to the period when he became recognised as a heritage artist, during the time when the territory which today constitutes the Republic of Slovenia was part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The analysis encompasses responses to Bowie and his music in Slovenian serial publications from the early 1970s, when Bowie first began receiving press attention after the international success of his song “Space Oddity”, up to his short stint in the band Tin Machine in the late 1980s and early 1990s, after which he would return to his solo career and experience a renaissance in critical acclaim. The paper establishes whether and to what extent Bowie’s reception in socialist Slovenia differed from his reception in the West and discusses the potential reasons for a certain reception of his music during a particular period of his career.
Zgodovina slovenskega literarnega prevoda I: pregled zgodovinskega razvoja / The Representation of Black People in Slovene Literary Translation, 2023
The article addresses the representation of black people in Slovene literary translations from th... more The article addresses the representation of black people in Slovene literary translations from the middle of the 19th century to the beginning of the 21st century. In the translations published in the period until the end of the Second World War, explicitly racist discourse about black people was not censored, pejorative terms for black people were almost completely neutralised, and grammatically incorrect discourse was used relatively often when translating African-American Vernacular English. To a certain extent, the latter translation strategy was also present in some translations from the socialist period, although black characters’ sociolect was standardised more often. During this period, negative terms for black people were often softened, and especially in translations of children’s or juvenile literature explicitly racist discourse about black people was sometimes censored. In the post-socialist period, such interventions on the macrostructural level of texts are less frequent, the most negatively marked Slovene terms are often still not used when translating the most pejorative terms for black people, while either colloquial or standard Slovene is mostly used when translating black characters’ discourse.
The present article addresses how the Middle East was portrayed in two Slovenian translations of ... more The present article addresses how the Middle East was portrayed in two Slovenian translations of Karl May’s Orientzyklus. This series of novels was translated during the interwar period, when the Slovenian ethnic territory was part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and the re-translations were published during Slovenia’s socialist era. By means of a textual comparison, the extent of the ideological interventions that occurred in the portrayal of the Middle East in the translations is established. Furthermore, the article discusses how the different contemporary socio-political circumstances in Slovenia may have influenced how the region in question was represented.
Povzetek
Slovenska recepcija romana in filma V vrtincu se je v zadnjih osmih desetletjih precej s... more Povzetek Slovenska recepcija romana in filma V vrtincu se je v zadnjih osmih desetletjih precej spreminjala. Pred drugo svetovno vojno so bili odzivi pretežno naklonjeni tako v levo kot v desno usmerjenih publikacijah; celo karakterizacija pripovednih oseb, ki je pozneje zaradi stereotipnega prikazovanja Afroameričanov postala sporna, je bila v večini tedanjih recenzij izpostavljena kot nekaj pozitivnega. Po vzpostavitvi socialističnega sistema na slovenskem ozemlju pa zapisi o romanu oz. filmu postanejo bolj kritični in iz številnih je razvidna precej negativna nastrojenost do ZDA; to je najbolj značilno za prva povojna leta. Po otoplitvi odnosov med Jugoslavijo in Združenimi državami kmalu po sporu med Titom in Stalinom leta 1948 pa poleg kritičnih zapisov zasledimo tudi izrazito pozitivna mnenja o V vrtincu. Podobno heterogena recepcija je značilna tudi za približno dve desetletji po tem, ko je Jugoslavija soustanovila Gibanje neuvrščenih in se spet nekoliko bolj oddaljila od Zahoda. V zadnjem desetletju pred koncem socialističnega sistema v Sloveniji je bil V vrtincu v serijskih publikacijah omenjen občutno manj pogosto, v 90. letih prejšnjega stoletja pa se je o zadevnem romanu oz. filmu spet pisalo pogosteje. Niti v tistem desetletju niti v prvem desetletju novega tisočletja zapisi večinoma niso kritični do vsebine, v zadnjih desetih letih pa je bilo objavljenih več daljših člankov, ki poročajo o tem, da V vrtincu v izvirni kulturi postaja vedno bolj nesprejemljiv, predvsem zaradi tega, ker mu številni očitajo rasizem. Vendar avtorji in avtorice teh zapisov pretežno ne podajajo lastnih mnenj o problematiki, zaradi česar je sodobna recepcija romana oz. filma V vrtincu veliko manj zaznamovana z ideologijo kot je bilo značilno za obdobje socializma.
Abstract The Slovenian reception of the novel and film Gone with the Wind has changed considerably over the last eight decades. Prior to World War II, responses in both left- and right-wing publications were largely favourable. Even the characterization of certain figures – which later became controversial because of the stereotypical portrayal of African-Americans – was pointed out as a positive aspect in most reviews at the time. After a socialist system was established on the Slovenian territory, responses to the novel/film became more critical, and in many articles a negative attitude towards the United States was expressed, something that was very characteristic of the immediate post-war years. After relations between Yugoslavia and the United States improved significantly in the aftermath of the Tito-Stalin split in 1948, critical opinions about Gone with the Wind were still expressed, but some sentiments about the novel/film were also distinctly positive. A similarly heterogeneous reception was characteristic of the two decades after Yugoslavia co-founded the Non-Aligned Movement and again distanced itself from the West. In the last decade before the end of the socialist system in Slovenia, Gone with the Wind was mentioned in serial publications much less frequently. In the 1990s, the novel and film were again featured in serial publications more prominently, but neither during that decade nor during the first decade of the new millennium was there much criticism of the novel/film. Several longer articles in the last ten years have reported on the increasing unacceptability of Gone with the Wind in the United States, above all on account of its alleged racism. However, most authors of these articles did not editorialize, which makes the contemporary reception of Gone with the Wind much less ideologically charged than was the case during the socialist period.
This article compares the socialist and post-socialist reception of William Golding's classic nov... more This article compares the socialist and post-socialist reception of William Golding's classic novel Lord of the Flies (1954) in Slovenian serial publications. Taking the socio-political context into consideration, the reasons for the differences in responses to the novel at different periods of Slovenia's history are addressed. Furthermore, the Slovenian reception of Lord of the Flies is compared to the contemporary reception (in both 'mainstream' and socialist publications) in the English-speaking world.
The article discusses the reception of the novel and the film Gone with the Wind in serial public... more The article discusses the reception of the novel and the film Gone with the Wind in serial publications published by Slovenian immigrants in the United States of America. The analysis encompassed relevant articles that appeared in publications with different ideological orientations before the mid-1950s, i.e. until the onset of the modern African American civil rights movement. The reception by Slovenian Americans is compared with the contemporary general reception of the novel and the film in the United States. Taking the historical context into consideration, the article also endeavours to establish the reasons for the differences in the reception.
For the majority of his long career, Leonard Cohen may have been somewhat underappreciated in the... more For the majority of his long career, Leonard Cohen may have been somewhat underappreciated in the United States of America, but he has achieved considerable renown and commercial success in other parts of the world, for instance in his native Canada and in many European countries. The present paper endeavours to establish the extent to which the latter is also true for Cohen’s status in Slovenia – a small country in Central Europe, which until 1991 formed part of socialist Yugoslavia. After an overview of the artist’s reception in North America and Europe, which provides a frame of reference, the perception of Cohen among Slovenians is comprehensively addressed by means of analysing more than one thousand articles in serial publications and online media about him in Slovenia over half a century, i.e. from 1970 to 2020. Cohen’s reputation as a man of letters is discussed first, followed by an analysis of the reception of his work as a recording artist as well as the responses to his live performances – especially to the two concerts he gave in Slovenia towards the end of his life. Lastly, some of the more notable reactions to Cohen’s death in Slovenian media are discussed.
The present article analyses the reception of Mark Twain and his works in serial publications on ... more The present article analyses the reception of Mark Twain and his works in serial publications on the territory that now constitutes the Republic of Slovenia over a period of circa one hundred years, i.e. it compares Twain’s status in the pre-socialist era (until 1945) and the socialist era (1945–1991). The article addresses the extent to which the reception was affected by ideology and the contemporary political situation, as well as by the relations between the United States and the country of which the Slovenian territory formed part during a particular period of time.
Vestnik za tuje jezike / Journal for Foreign Languages, 2020
This article analyses the strategies for translating profanity in the Slovenian, Croatian and Ser... more This article analyses the strategies for translating profanity in the Slovenian, Croatian and Serbian subtitles of 20 English-language films. Translations of 1,862 examples of profanity from the films into each of the three languages were examined—the comparison showed both common characteristics and differences. In the Slovenian subtitles, 51.7% of the profanity was preserved, while this number is higher in both the Serbian (60.8%) and Croatian (63.1%) subtitles. In cases where several examples of a profane term or phrase were used in the same film, these were frequently translated differently—this is true for the translation strategies in all three languages. There were objective reasons for not preserving profanity in approximately one-fifth of all the non-preserved examples in all three languages (SLO: 21.0%; SRB: 18.8%; CRO: 20.5%), while in the other cases, the omissions can be attributed to (self)censorship. A more detailed categorization of examples of non-preserved profanity showed that in the Slovenian subtitles, the strategy of deletion was used significantly more often (33.9%) than in the Serbian (26.9 %) and Croatian (26.1%) subtitles, while the differences between the categories modulation of register (SLO: 12.0%; SRB: 10.9%; CRO: 9.3%), radical change of meaning (SLO: 1.5%; SRB: 1.2%; CRO: 0.9%) and substitution with a pronoun (SLO: 0.9%; SRB: 0.2%; CRO: 0.6%) are less significant. Examples from the subtitles in each language illustrated that where profanity is frequently not preserved in translation, this may influence the macrostructural level of a film: i.e., it may affect the viewers’ understanding of events and characterization, as well as the perception of relationships between particular characters.
The article discusses the extent to which ideological factors affected Karl May’s reception among... more The article discusses the extent to which ideological factors affected Karl May’s reception among Slovenians. The analysis encompassed writings about May in Slovenian serial publications from the beginning of the 20thcentury until the present. The results showed that May’s reception during a particular historical period was influenced by both the ideological orientation of the serial publication in which the writer was discussed, which is especially characteristic of the Habsburg era, and the contemporary socio-political situation in the country of which the Slovenian territory formed part at a particular time, which is most true for the socialist era.
The article addresses the Slovenian reception of the novels The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adve... more The article addresses the Slovenian reception of the novels The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn—two classic literary works that have been translated into Slovenian more than once. The analysis, based on reader response theory, encompassed approximately one thousand issues of Slovenian serial publications (including academic print), and shed light upon the extent to which the Slovenian reception differs from that in the original culture. Since the analysis is divided into the period between the two world wars, the socialist period and the period after Slovenia gained independence, it illuminates how the reception changed over time. Considering the socio-political circumstances during a particular period makes it possible to reach conclusions about why writing about both literary works sometimes changed considerably even within a few years. In the interwar period, no clear ideological influences are evident, while during the socialist period there are frequent condemnations of racism, capitalism, organized religion and other aspects of American society. This is most characteristic of the reviews that were published in the first few years after World War II; after relations between the United States and Yugoslavia significantly improved, this is reflected in the reception of the novels in question. In the period after Slovenia declared independence, both novels are again primarily considered to be juvenile literature, and most articles about them do not have an ideological agenda.
The article discusses the reception of Mark Twain and his works in serial publications by Sloveni... more The article discusses the reception of Mark Twain and his works in serial publications by Slovenian immigrants in the United States of America. The analysis encompassed writings published in newspapers and magazines with different ideological orientations, from the beginning of the 20th century to mid-century. The article compares Twain's reception in left-wing and right-wing publications and furthermore discusses the extent to which the reception was affected by the contemporary political situation in the United States.
The article explores the strategies for avoiding offensive language in the Slovenian subtitles of... more The article explores the strategies for avoiding offensive language in the Slovenian subtitles of 50 English-language films. The analysis encompassed all examples of strong language in each of the films and established that almost half of the more than 4000 instances of such language were not preserved in Slovenian. Profanity was avoided more often in films that made more frequent use of it. In less than one-fifth of the instances were there objective reasons for omitting it; the remaining instances can be regarded as (self-)censorship. On a few occasions, offensive language also appears to have been lost in translation because translators failed to grasp the connotative meaning of the original terms. Four strategies for avoiding offensive language were identified: the most frequently employed strategy was deletion, followed by modulation of register, while the strategies substitution with a pronoun and radical change of meaning were used far less often. Furthermore, the study has shown that avoiding offensive language may cause certain shifts on the macrostructural level of a film, i.e. alter the audience's understanding of the plot, the characterization, the perception of relationships between characters, etc.
This article deals with the issue of how racist discourse about black people has been translated ... more This article deals with the issue of how racist discourse about black people has been translated into Slovenian. While the research focused on the novels Uncle Tom’s Cabin, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Gone with the Wind and Of Mice and Men, which were translated into Slovenian several times, other relevant works were also examined; 35 translations were analysed altogether. Both the strategy for translating explicitly racist discourse and the strategy for translating terms used for denoting black people were analysed. In all analysed pre-World War II translations, originally pejorative terms for black people were fully neutralised, and this practice has largely continued in post-War translations; even in cases when preserving the original negative connotation of a certain term would have been crucial for preserving the effect of the source text. The translation strategy for a particular literary work was mainly dependent on the target readership: in translations of children’s literature racist terms were neutralised more thoroughly than in translations of literature for adults. In comparison to other translations, both explicitly racist discourse and racist terms were most frequently preserved in translations of works by black writers. Negative remarks and stereotypes about black people were also fully preserved in all analysed pre-World War II translations, when racist views were still quite acceptable in Slovenian society, while post-War strategies were again more diverse; explicitly racist discourse was sometimes censored in translations of children’s literature, whereas in translations of literature for adults it was preserved––with some exceptions. It can thus be concluded that many works entered the Slovenian literary system in a less racist form, but while in pre-World War II translations only racist terminology was neutralised, in post-War translations explicitly racist discourse was also often perceived as problematic and therefore censored.
The present article examines the translation of racial elements in John Steinbeck’s novel and pla... more The present article examines the translation of racial elements in John Steinbeck’s novel and play Of Mice and Men into Slovenian. Using the basic concepts of Kitty van Leuven-Zwart’s comparative and descriptive models for the analysis of literary translations (1989, 1990), we examine strategies for translating terms referring to African Americans along with strategies for translating the discourse of the only African American character in Of Mice and Men. After the microstructural analysis, the effects of the shifts on the perception of this literary work are discussed, and its reception in Slovenia is examined. Although shifts are established in translations from both the socialist and the postsocialist period, in the first translation of the novel, from 1952, the macrostructure of the text was affected to a greater extent than in the modern translations of the novel and the play, both published in 2007. Because translation strategies differ substantially, possible reasons for the differences are also discussed, taking into consideration relevant historical and contemporary socio-political factors.
A comparison of the reception of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Gone with the Wind, Adventures of Huckleberry... more A comparison of the reception of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Gone with the Wind, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and Of Mice and Men in the USA and in Slovenia showed substantial differences. While in the United States, the racist elements in these works were somewhat problematic even before the onset of the modern African-American Civil Rights Movement, the same cannot be said of the pre-World War II reception in Slovenia. This changed when a socialist regime was established after the War: rac¬ism became unacceptable (at least on the declarative level) and was fre¬quently condemned by Slovenian literary critics. The most severe criti¬cism was characteristic for the first post-War years, when the relations between Yugoslavia (and Slovenia, as part of it) and the United States were extremely tense. However, after the Tito-Stalin split in 1948, Yugoslavia severed its ties with the USSR and other countries of the Eastern Bloc, and moved closer to the Western Bloc, which is also reflected in the writings on the novels in question: condemnations of racism in the United States and of American society in general became less frequent and severe than before. Even when after Stalin’s death the relations between Yugoslavia and the USSR gradually normalized and after Yugoslavia became one of the founders of the Non-aligned Movement (which opposed all forms of racism), the reception of the novels in question did not change substan¬tially. The reception of the 1948 translation of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and of the 1954 translation of Uncle Tom’s Cabin was probably also somewhat influenced by the shifts in the translations. In the former novel, racist manifestations were at times intensified, which may have led to more severe condemnations of American society, while in the latter novel, racist stereotypes were frequently softened, and therefore the racist characterization of African-American characters could not be condemned. It can thus be concluded that in some cases both the translation strategy for a particular work and the reception of this work were influenced by the contemporary socio-political situation in the target culture and by the rela¬tions between the cultures involved in the translation process.
Racial terms play an important role in the character development and the depiction of racial rela... more Racial terms play an important role in the character development and the depiction of racial relations in Kingsblood Royal, a novel addressing the struggles of African Americans in the pre-Civil Rights Movement era; therefore, shifts in translating these terms, especially the numerous racial slurs, may result in shifts on the macrostructural level of the text, and thus somewhat alter the interpretive potential of this literary work. The article addresses the extent to which this is true for the translations into German, Serbo-Croatian and Slovenian. The translations of all the instances of a particular racial term are compared, shifts are categorized and examples of particular categories of shifts are provided. The strategies for translating racial terms are compared with one another, the general characteristics of a translation into a particular language are established and the possible reasons for the translation strategy are discussed. The results show substantial differences between the three translations, which may have been affected by the attitude towards the acceptability of offensive language in the given culture, the contemporary political situation, as well as the translator's personal experiences with racism.
This article discusses the depiction of the Balkans in two Slovenian translations of Karl May’s O... more This article discusses the depiction of the Balkans in two Slovenian translations of Karl May’s Orientzyklus. This hexalogy was translated for the first time at a time when most of the Slovenian ethnic territory was part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and it was later retranslated when Slovenia was a republic in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. A textual comparison of the originals and translations shows that in the first translations, numerous interventions were made to portray the Balkans in a more negative manner than in the originals, whereas in the retranslations, May’s frequently negative depiction of the region was somewhat mitigated.
This paper addresses Bowie’s reception in Slovenia prior to the period when he became recognised ... more This paper addresses Bowie’s reception in Slovenia prior to the period when he became recognised as a heritage artist, during the time when the territory which today constitutes the Republic of Slovenia was part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The analysis encompasses responses to Bowie and his music in Slovenian serial publications from the early 1970s, when Bowie first began receiving press attention after the international success of his song “Space Oddity”, up to his short stint in the band Tin Machine in the late 1980s and early 1990s, after which he would return to his solo career and experience a renaissance in critical acclaim. The paper establishes whether and to what extent Bowie’s reception in socialist Slovenia differed from his reception in the West and discusses the potential reasons for a certain reception of his music during a particular period of his career.
Zgodovina slovenskega literarnega prevoda I: pregled zgodovinskega razvoja / The Representation of Black People in Slovene Literary Translation, 2023
The article addresses the representation of black people in Slovene literary translations from th... more The article addresses the representation of black people in Slovene literary translations from the middle of the 19th century to the beginning of the 21st century. In the translations published in the period until the end of the Second World War, explicitly racist discourse about black people was not censored, pejorative terms for black people were almost completely neutralised, and grammatically incorrect discourse was used relatively often when translating African-American Vernacular English. To a certain extent, the latter translation strategy was also present in some translations from the socialist period, although black characters’ sociolect was standardised more often. During this period, negative terms for black people were often softened, and especially in translations of children’s or juvenile literature explicitly racist discourse about black people was sometimes censored. In the post-socialist period, such interventions on the macrostructural level of texts are less frequent, the most negatively marked Slovene terms are often still not used when translating the most pejorative terms for black people, while either colloquial or standard Slovene is mostly used when translating black characters’ discourse.
The present article addresses how the Middle East was portrayed in two Slovenian translations of ... more The present article addresses how the Middle East was portrayed in two Slovenian translations of Karl May’s Orientzyklus. This series of novels was translated during the interwar period, when the Slovenian ethnic territory was part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and the re-translations were published during Slovenia’s socialist era. By means of a textual comparison, the extent of the ideological interventions that occurred in the portrayal of the Middle East in the translations is established. Furthermore, the article discusses how the different contemporary socio-political circumstances in Slovenia may have influenced how the region in question was represented.
Povzetek
Slovenska recepcija romana in filma V vrtincu se je v zadnjih osmih desetletjih precej s... more Povzetek Slovenska recepcija romana in filma V vrtincu se je v zadnjih osmih desetletjih precej spreminjala. Pred drugo svetovno vojno so bili odzivi pretežno naklonjeni tako v levo kot v desno usmerjenih publikacijah; celo karakterizacija pripovednih oseb, ki je pozneje zaradi stereotipnega prikazovanja Afroameričanov postala sporna, je bila v večini tedanjih recenzij izpostavljena kot nekaj pozitivnega. Po vzpostavitvi socialističnega sistema na slovenskem ozemlju pa zapisi o romanu oz. filmu postanejo bolj kritični in iz številnih je razvidna precej negativna nastrojenost do ZDA; to je najbolj značilno za prva povojna leta. Po otoplitvi odnosov med Jugoslavijo in Združenimi državami kmalu po sporu med Titom in Stalinom leta 1948 pa poleg kritičnih zapisov zasledimo tudi izrazito pozitivna mnenja o V vrtincu. Podobno heterogena recepcija je značilna tudi za približno dve desetletji po tem, ko je Jugoslavija soustanovila Gibanje neuvrščenih in se spet nekoliko bolj oddaljila od Zahoda. V zadnjem desetletju pred koncem socialističnega sistema v Sloveniji je bil V vrtincu v serijskih publikacijah omenjen občutno manj pogosto, v 90. letih prejšnjega stoletja pa se je o zadevnem romanu oz. filmu spet pisalo pogosteje. Niti v tistem desetletju niti v prvem desetletju novega tisočletja zapisi večinoma niso kritični do vsebine, v zadnjih desetih letih pa je bilo objavljenih več daljših člankov, ki poročajo o tem, da V vrtincu v izvirni kulturi postaja vedno bolj nesprejemljiv, predvsem zaradi tega, ker mu številni očitajo rasizem. Vendar avtorji in avtorice teh zapisov pretežno ne podajajo lastnih mnenj o problematiki, zaradi česar je sodobna recepcija romana oz. filma V vrtincu veliko manj zaznamovana z ideologijo kot je bilo značilno za obdobje socializma.
Abstract The Slovenian reception of the novel and film Gone with the Wind has changed considerably over the last eight decades. Prior to World War II, responses in both left- and right-wing publications were largely favourable. Even the characterization of certain figures – which later became controversial because of the stereotypical portrayal of African-Americans – was pointed out as a positive aspect in most reviews at the time. After a socialist system was established on the Slovenian territory, responses to the novel/film became more critical, and in many articles a negative attitude towards the United States was expressed, something that was very characteristic of the immediate post-war years. After relations between Yugoslavia and the United States improved significantly in the aftermath of the Tito-Stalin split in 1948, critical opinions about Gone with the Wind were still expressed, but some sentiments about the novel/film were also distinctly positive. A similarly heterogeneous reception was characteristic of the two decades after Yugoslavia co-founded the Non-Aligned Movement and again distanced itself from the West. In the last decade before the end of the socialist system in Slovenia, Gone with the Wind was mentioned in serial publications much less frequently. In the 1990s, the novel and film were again featured in serial publications more prominently, but neither during that decade nor during the first decade of the new millennium was there much criticism of the novel/film. Several longer articles in the last ten years have reported on the increasing unacceptability of Gone with the Wind in the United States, above all on account of its alleged racism. However, most authors of these articles did not editorialize, which makes the contemporary reception of Gone with the Wind much less ideologically charged than was the case during the socialist period.
This article compares the socialist and post-socialist reception of William Golding's classic nov... more This article compares the socialist and post-socialist reception of William Golding's classic novel Lord of the Flies (1954) in Slovenian serial publications. Taking the socio-political context into consideration, the reasons for the differences in responses to the novel at different periods of Slovenia's history are addressed. Furthermore, the Slovenian reception of Lord of the Flies is compared to the contemporary reception (in both 'mainstream' and socialist publications) in the English-speaking world.
The article discusses the reception of the novel and the film Gone with the Wind in serial public... more The article discusses the reception of the novel and the film Gone with the Wind in serial publications published by Slovenian immigrants in the United States of America. The analysis encompassed relevant articles that appeared in publications with different ideological orientations before the mid-1950s, i.e. until the onset of the modern African American civil rights movement. The reception by Slovenian Americans is compared with the contemporary general reception of the novel and the film in the United States. Taking the historical context into consideration, the article also endeavours to establish the reasons for the differences in the reception.
For the majority of his long career, Leonard Cohen may have been somewhat underappreciated in the... more For the majority of his long career, Leonard Cohen may have been somewhat underappreciated in the United States of America, but he has achieved considerable renown and commercial success in other parts of the world, for instance in his native Canada and in many European countries. The present paper endeavours to establish the extent to which the latter is also true for Cohen’s status in Slovenia – a small country in Central Europe, which until 1991 formed part of socialist Yugoslavia. After an overview of the artist’s reception in North America and Europe, which provides a frame of reference, the perception of Cohen among Slovenians is comprehensively addressed by means of analysing more than one thousand articles in serial publications and online media about him in Slovenia over half a century, i.e. from 1970 to 2020. Cohen’s reputation as a man of letters is discussed first, followed by an analysis of the reception of his work as a recording artist as well as the responses to his live performances – especially to the two concerts he gave in Slovenia towards the end of his life. Lastly, some of the more notable reactions to Cohen’s death in Slovenian media are discussed.
The present article analyses the reception of Mark Twain and his works in serial publications on ... more The present article analyses the reception of Mark Twain and his works in serial publications on the territory that now constitutes the Republic of Slovenia over a period of circa one hundred years, i.e. it compares Twain’s status in the pre-socialist era (until 1945) and the socialist era (1945–1991). The article addresses the extent to which the reception was affected by ideology and the contemporary political situation, as well as by the relations between the United States and the country of which the Slovenian territory formed part during a particular period of time.
Vestnik za tuje jezike / Journal for Foreign Languages, 2020
This article analyses the strategies for translating profanity in the Slovenian, Croatian and Ser... more This article analyses the strategies for translating profanity in the Slovenian, Croatian and Serbian subtitles of 20 English-language films. Translations of 1,862 examples of profanity from the films into each of the three languages were examined—the comparison showed both common characteristics and differences. In the Slovenian subtitles, 51.7% of the profanity was preserved, while this number is higher in both the Serbian (60.8%) and Croatian (63.1%) subtitles. In cases where several examples of a profane term or phrase were used in the same film, these were frequently translated differently—this is true for the translation strategies in all three languages. There were objective reasons for not preserving profanity in approximately one-fifth of all the non-preserved examples in all three languages (SLO: 21.0%; SRB: 18.8%; CRO: 20.5%), while in the other cases, the omissions can be attributed to (self)censorship. A more detailed categorization of examples of non-preserved profanity showed that in the Slovenian subtitles, the strategy of deletion was used significantly more often (33.9%) than in the Serbian (26.9 %) and Croatian (26.1%) subtitles, while the differences between the categories modulation of register (SLO: 12.0%; SRB: 10.9%; CRO: 9.3%), radical change of meaning (SLO: 1.5%; SRB: 1.2%; CRO: 0.9%) and substitution with a pronoun (SLO: 0.9%; SRB: 0.2%; CRO: 0.6%) are less significant. Examples from the subtitles in each language illustrated that where profanity is frequently not preserved in translation, this may influence the macrostructural level of a film: i.e., it may affect the viewers’ understanding of events and characterization, as well as the perception of relationships between particular characters.
The article discusses the extent to which ideological factors affected Karl May’s reception among... more The article discusses the extent to which ideological factors affected Karl May’s reception among Slovenians. The analysis encompassed writings about May in Slovenian serial publications from the beginning of the 20thcentury until the present. The results showed that May’s reception during a particular historical period was influenced by both the ideological orientation of the serial publication in which the writer was discussed, which is especially characteristic of the Habsburg era, and the contemporary socio-political situation in the country of which the Slovenian territory formed part at a particular time, which is most true for the socialist era.
The article addresses the Slovenian reception of the novels The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adve... more The article addresses the Slovenian reception of the novels The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn—two classic literary works that have been translated into Slovenian more than once. The analysis, based on reader response theory, encompassed approximately one thousand issues of Slovenian serial publications (including academic print), and shed light upon the extent to which the Slovenian reception differs from that in the original culture. Since the analysis is divided into the period between the two world wars, the socialist period and the period after Slovenia gained independence, it illuminates how the reception changed over time. Considering the socio-political circumstances during a particular period makes it possible to reach conclusions about why writing about both literary works sometimes changed considerably even within a few years. In the interwar period, no clear ideological influences are evident, while during the socialist period there are frequent condemnations of racism, capitalism, organized religion and other aspects of American society. This is most characteristic of the reviews that were published in the first few years after World War II; after relations between the United States and Yugoslavia significantly improved, this is reflected in the reception of the novels in question. In the period after Slovenia declared independence, both novels are again primarily considered to be juvenile literature, and most articles about them do not have an ideological agenda.
The article discusses the reception of Mark Twain and his works in serial publications by Sloveni... more The article discusses the reception of Mark Twain and his works in serial publications by Slovenian immigrants in the United States of America. The analysis encompassed writings published in newspapers and magazines with different ideological orientations, from the beginning of the 20th century to mid-century. The article compares Twain's reception in left-wing and right-wing publications and furthermore discusses the extent to which the reception was affected by the contemporary political situation in the United States.
The article explores the strategies for avoiding offensive language in the Slovenian subtitles of... more The article explores the strategies for avoiding offensive language in the Slovenian subtitles of 50 English-language films. The analysis encompassed all examples of strong language in each of the films and established that almost half of the more than 4000 instances of such language were not preserved in Slovenian. Profanity was avoided more often in films that made more frequent use of it. In less than one-fifth of the instances were there objective reasons for omitting it; the remaining instances can be regarded as (self-)censorship. On a few occasions, offensive language also appears to have been lost in translation because translators failed to grasp the connotative meaning of the original terms. Four strategies for avoiding offensive language were identified: the most frequently employed strategy was deletion, followed by modulation of register, while the strategies substitution with a pronoun and radical change of meaning were used far less often. Furthermore, the study has shown that avoiding offensive language may cause certain shifts on the macrostructural level of a film, i.e. alter the audience's understanding of the plot, the characterization, the perception of relationships between characters, etc.
This article deals with the issue of how racist discourse about black people has been translated ... more This article deals with the issue of how racist discourse about black people has been translated into Slovenian. While the research focused on the novels Uncle Tom’s Cabin, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Gone with the Wind and Of Mice and Men, which were translated into Slovenian several times, other relevant works were also examined; 35 translations were analysed altogether. Both the strategy for translating explicitly racist discourse and the strategy for translating terms used for denoting black people were analysed. In all analysed pre-World War II translations, originally pejorative terms for black people were fully neutralised, and this practice has largely continued in post-War translations; even in cases when preserving the original negative connotation of a certain term would have been crucial for preserving the effect of the source text. The translation strategy for a particular literary work was mainly dependent on the target readership: in translations of children’s literature racist terms were neutralised more thoroughly than in translations of literature for adults. In comparison to other translations, both explicitly racist discourse and racist terms were most frequently preserved in translations of works by black writers. Negative remarks and stereotypes about black people were also fully preserved in all analysed pre-World War II translations, when racist views were still quite acceptable in Slovenian society, while post-War strategies were again more diverse; explicitly racist discourse was sometimes censored in translations of children’s literature, whereas in translations of literature for adults it was preserved––with some exceptions. It can thus be concluded that many works entered the Slovenian literary system in a less racist form, but while in pre-World War II translations only racist terminology was neutralised, in post-War translations explicitly racist discourse was also often perceived as problematic and therefore censored.
The present article examines the translation of racial elements in John Steinbeck’s novel and pla... more The present article examines the translation of racial elements in John Steinbeck’s novel and play Of Mice and Men into Slovenian. Using the basic concepts of Kitty van Leuven-Zwart’s comparative and descriptive models for the analysis of literary translations (1989, 1990), we examine strategies for translating terms referring to African Americans along with strategies for translating the discourse of the only African American character in Of Mice and Men. After the microstructural analysis, the effects of the shifts on the perception of this literary work are discussed, and its reception in Slovenia is examined. Although shifts are established in translations from both the socialist and the postsocialist period, in the first translation of the novel, from 1952, the macrostructure of the text was affected to a greater extent than in the modern translations of the novel and the play, both published in 2007. Because translation strategies differ substantially, possible reasons for the differences are also discussed, taking into consideration relevant historical and contemporary socio-political factors.
A comparison of the reception of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Gone with the Wind, Adventures of Huckleberry... more A comparison of the reception of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Gone with the Wind, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and Of Mice and Men in the USA and in Slovenia showed substantial differences. While in the United States, the racist elements in these works were somewhat problematic even before the onset of the modern African-American Civil Rights Movement, the same cannot be said of the pre-World War II reception in Slovenia. This changed when a socialist regime was established after the War: rac¬ism became unacceptable (at least on the declarative level) and was fre¬quently condemned by Slovenian literary critics. The most severe criti¬cism was characteristic for the first post-War years, when the relations between Yugoslavia (and Slovenia, as part of it) and the United States were extremely tense. However, after the Tito-Stalin split in 1948, Yugoslavia severed its ties with the USSR and other countries of the Eastern Bloc, and moved closer to the Western Bloc, which is also reflected in the writings on the novels in question: condemnations of racism in the United States and of American society in general became less frequent and severe than before. Even when after Stalin’s death the relations between Yugoslavia and the USSR gradually normalized and after Yugoslavia became one of the founders of the Non-aligned Movement (which opposed all forms of racism), the reception of the novels in question did not change substan¬tially. The reception of the 1948 translation of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and of the 1954 translation of Uncle Tom’s Cabin was probably also somewhat influenced by the shifts in the translations. In the former novel, racist manifestations were at times intensified, which may have led to more severe condemnations of American society, while in the latter novel, racist stereotypes were frequently softened, and therefore the racist characterization of African-American characters could not be condemned. It can thus be concluded that in some cases both the translation strategy for a particular work and the reception of this work were influenced by the contemporary socio-political situation in the target culture and by the rela¬tions between the cultures involved in the translation process.
Racial terms play an important role in the character development and the depiction of racial rela... more Racial terms play an important role in the character development and the depiction of racial relations in Kingsblood Royal, a novel addressing the struggles of African Americans in the pre-Civil Rights Movement era; therefore, shifts in translating these terms, especially the numerous racial slurs, may result in shifts on the macrostructural level of the text, and thus somewhat alter the interpretive potential of this literary work. The article addresses the extent to which this is true for the translations into German, Serbo-Croatian and Slovenian. The translations of all the instances of a particular racial term are compared, shifts are categorized and examples of particular categories of shifts are provided. The strategies for translating racial terms are compared with one another, the general characteristics of a translation into a particular language are established and the possible reasons for the translation strategy are discussed. The results show substantial differences between the three translations, which may have been affected by the attitude towards the acceptability of offensive language in the given culture, the contemporary political situation, as well as the translator's personal experiences with racism.
Die Bibliographie entstand im Rahmen des internationalen Projekts "TransStar Europa" (2013)(2014)... more Die Bibliographie entstand im Rahmen des internationalen Projekts "TransStar Europa" (2013)(2014)(2015), das mittel-und osteuropäische Sprachen, Literaturen und Kulturen in den Mittelpunkt rückte und jungen Übersetzern und Übersetzerinnen aus Deutschland, Polen, Tschechien, Kroatien, Slowenien und der Ukraine die Möglichkeit gab, sich in das literarische Übersetzen und in die Grundlagen des europäischen Kulturmanagements einzuarbeiten. Autor / author / avtor Jahr / year / leto Titel / title / naslov Publikation / publication / publikacija Publikationsform / type of publication / vrsta publikacije Bereich / field / področje Schlüsselwörter / keywords / ključne besede ACCETTO, Matej. 2008 Pravno prevajanje, trdi skloni in desni odgovori. IUS-INFO : pravni informacijski sistem ISSN: 1581-0968 (16. apr. 2008). Artikel / article / članek Fachübersetzung / professional translation / strokovno prevajanje pravo / prevajanje ACCETTO, Matej. 2009 Pravno prevajanje in večjezična ureditev : med verodostojnostjo besedila in avtoriteto prevajalca. Terminologija in sodobna terminografija.-Str. 291-300. Beitrag in einer Monografie / chapter in a monograph / poglavje v monografiji Fachübersetzung / professional translation / strokovno prevajanje pravo / prevajanje / pravno prevajanje / Evropska unija / večjezičnost / sodbe Sodišča Evropskih skupnosti / law / legal translation / European Union / multilingualism / judgements of the Court of Justice of the European Communities ADAM, Frane. 1993 Der Einfluß der Übersetzungen von (deutschen) soziologischen Theoretikern auf die Entwicklung und Profilierung der Soziologie in Slowenien. Übersetzen, verstehen, Brücken bauen : geisteswissenschaftliches und literarisches Übersetzen im internationalen Kulturaustausch.-str. 777-782. Beitrag in einer Monografie / chapter in a monograph / poglavje v monografiji Literarische Übersetzung / literary translation / literarno prevajanje prevajanje / teoretiki / sociološka literatura AGREŽ, Maruška. 2015 Prevodoslovni in funkcijski vidik besede pa v slovenskih pogovorih in dramatiki 18. in 19. stoletja. Zbornik radova .-Str. 191-207. Veröffentlichter Konferenzbeitrag / published conference paper / objavljeni prispevek na konferenci Fachübersetzung / professional translation / strokovno prevajanje slovenščina / nemščina / členek / prevajanje / 18.-19. st. / primerjalne študije AHAČIČ, Kozma. 2000 Prevajanje termina ratio pri Varonu in Kvintilijanu. Keria, ISSN 1580-0261. [Tiskana izd.], 2000, letn. 2, št. 2, str. 57-63. Veröffentlichter Konferenzbeitrag / published conference paper / objavljeni prispevek na konferenci Literarische Übersetzung / literary translation / literarno prevajanje ratio / prevajanje / rimska književnost / latinska književnost / slovenščina / slovenski prevodi / translating / Roman literature / Latin literature / Slovene language / Slovene translations AHAČIČ, Kozma. 2007 Oče slovenske književnosti : ob petstoletnici Primoža Trubarja (1508-1586). Mohorjev koledar ..., ISSN 1318-5462, 2007, str. 163-166. Artikel / article / članek Literarische Übersetzung / literary translation / literarno prevajanje slovenščina / knjižni jezik / 16.st. / protestantski pisci / svetopisemska besedila / Sveto pismo / Nova zaveza / prevajanje / protestantizem / Slovene language / literary language / 16th cent. / Protestant writers / biblical texts / translating AHAČIČ, Kozma. 2007 Slovenski protestantski pisci 16. stoletja in prevajanje = Slovene Protestant writers in the 16th century and translation. VOGRINC JAVORŠEK, Urša (ur.), KOCIJANČIČ-POKORN, Nike (ur.). Vta Slouenski jesig preobernen : vloga prevoda v razvoju slovenskega jezika in književnosti = the role of translation in the development of Slovene language and literature : [Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, 4. september do 4. oktober 2007]. Ljubljana: Filozofska fakulteta, Oddelek za prevajalstvo, 2007, str. 10-13. Beitrag in einer Monografie / chapter in a monograph / poglavje v monografiji Literarische Übersetzung / literary translation / literarno prevajanje protestantski pisci / 16.st. / slovenščina / prevajanje / Protestant writers / 16th cent. / Slovene language / translating AHAČIČ, Kozma. 2007 Viri za prevod svetopisemskih besedil pri slovenskih protestantskih piscih 16.stoletja in nekatere tehnike prevajanja. Slavistična revija, ISSN 0350-6894. [Tiskana izd.], 2007, letn. 55, št. 3, str. 505-529. Artikel / article / članek Literarische Übersetzung / literary translation / literarno prevajanje slovenščina / knjižni jezik / 16. st. / protestantski pisci / svetopisemska besedila / Sveto pismo / Nova zaveza / psalm / prevajanje / protestantizem / Slovene language / literary language / 16th cent. / Protestant writers / biblical texts / translating AHAČIČ, Kozma. 2007 Zgodovina misli o jeziku in književnosti na Slovenskem : protestantizem, (Zbirka Linguistica et philologica, 18). Ljubljana: Založba ZRC, ZRC SAZU, 2007. 416 str., ilustr. ISBN 978-961-254-018-0. Monografie / monograph / monografija Literarische Übersetzung / literary translation / literarno prevajanje zgodovina jezikoslovja / zgodovinska sociolingvistika / slovnice / slovenska književnost / protestantizem / retorika / terminologija / prevajanje / vplivi / humanizem / Slovene language / 16th cent. / history of linguistics / historical sociolinguistics / grammars / Slovene literature / Protestantism / rhetoric / terminology / translating / influences / Humanism AHAČIČ, Kozma. 2008 Primož Trubar (1508-1586) : ob poltisočletnici očeta slovenske književnosti. Koledar Mohorjeve družbe v Celovcu , ISSN 1024-1493, 2008, str. 85-88. Artikel / article / članek Literarische Übersetzung / literary translation / literarno prevajanje slovenski protestanti / slovenščina / knjižni jezik / 16.st. / protestantski pisci / svetopisemska besedila / Sveto pismo / Nova zaveza / prevajanje / protestantizem / Slovene language / literary language / 16th cent. / Protestant writers / biblical texts / translating AHAČIČ, Kozma. 2009 Musculus, Gwalther, Luther, Erasmus. Primus Truber as the first Slovenian translator of scriptural texts. Zwingliana , ISSN 0254-4407, 2009, letn. 36, str. 115-135. Artikel / article / članek Literarische Übersetzung / literary translation / literarno prevajanje slovenščina / prevajanje / protestantizem / 16.st. / svetopisemska besedila / Slovene language / translating / literary language / Protestantism / 16th cent. / biblical texts ALT, Andreja. 2000 Homofonijska zmešnjava. Makedonsko-slovenečki naučen sobir : jazičnite literaturnite i kulturnite relacii megu Makedonija i Slovenija, Ohrid, 22-23 avgust 1997.-Str. 13-19. Veröffentlichter Konferenzbeitrag / published conference paper / objavljeni prispevek na konferenci Fachübersetzung / professional translation / strokovno prevajanje makedonščina / slovenščina / primerjalne študije / homofonija / prevajanje ANŽELJ, Stana. 2008 Pomenski in slogovni odmiki pri prevajanju Bartolovega Alamuta iz slovenščine prek francoščine v nemščino. Hieronymus : revija o prevajalstvu ISSN: 1855-4857.-Letn. 2, št. 1/2 (2008), str. 121-137. Artikel / article / članek Literarische Übersetzung / literary translation / literarno prevajanje posredno prevajanje / slovenska književnost / prevodi v nemščino / prevodi v francoščino / literarno prevajanje ANŽELJ, Stana. 2013 Razpetost prevajalca med potujitvenim in podomačitvenim pristopom : na primeru prevajanja zamonijskega fantazijskega romana Mesto sanjajoćih knjig Walterja Moersa. Otrok in knjiga : revija za vprašanja mladinske književnosti, književne vzgoje in s knjigo povezanih medijev ISSN: 0351-5141.-Letn. 40, št. 86 (2013), str. 18-34.
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Papers by Janko Trupej
Slovenska recepcija romana in filma V vrtincu se je v zadnjih osmih desetletjih precej spreminjala. Pred drugo svetovno vojno so bili odzivi pretežno naklonjeni tako v levo kot v desno usmerjenih publikacijah; celo karakterizacija pripovednih oseb, ki je pozneje zaradi stereotipnega prikazovanja Afroameričanov postala sporna, je bila v večini tedanjih recenzij izpostavljena kot nekaj pozitivnega. Po vzpostavitvi socialističnega sistema na slovenskem ozemlju pa zapisi o romanu oz. filmu postanejo bolj kritični in iz številnih je razvidna precej negativna nastrojenost do ZDA; to je najbolj značilno za prva povojna leta. Po otoplitvi odnosov med Jugoslavijo in Združenimi državami kmalu po sporu med Titom in Stalinom leta 1948 pa poleg kritičnih zapisov zasledimo tudi izrazito pozitivna mnenja o V vrtincu. Podobno heterogena recepcija je značilna tudi za približno dve desetletji po tem, ko je Jugoslavija soustanovila Gibanje neuvrščenih in se spet nekoliko bolj oddaljila od Zahoda. V zadnjem desetletju pred koncem socialističnega sistema v Sloveniji je bil V vrtincu v serijskih publikacijah omenjen občutno manj pogosto, v 90. letih prejšnjega stoletja pa se je o zadevnem romanu oz. filmu spet pisalo pogosteje. Niti v tistem desetletju niti v prvem desetletju novega tisočletja zapisi večinoma niso kritični do vsebine, v zadnjih desetih letih pa je bilo objavljenih več daljših člankov, ki poročajo o tem, da V vrtincu v izvirni kulturi postaja vedno bolj nesprejemljiv, predvsem zaradi tega, ker mu številni očitajo rasizem. Vendar avtorji in avtorice teh zapisov pretežno ne podajajo lastnih mnenj o problematiki, zaradi česar je sodobna recepcija romana oz. filma V vrtincu veliko manj zaznamovana z ideologijo kot je bilo značilno za obdobje socializma.
Abstract
The Slovenian reception of the novel and film Gone with the Wind has changed considerably over the last eight decades. Prior to World War II, responses in both left- and right-wing publications were largely favourable. Even the characterization of certain figures – which later became controversial because of the stereotypical portrayal of African-Americans – was pointed out as a positive aspect in most reviews at the time. After a socialist system was established on the Slovenian territory, responses to the novel/film became more critical, and in many articles a negative attitude towards the United States was expressed, something that was very characteristic of the immediate post-war years. After relations between Yugoslavia and the United States improved significantly in the aftermath of the Tito-Stalin split in 1948, critical opinions about Gone with the Wind were still expressed, but some sentiments about the novel/film were also distinctly positive. A similarly heterogeneous reception was characteristic of the two decades after Yugoslavia co-founded the Non-Aligned Movement and again distanced itself from the West. In the last decade before the end of the socialist system in Slovenia, Gone with the Wind was mentioned in serial publications much less frequently. In the 1990s, the novel and film were again featured in serial publications more prominently, but neither during that decade nor during the first decade of the new millennium was there much criticism of the novel/film. Several longer articles in the last ten years have reported on the increasing unacceptability of Gone with the Wind in the United States, above all on account of its alleged racism. However, most authors of these articles did not editorialize, which makes the contemporary reception of Gone with the Wind much less ideologically charged than was the case during the socialist period.
Slovenska recepcija romana in filma V vrtincu se je v zadnjih osmih desetletjih precej spreminjala. Pred drugo svetovno vojno so bili odzivi pretežno naklonjeni tako v levo kot v desno usmerjenih publikacijah; celo karakterizacija pripovednih oseb, ki je pozneje zaradi stereotipnega prikazovanja Afroameričanov postala sporna, je bila v večini tedanjih recenzij izpostavljena kot nekaj pozitivnega. Po vzpostavitvi socialističnega sistema na slovenskem ozemlju pa zapisi o romanu oz. filmu postanejo bolj kritični in iz številnih je razvidna precej negativna nastrojenost do ZDA; to je najbolj značilno za prva povojna leta. Po otoplitvi odnosov med Jugoslavijo in Združenimi državami kmalu po sporu med Titom in Stalinom leta 1948 pa poleg kritičnih zapisov zasledimo tudi izrazito pozitivna mnenja o V vrtincu. Podobno heterogena recepcija je značilna tudi za približno dve desetletji po tem, ko je Jugoslavija soustanovila Gibanje neuvrščenih in se spet nekoliko bolj oddaljila od Zahoda. V zadnjem desetletju pred koncem socialističnega sistema v Sloveniji je bil V vrtincu v serijskih publikacijah omenjen občutno manj pogosto, v 90. letih prejšnjega stoletja pa se je o zadevnem romanu oz. filmu spet pisalo pogosteje. Niti v tistem desetletju niti v prvem desetletju novega tisočletja zapisi večinoma niso kritični do vsebine, v zadnjih desetih letih pa je bilo objavljenih več daljših člankov, ki poročajo o tem, da V vrtincu v izvirni kulturi postaja vedno bolj nesprejemljiv, predvsem zaradi tega, ker mu številni očitajo rasizem. Vendar avtorji in avtorice teh zapisov pretežno ne podajajo lastnih mnenj o problematiki, zaradi česar je sodobna recepcija romana oz. filma V vrtincu veliko manj zaznamovana z ideologijo kot je bilo značilno za obdobje socializma.
Abstract
The Slovenian reception of the novel and film Gone with the Wind has changed considerably over the last eight decades. Prior to World War II, responses in both left- and right-wing publications were largely favourable. Even the characterization of certain figures – which later became controversial because of the stereotypical portrayal of African-Americans – was pointed out as a positive aspect in most reviews at the time. After a socialist system was established on the Slovenian territory, responses to the novel/film became more critical, and in many articles a negative attitude towards the United States was expressed, something that was very characteristic of the immediate post-war years. After relations between Yugoslavia and the United States improved significantly in the aftermath of the Tito-Stalin split in 1948, critical opinions about Gone with the Wind were still expressed, but some sentiments about the novel/film were also distinctly positive. A similarly heterogeneous reception was characteristic of the two decades after Yugoslavia co-founded the Non-Aligned Movement and again distanced itself from the West. In the last decade before the end of the socialist system in Slovenia, Gone with the Wind was mentioned in serial publications much less frequently. In the 1990s, the novel and film were again featured in serial publications more prominently, but neither during that decade nor during the first decade of the new millennium was there much criticism of the novel/film. Several longer articles in the last ten years have reported on the increasing unacceptability of Gone with the Wind in the United States, above all on account of its alleged racism. However, most authors of these articles did not editorialize, which makes the contemporary reception of Gone with the Wind much less ideologically charged than was the case during the socialist period.