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Jan Gerris

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Marilyn Swinton

Rosa M. Limiñana-Gras

Universidad de Murcia

Maria PILAR SANCHEZ LOPEZ

UCM

M Pilar Sanchez-López

Universidad Complutense de Madrid (Facultad de Psicología)

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Papers by Jan Gerris

Parents' psychological adjustment in families of children with spina bifida: a meta-analysis

BMC pediatrics, 2005

Spina Bifida (SB) is the second most common birth defect worldwide. Since the chances of survival... more Spina Bifida (SB) is the second most common birth defect worldwide. Since the chances of survival in children with severe SB-forms have increased, medical care has shifted its emphasis from life-saving interventions to fostering the quality of life for these children and their families. Little is known, however, about the impact of SB on family adjustment. Reviewers have struggled to synthesize the few contradictory studies available. In this systematic review a new attempt was made to summarize the findings by using meta-analysis and by delimiting the scope of review to one concept of family adjustment: Parents' psychological adjustment. The questions addressed were: (a) do parents of children with SB have more psychological distress than controls? (b) do mothers and fathers differ? and (c) which factors correlate with variations in psychological adjustment? PsycInfo, Medline, and reference lists were scanned. Thirty-three relevant studies were identified of which 15 were eligi...

Factor structure and construct validity of the Block Child Rearing Practices Report (CRPR)

Psychological Assessment, 1991

Page 1. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1991, Vol. 3, N... more

The Dutch Marital Satisfaction and Communication Questionnaire: A Validation study

Psychologica Belgica, 2005

The purpose of this study is to validate the Dutch Marital Satisfaction and Communication Questio... more The purpose of this study is to validate the Dutch Marital Satisfaction and Communication Questionnaire (DMSCQ), a 16-item measure that disentangles marital satisfaction, negative communication and open communication. In three subsequent studies empirical evidence for the construct and criterion validity is presented using (confirmatory) factor analyses, and correlational analyses with criterion variables. Results indicate that the 16 items represent a solid three-factor structure, which was replicated across time and in independent samples. High agreement in factor structure between men and women was demonstrated by high levels of Tucker's coefficient of congruence. The internal consistencies of the marital satisfaction and negative communication scales are good; for the open communication scale it is somewhat lower but still acceptable. Consistent evidence was obtained for a negative relationship between the three marital outcomes and parental depression and conflictual family climate whereas the three former are positively related to life satisfaction and well-being. Spouses who feel restricted by their parental role or experience parenting stress tend to be less satisfied with their partnership and perceive the marital communication as more negative. Our results demonstrate that the DMSCQ provides a brief, valid and reliable measure of marital satisfaction, negative and open communication.

Special Reviewers

Journal of Marriage and Family, 2005

Longitudinal changes in the time parents spend in activities with their adolescent children as a function of child age, pubertal status and gender

Journal of Family Psychology, 2002

This study examined the time Dutch mothers (N = 301) and fathers (N = 255) spend per day engaging... more This study examined the time Dutch mothers (N = 301) and fathers (N = 255) spend per day engaging in 4 activities (going somewhere, doing something, watching TV, and eating together) with their adolescent children both concurrently and 5 years later. Also assessed was whether parent-child shared time was related to parent or child gender and whether age-related differences could be explained by adolescent pubertal status, family conflict, adolescent and parent work or volunteer hours, parental work stress, and adolescent computer use. Finally, the study examined whether family conflict predicted changes in shared time and whether shared time predicted changes in conflict. The findings showed that age changes depended on the activity and that pubertal status mediated age differences in TV viewing among mixed-gender parent-child pairs. Shared time during pre-, early, and mid-adolescence was linked to decreases in family conflict 5 years later.

Effects of Spousal Economic and Cultural Factors on Dutch Marital Satisfaction

Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 2006

Using panel data of Dutch first marriages with children (N Time 1 =646, N Time 2 =386), the relev... more Using panel data of Dutch first marriages with children (N Time 1 =646, N Time 2 =386), the relevance of economic and cultural factors in understanding marital satisfaction is examined. The sample was middle-aged and the average marital duration was 17 years (at Time 1). Besides, couples mainly represent single earner and mainearner households. Our results demonstrate that both economic and cultural factors are valid in understanding marital satisfaction. However, whereas cultural characteristics are more important explaining spousal marital satisfaction at Time 1, economic indicators are important predicting change in marital satisfaction. An interaction effect between cultural and economic factors was found as well. Husbands' familialism moderates the effect of women's employment on women's marital satisfaction at Time 1.

Personality types of adolescents: concurrent correlates, antecedents, and type X parenting interactions

Journal of Adolescence, 2002

The concurrent correlates and developmental antecedents of personality types were investigated in... more The concurrent correlates and developmental antecedents of personality types were investigated in a sample of 305 14-19-year-old Dutch adolescents. Concurrent characteristics and developmental antecedents included adjustment and parental control. We also examined whether parental control interacted with personality type in exaggerating differences among the types. The three main personality types (Resilients, Overcontrollers, and Undercontrollers) with behavioral and parenting correlates and antecedents were identified. We also found evidence for a moderator effect of restrictive control, particularly for Undercontrollers. Discussion highlights the importance of the family environment in understanding behavioral correlates of types. r

The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis

Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 2009

This meta-analysis of 161 published and unpublished manuscripts was conducted to determine whethe... more This meta-analysis of 161 published and unpublished manuscripts was conducted to determine whether the association between parenting and delinquency exists and what the magnitude of this linkage is. The strongest links were found for parental monitoring, psychological control, and negative aspects of support such as rejection and hostility, accounting for up to 11% of the variance in delinquency. Several effect sizes were moderated by parent and child gender, child age, informant on parenting, and delinquency type, indicating that some parenting behaviors are more important for particular contexts or subsamples.

Trajectories of Delinquency and Parenting Styles

Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 2008

We investigated trajectories of adolescent delinquent development using data from the Pittsburgh ... more We investigated trajectories of adolescent delinquent development using data from the Pittsburgh Youth Study and examined the extent to which these different trajectories are differentially predicted by childhood parenting styles. Based on self-reported and official delinquency seriousness, covering ages 10-19, we identified five distinct delinquency trajectories differing in both level and change in seriousness over time: a nondelinquent, minor persisting, moderate desisting, serious persisting, and serious desisting trajectory. More serious delinquents tended to more frequently engage in delinquency, and to report a higher proportion of theft. Proportionally, serious persistent delinquents were the most violent of all trajectory groups. Using cluster analysis we identified three parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian (moderately supportive), and neglectful (punishing). Controlling for demographic characteristics and childhood delinquency, neglectful parenting was more frequent in moderate desisters, serious persisters, and serious desisters, suggesting that parenting styles differentiate non-or minor delinquents from more serious delinquents.

Happy Spouses, Happy Parents? Family Relationships Among Finnish and Dutch Dual Earners

Journal of Marriage and The Family, 2010

In this study links between spousal and parent-child relationships among Finnish (n = 157 couples... more In this study links between spousal and parent-child relationships among Finnish (n = 157 couples) and Dutch (n = 276 couples) dual earners with young children were examined using paired questionnaire data. Variable-oriented analyses (structural equation modeling with a multigroup procedure) supported the spillover hypothesis, as higher levels of satisfaction in the spousal relationship were related to higher quality in

Long-Term Effects of Family Functioning and Child Characteristics on Problem Drinking in Young Adulthood

European Addiction Research, 2005

Combination strategies and work–family interference among dual-earner couples in Finland, Germany, and the Netherlands

Community, Work & Family, 2009

In many contemporary families, both parents are involved in paid work and family responsibilities... more In many contemporary families, both parents are involved in paid work and family responsibilities. This creates challenges for the successful reconciliation of work and family. In this study, we examined whether and how the division of paid work and unpaid work between partners is related to work–family interference. Analyses were based on survey data of 147 Finnish, 186 German, and 265 Dutch dual-earner couples with young children and show that there is no recipe for a division of paid work and unpaid work that ...

Work–family conflict and its relations to well-being: the role of personality as a moderating factor

by A. Vermulst, Anne Mäkikangas, Jan Gerris, and Ulla Kinnunen

Personality and Individual Differences, 2003

The aim of the present study was to examine the role of the Big Five personality dimensions as po... more The aim of the present study was to examine the role of the Big Five personality dimensions as possible moderating factors between two types of work-family conflicts: work interference with family (WIF); and family interference with work (FIW); and their relationship to well-being in the domains of work and family generally as well. The participants were fathers (n=296) who took part in a national family research project in the Netherlands in 1995. All fathers were employed full-time. The results showed that emotional stability moderated the relationships between WIF and job exhaustion and between WIF and depression. In addition, agreeableness moderated the relationship between FIW and marital satisfaction. Consequently, emotionally stable fathers were protected from negative effects of WIF on well-being at work (job exhaustion) and on general well-being (depression). In the same way, agreeable fathers were protected from negative effects of FIW on marital satisfaction. Besides these moderating effects, both WIF and FIW and emotional stability and agreeableness had main effects on well-being. #

Parents' psychological adjustment in families of children with spina bifida: a meta-analysis

BMC pediatrics, 2005

Spina Bifida (SB) is the second most common birth defect worldwide. Since the chances of survival... more Spina Bifida (SB) is the second most common birth defect worldwide. Since the chances of survival in children with severe SB-forms have increased, medical care has shifted its emphasis from life-saving interventions to fostering the quality of life for these children and their families. Little is known, however, about the impact of SB on family adjustment. Reviewers have struggled to synthesize the few contradictory studies available. In this systematic review a new attempt was made to summarize the findings by using meta-analysis and by delimiting the scope of review to one concept of family adjustment: Parents' psychological adjustment. The questions addressed were: (a) do parents of children with SB have more psychological distress than controls? (b) do mothers and fathers differ? and (c) which factors correlate with variations in psychological adjustment? PsycInfo, Medline, and reference lists were scanned. Thirty-three relevant studies were identified of which 15 were eligi...

Factor structure and construct validity of the Block Child Rearing Practices Report (CRPR)

Psychological Assessment, 1991

Page 1. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1991, Vol. 3, N... more

The Dutch Marital Satisfaction and Communication Questionnaire: A Validation study

Psychologica Belgica, 2005

The purpose of this study is to validate the Dutch Marital Satisfaction and Communication Questio... more The purpose of this study is to validate the Dutch Marital Satisfaction and Communication Questionnaire (DMSCQ), a 16-item measure that disentangles marital satisfaction, negative communication and open communication. In three subsequent studies empirical evidence for the construct and criterion validity is presented using (confirmatory) factor analyses, and correlational analyses with criterion variables. Results indicate that the 16 items represent a solid three-factor structure, which was replicated across time and in independent samples. High agreement in factor structure between men and women was demonstrated by high levels of Tucker's coefficient of congruence. The internal consistencies of the marital satisfaction and negative communication scales are good; for the open communication scale it is somewhat lower but still acceptable. Consistent evidence was obtained for a negative relationship between the three marital outcomes and parental depression and conflictual family climate whereas the three former are positively related to life satisfaction and well-being. Spouses who feel restricted by their parental role or experience parenting stress tend to be less satisfied with their partnership and perceive the marital communication as more negative. Our results demonstrate that the DMSCQ provides a brief, valid and reliable measure of marital satisfaction, negative and open communication.

Special Reviewers

Journal of Marriage and Family, 2005

Longitudinal changes in the time parents spend in activities with their adolescent children as a function of child age, pubertal status and gender

Journal of Family Psychology, 2002

This study examined the time Dutch mothers (N = 301) and fathers (N = 255) spend per day engaging... more This study examined the time Dutch mothers (N = 301) and fathers (N = 255) spend per day engaging in 4 activities (going somewhere, doing something, watching TV, and eating together) with their adolescent children both concurrently and 5 years later. Also assessed was whether parent-child shared time was related to parent or child gender and whether age-related differences could be explained by adolescent pubertal status, family conflict, adolescent and parent work or volunteer hours, parental work stress, and adolescent computer use. Finally, the study examined whether family conflict predicted changes in shared time and whether shared time predicted changes in conflict. The findings showed that age changes depended on the activity and that pubertal status mediated age differences in TV viewing among mixed-gender parent-child pairs. Shared time during pre-, early, and mid-adolescence was linked to decreases in family conflict 5 years later.

Effects of Spousal Economic and Cultural Factors on Dutch Marital Satisfaction

Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 2006

Using panel data of Dutch first marriages with children (N Time 1 =646, N Time 2 =386), the relev... more Using panel data of Dutch first marriages with children (N Time 1 =646, N Time 2 =386), the relevance of economic and cultural factors in understanding marital satisfaction is examined. The sample was middle-aged and the average marital duration was 17 years (at Time 1). Besides, couples mainly represent single earner and mainearner households. Our results demonstrate that both economic and cultural factors are valid in understanding marital satisfaction. However, whereas cultural characteristics are more important explaining spousal marital satisfaction at Time 1, economic indicators are important predicting change in marital satisfaction. An interaction effect between cultural and economic factors was found as well. Husbands' familialism moderates the effect of women's employment on women's marital satisfaction at Time 1.

Personality types of adolescents: concurrent correlates, antecedents, and type X parenting interactions

Journal of Adolescence, 2002

The concurrent correlates and developmental antecedents of personality types were investigated in... more The concurrent correlates and developmental antecedents of personality types were investigated in a sample of 305 14-19-year-old Dutch adolescents. Concurrent characteristics and developmental antecedents included adjustment and parental control. We also examined whether parental control interacted with personality type in exaggerating differences among the types. The three main personality types (Resilients, Overcontrollers, and Undercontrollers) with behavioral and parenting correlates and antecedents were identified. We also found evidence for a moderator effect of restrictive control, particularly for Undercontrollers. Discussion highlights the importance of the family environment in understanding behavioral correlates of types. r

The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis

Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 2009

This meta-analysis of 161 published and unpublished manuscripts was conducted to determine whethe... more This meta-analysis of 161 published and unpublished manuscripts was conducted to determine whether the association between parenting and delinquency exists and what the magnitude of this linkage is. The strongest links were found for parental monitoring, psychological control, and negative aspects of support such as rejection and hostility, accounting for up to 11% of the variance in delinquency. Several effect sizes were moderated by parent and child gender, child age, informant on parenting, and delinquency type, indicating that some parenting behaviors are more important for particular contexts or subsamples.

Trajectories of Delinquency and Parenting Styles

Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 2008

We investigated trajectories of adolescent delinquent development using data from the Pittsburgh ... more We investigated trajectories of adolescent delinquent development using data from the Pittsburgh Youth Study and examined the extent to which these different trajectories are differentially predicted by childhood parenting styles. Based on self-reported and official delinquency seriousness, covering ages 10-19, we identified five distinct delinquency trajectories differing in both level and change in seriousness over time: a nondelinquent, minor persisting, moderate desisting, serious persisting, and serious desisting trajectory. More serious delinquents tended to more frequently engage in delinquency, and to report a higher proportion of theft. Proportionally, serious persistent delinquents were the most violent of all trajectory groups. Using cluster analysis we identified three parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian (moderately supportive), and neglectful (punishing). Controlling for demographic characteristics and childhood delinquency, neglectful parenting was more frequent in moderate desisters, serious persisters, and serious desisters, suggesting that parenting styles differentiate non-or minor delinquents from more serious delinquents.

Happy Spouses, Happy Parents? Family Relationships Among Finnish and Dutch Dual Earners

Journal of Marriage and The Family, 2010

In this study links between spousal and parent-child relationships among Finnish (n = 157 couples... more In this study links between spousal and parent-child relationships among Finnish (n = 157 couples) and Dutch (n = 276 couples) dual earners with young children were examined using paired questionnaire data. Variable-oriented analyses (structural equation modeling with a multigroup procedure) supported the spillover hypothesis, as higher levels of satisfaction in the spousal relationship were related to higher quality in

Long-Term Effects of Family Functioning and Child Characteristics on Problem Drinking in Young Adulthood

European Addiction Research, 2005

Combination strategies and work–family interference among dual-earner couples in Finland, Germany, and the Netherlands

Community, Work & Family, 2009

In many contemporary families, both parents are involved in paid work and family responsibilities... more In many contemporary families, both parents are involved in paid work and family responsibilities. This creates challenges for the successful reconciliation of work and family. In this study, we examined whether and how the division of paid work and unpaid work between partners is related to work–family interference. Analyses were based on survey data of 147 Finnish, 186 German, and 265 Dutch dual-earner couples with young children and show that there is no recipe for a division of paid work and unpaid work that ...

Work–family conflict and its relations to well-being: the role of personality as a moderating factor

by A. Vermulst, Anne Mäkikangas, Jan Gerris, and Ulla Kinnunen

Personality and Individual Differences, 2003

The aim of the present study was to examine the role of the Big Five personality dimensions as po... more The aim of the present study was to examine the role of the Big Five personality dimensions as possible moderating factors between two types of work-family conflicts: work interference with family (WIF); and family interference with work (FIW); and their relationship to well-being in the domains of work and family generally as well. The participants were fathers (n=296) who took part in a national family research project in the Netherlands in 1995. All fathers were employed full-time. The results showed that emotional stability moderated the relationships between WIF and job exhaustion and between WIF and depression. In addition, agreeableness moderated the relationship between FIW and marital satisfaction. Consequently, emotionally stable fathers were protected from negative effects of WIF on well-being at work (job exhaustion) and on general well-being (depression). In the same way, agreeable fathers were protected from negative effects of FIW on marital satisfaction. Besides these moderating effects, both WIF and FIW and emotional stability and agreeableness had main effects on well-being. #