This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
This study prospectively followed the experiences of skilled athletes who were involved in an inn... more This study prospectively followed the experiences of skilled athletes who were involved in an innovative reflexive self-talk online intervention targeting goal-directed self-talk. Four experienced female athletes between the ages of 20 and 40 years were invited to an initial interview, a 4-week intervention, and two post-intervention interviews. Two applied sport psychologists used an online Socratic questioning approach to encourage their athletes to describe challenging scenarios, think about their use of self-talk and its effectiveness, and explore alternative self-statements that could be used in future situations. Data were multi-sourced stemming from the psychologists, athletes, and third parties (e.g., coach). Three athletes completed the intervention, whereas one athlete withdrew prematurely, mainly because the Socratic questioning approach and the online mode of delivery did not meet her preferences. From the three athlete who had completed the intervention, there was endorsement and constructive criticism of the intervention and its online delivery mode. The intervention, largely due to the accompanying raised awareness of self-talk use and refined content, seemingly benefited a range of variables including emotions, motivation, and confidence, both inside and outside of the athletes' sports life domain. Accordingly, this new type of online intervention warrants further consideration in the literature.
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which... more This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The purpose of the study was to examine how the exclusion of teams failing to meet varying statis... more The purpose of the study was to examine how the exclusion of teams failing to meet varying statistical criteria for consensus on cohesiveness influences the magnitude of the cohesion– team success relationship. The index of agreement was calculated for 78 teams (N = 1,000 athletes) that had completed the Group Environment Questionnaire. Results showed that excluding teams because they fail to satisfy various criteria for consensus leads to changes in the magnitude of the cohesion–team success relationship. The magnitude of the relationship between team success and the individual attractions to group-task manifestation of cohesion showed progressive decreases as criteria required to demonstrate consensus became more stringent. Conversely, the magnitude of the relationship between team success and the group integration–task and group integration–social manifestations of cohesion showed progres-sive increases as criteria required to demonstrate consensus became more stringent. The
International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 2021
Background Newly intensified use of personal protective equipment (PPE) in emergency departments ... more Background Newly intensified use of personal protective equipment (PPE) in emergency departments presents teamwork challenges affecting the quality and safety of care at the frontlines. Objective We conducted a qualitative study to categorize and describe barriers to teamwork posed by PPE and distancing in the emergency setting. Methods We conducted 55 semi-structured interviews between June 2020 and August 2020 with personnel from two emergency departments serving in a variety of roles. We then performed a thematic analysis to identify and construct patterns of teamwork challenges into themes. Results We discovered two types of challenges to teamwork: material barriers related to wearing masks, gowns and powered air-purifying respirators, and spatial barriers implemented to conserve PPE and limit coronavirus exposure. Both material and spatial barriers resulted in disrupted communication, roles and interpersonal relationships, but they did so in unique ways. Material barriers muffl...
Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference Postgraduate School, 2018
Transformational leadership is one form of leadership that is widely believed to have colored a n... more Transformational leadership is one form of leadership that is widely believed to have colored a new paradigm of thinking about the essence of leadership in the era of globalization. The motivation is given aims to gain support and trust from employees. Employee empowerment by leaders with transformational style is an important component in developing the potential of employee performance improvement. The purpose of this research is the magnitude of the direct influence of the transformational leadership style on the commitment of employees of the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences Airlangga University. The analysis technique used is path analysis using SPSS 13.0. The results of this data processing show that the direct influence of the transformational leadership style on organizational commitment is weaker than the indirect effect of transformational leadership on organizational commitment through job satisfaction variables. Thus, it can be concluded that the influence of transformational leadership style to organizational commitment through job satisfaction.
Self-talk is one of the classic topics in sports and exercise psychology (Vealey, 1994). Since th... more Self-talk is one of the classic topics in sports and exercise psychology (Vealey, 1994). Since the first studies of self-talk in sports, the literature has steadily grown to a point where the concept of self-talk represented various psychological processes and skills (Hardy, Comoutos, & Hatzigeorgiadis, 2018). In our review article, we had identified developments in self-talk that led us to propose a new integrative conceptualization that both reflects previous approaches and evidence and facilitates a more coherent body of research conducted in the future (Latinjak, Hatzigeorgiadis, Comoutos, & Hardy, 2019). Accordingly, self-talk takes form in verbalizations addressed to the self, overtly or covertly, characterized by interpretative elements associated to their content, and it either (a) reflects dynamic interplays between organic, spontaneous and goal-directed cognitive processes or (b) conveys messages to activate responses through the use of predetermined cues developed strategically, to achieve performance related outcomes.
This study was designed to test the theorized link between reinvestment, motor chunks, and consci... more This study was designed to test the theorized link between reinvestment, motor chunks, and conscious processing, to provide a thorough examination of reinvestment theory. We measured electroencephalographic power and connectivity alongside self-reported conscious processing and behavioral indices of chunking in a 2 (group) × 5 (block) mixed-model design. Fifty-five individuals acquired a motor sequence (blocks: A1, A2 A3, A4) via relatively explicit (errorful) or implicit (errorless) paradigms. Then they performed in a pressure condition (block: T). Results confirmed that chunking characterizes both modes of acquisition. However, explicit acquisition resulted in quicker chunking, reduced conscious processing, and increased cortical efficiency (lefttemporal high-alpha power). In support of reinvestment theory, self-reported conscious processing tended to increase under pressure among explicit trainees only. In contrast to reinvestment theory, this had no adverse effect on performance. Our results endorse explicit acquisition as an effective mode of training and provide a new neurophysiological explanation why. Keywords: chunking; cortical efficiency; explicit learning; high-alpha power; motor learning; verbal-analytic processing; 3 A COMPREHENSIVE TEST OF REINVESTMENT THEORY Chunking, conscious processing, and EEG during sequence acquisition and performance pressure: A comprehensive test of reinvestment theory Acquired motor skills, ranging from everyday life actions, such as keyboard typing, to skilled and specialized maneuvers typical of sport stars or expert surgeons, are essentially sequences of elementary movements which with practice are progressively organized in efficient memory units (Sakai, Kitaguchi, & Hikosaka, 2003). For instance, the elementary components of a golf swing include gripping the shaft, initiating the backswing, rotating the hips, transferring weight from one foot to the other. With practice, this sequence of separate elements is organized into a single efficient technique. Indeed, classical models of motor learning (Fitts & Posner, 1967) describe the progression from a verbal-analytic stage, supporting the performance of novices, to an autonomous stage, which supports the performance of experts. At the verbal-analytic stage, movements are performed with a high degree of conscious processing since the different components of the skill need to be held in working memory (Baddeley, 2012) while the performer tries to find a set of verbal-analytic rules to guide movement execution. The resulting performance is jerky and errors are numerous. At the automatic stage, the elementary movement components are integrated (i.e., chunked) in a single memory unit and stored in a procedural and non-verbalizable format in long-term memory (Willingham, 1998). At this stage, performance is effortless and consistent. In sum, practice allows a progressively quicker and more accurate execution at a reduced cognitive cost (e.g., Willingham, 1998). However, even after automatization, skill execution is not flawless; from time to time, socalled choking (i.e., movement failures under pressure) can occur even in the most skilled professionals (Baumeister, 1984). A motor learning-based explanation for choking under pressure is offered by reinvestment theory (Masters & Maxwell, 2008). It contends that contingencies such as increased psychological pressure, social evaluation, and errors during execution may prompt, in some individuals, explicit action monitoring via reinvestment of the verbal-analytic rules that supported skill acquisition during the early stages of learning. This results in the de-automatization
This study examined the effectiveness of a logbook and paperclip technique on awareness of the us... more This study examined the effectiveness of a logbook and paperclip technique on awareness of the use and content of negative self-talk as well as the motivation to change negative self-talk. Participants (n = 73) completed a questionnaire measuring these variables, and were assigned to either a control, paperclip or logbook group. Participants performed three typical training sessions over a three-week period. The logbook group completed a self-talk logbook after each session whereas the paperclip group carried out a paperclip exercise during each session. Upon completion of the training sessions, the questionnaire was readministered. ANCOVAs revealed no significant differences between the groups for motivation to change and awareness of the content of negative self-talk. However, the logbook group had significantly greater awareness of their use of negative self-talk compared with the control group. A qualitative analysis of the logbook group’s use of negative self-talk provided insi...
This study examined the effectiveness of a logbook and paperclip technique on awareness of the us... more This study examined the effectiveness of a logbook and paperclip technique on awareness of the use and content of negative self-talk as well as the motivation to change negative self-talk. Participants (n = 73) completed a questionnaire measuring these variables, and were assigned to either a control, paperclip or logbook group. Participants performed three typical training sessions over a three-week period. The logbook group completed a self-talk logbook after each session whereas the paperclip group carried out a paperclip exercise during each session. Upon completion of the training sessions, the questionnaire was readministered. ANCOVAs revealed no significant differences between the groups for motivation to change and awareness of the content of negative self-talk. However, the logbook group had significantly greater awareness of their use of negative self-talk compared with the control group. A qualitative analysis of the logbook group’s use of negative self-talk provided insi...
While organizational psychology attests to the multidimensional nature of team effectiveness, ins... more While organizational psychology attests to the multidimensional nature of team effectiveness, insight regarding the most important factors contributing to the effectiveness of sports teams, especially elite teams, is lacking. An abductive method of qualitative enquiry was adopted to capture participants' construal of team effectiveness, drawing on the extant literature in both sport and organizational psychology. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 players, coaches, and psychologists involved in elite cricket, with resultant data analyzed inductively initially, before being reanalyzed deductively. Although, the narratives endorsed the value of many of the deductively derived factors, other constructs more prominent in organizational psychology (e.g., trust and intra-group conflict) appeared to be more important than traditional sport psychology group factors. The results revealed six broad themes; culture and environment, values, communication, understanding, leadership, and unique individuals, with some gender differences apparent throughout. Based on our elite sample's construal of team effectiveness, we propose a new model representing a practical, parsimonious, and novel conceptualization of the most important attributes of team effectiveness in cricket, with conceivable transferability to other team sports.
The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with p... more The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden.
The psychobiological model of endurance performance proposes that endurance performance is determ... more The psychobiological model of endurance performance proposes that endurance performance is determined by a decision-making process based on perception of effort and potential motivation. Recent research has reported that effort-based decision-making during cognitive tasks can be altered by non-conscious visual cues relating to affect and action. The effects of these non-conscious visual cues on effort and performance during physical tasks are however unknown. We report two experiments investigating the effects of subliminal priming with visual cues related to affect and action on perception of effort and endurance performance. In Experiment 1 thirteen individuals were subliminally primed with happy or sad faces as they cycled to exhaustion in a counterbalanced and randomized crossover design. A paired t-test (happy vs. sad faces) revealed that individuals cycled significantly longer (178 s, p = 0.04) when subliminally primed with happy faces. A 2 × 5 (condition × iso-time) ANOVA als...
International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2006
The present study focused on the examination of four group norms (communication, support, effort,... more The present study focused on the examination of four group norms (communication, support, effort, and attendance) in an exercise setting. The purpose of the investigation was twofold: (a) to examine, through the determination of group consensus and strength, whether group norms were present in an exercise setting and (b) to assess the relationship between perceptions of group norms and task
This study's primary purpose was to examine the degree to which individual perceptions of coh... more This study's primary purpose was to examine the degree to which individual perceptions of cohesiveness reflect shared beliefs in sport teams. The secondary purposes were to examine how the type of cohesion, the task interactive nature of the group, and the absolute level of cohesion relate to the index of agreement. Teams (n = 192 containing 2,107 athletes) were tested on the Group Environment Questionnaire. Index of agreement values were greater for the group integration (GI) manifestations of cohesiveness (GI-task, rwg(j) = .721; GI-social,rwg(j) = .694) than for the individual attractions to the group (ATG) manifestations (ATG-task, rwg(j) = .621; ATG-social, rwg(j) = .563). No differences were found for interactive versus coactive/independent sport teams. A positive relationship was observed between the absolute level of cohesiveness and the index of agreement. Results were discussed in terms of their implication for the aggregation of individual perceptions of cohesion to r...
The purpose of the study was to examine how the exclusion of teams failing to meet varying statis... more The purpose of the study was to examine how the exclusion of teams failing to meet varying statistical criteria for consensus on cohesiveness influences the magnitude of the cohesion– team success relationship. The index of agreement was calculated for 78 teams (N = 1,000 athletes) that had completed the Group Environment Questionnaire. Results showed that excluding teams because they fail to satisfy various criteria for consensus leads to changes in the magnitude of the cohesion–team success relationship. The magnitude of the relationship between team success and the individual attractions to group-task manifestation of cohesion showed progressive decreases as criteria required to demonstrate consensus became more stringent. Conversely, the magnitude of the relationship between team success and the group integration–task and group integration–social manifestations of cohesion showed progressive increases as criteria required to demonstrate consensus became more stringent. The resul...
In the present study, a heterogeneous sample of 105 athletes (mean age = 21.4 years) was used to ... more In the present study, a heterogeneous sample of 105 athletes (mean age = 21.4 years) was used to gain insight into the potential negative consequences of high team cohesion. Athletes were asked open-ended questions relating to the potential disadvantages of high task and high social cohesion. It was found that 56% of athletes reported possible disadvantages to high social cohesion, whereas 31% of athletes reported possible disadvantages to high task cohesion. Furthermore, data analyses revealed multiple dimensions of negative consequences for both high task and social cohesion. More specifically, analysis of responses revealed both group- and personal-level consequences. The findings contrast with the popularly held view that high cohesion is always beneficial for teams and team members. It was suggested that future research assess the prevalence and importance of the disadvantages of high cohesion.
In this cross-sectional study, we examined a mediational model whereby transformational leadershi... more In this cross-sectional study, we examined a mediational model whereby transformational leadership is related to task cohesion via sacrifice. Participants were 381 American (M age = 19.87 years, SD = 1.41) Division I university athletes (188 males, 193 females) who competed in a variety of sports. Participants completed measures of coach transformational leadership, personal and teammate inside sacrifice, and task cohesion. After conducting multilevel mediation analysis, we found that both personal and teammate inside sacrifice significantly mediated the relationships between transformational leadership behaviors and task cohesion. However, there were differential patterns of these relationships for male and female athletes. Interpretation of the results highlights that coaches should endeavor to display transformational leadership behaviors as they are related to personal and teammate inside sacrifices and task cohesion.
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
This study prospectively followed the experiences of skilled athletes who were involved in an inn... more This study prospectively followed the experiences of skilled athletes who were involved in an innovative reflexive self-talk online intervention targeting goal-directed self-talk. Four experienced female athletes between the ages of 20 and 40 years were invited to an initial interview, a 4-week intervention, and two post-intervention interviews. Two applied sport psychologists used an online Socratic questioning approach to encourage their athletes to describe challenging scenarios, think about their use of self-talk and its effectiveness, and explore alternative self-statements that could be used in future situations. Data were multi-sourced stemming from the psychologists, athletes, and third parties (e.g., coach). Three athletes completed the intervention, whereas one athlete withdrew prematurely, mainly because the Socratic questioning approach and the online mode of delivery did not meet her preferences. From the three athlete who had completed the intervention, there was endorsement and constructive criticism of the intervention and its online delivery mode. The intervention, largely due to the accompanying raised awareness of self-talk use and refined content, seemingly benefited a range of variables including emotions, motivation, and confidence, both inside and outside of the athletes' sports life domain. Accordingly, this new type of online intervention warrants further consideration in the literature.
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which... more This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The purpose of the study was to examine how the exclusion of teams failing to meet varying statis... more The purpose of the study was to examine how the exclusion of teams failing to meet varying statistical criteria for consensus on cohesiveness influences the magnitude of the cohesion– team success relationship. The index of agreement was calculated for 78 teams (N = 1,000 athletes) that had completed the Group Environment Questionnaire. Results showed that excluding teams because they fail to satisfy various criteria for consensus leads to changes in the magnitude of the cohesion–team success relationship. The magnitude of the relationship between team success and the individual attractions to group-task manifestation of cohesion showed progressive decreases as criteria required to demonstrate consensus became more stringent. Conversely, the magnitude of the relationship between team success and the group integration–task and group integration–social manifestations of cohesion showed progres-sive increases as criteria required to demonstrate consensus became more stringent. The
International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 2021
Background Newly intensified use of personal protective equipment (PPE) in emergency departments ... more Background Newly intensified use of personal protective equipment (PPE) in emergency departments presents teamwork challenges affecting the quality and safety of care at the frontlines. Objective We conducted a qualitative study to categorize and describe barriers to teamwork posed by PPE and distancing in the emergency setting. Methods We conducted 55 semi-structured interviews between June 2020 and August 2020 with personnel from two emergency departments serving in a variety of roles. We then performed a thematic analysis to identify and construct patterns of teamwork challenges into themes. Results We discovered two types of challenges to teamwork: material barriers related to wearing masks, gowns and powered air-purifying respirators, and spatial barriers implemented to conserve PPE and limit coronavirus exposure. Both material and spatial barriers resulted in disrupted communication, roles and interpersonal relationships, but they did so in unique ways. Material barriers muffl...
Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference Postgraduate School, 2018
Transformational leadership is one form of leadership that is widely believed to have colored a n... more Transformational leadership is one form of leadership that is widely believed to have colored a new paradigm of thinking about the essence of leadership in the era of globalization. The motivation is given aims to gain support and trust from employees. Employee empowerment by leaders with transformational style is an important component in developing the potential of employee performance improvement. The purpose of this research is the magnitude of the direct influence of the transformational leadership style on the commitment of employees of the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences Airlangga University. The analysis technique used is path analysis using SPSS 13.0. The results of this data processing show that the direct influence of the transformational leadership style on organizational commitment is weaker than the indirect effect of transformational leadership on organizational commitment through job satisfaction variables. Thus, it can be concluded that the influence of transformational leadership style to organizational commitment through job satisfaction.
Self-talk is one of the classic topics in sports and exercise psychology (Vealey, 1994). Since th... more Self-talk is one of the classic topics in sports and exercise psychology (Vealey, 1994). Since the first studies of self-talk in sports, the literature has steadily grown to a point where the concept of self-talk represented various psychological processes and skills (Hardy, Comoutos, & Hatzigeorgiadis, 2018). In our review article, we had identified developments in self-talk that led us to propose a new integrative conceptualization that both reflects previous approaches and evidence and facilitates a more coherent body of research conducted in the future (Latinjak, Hatzigeorgiadis, Comoutos, & Hardy, 2019). Accordingly, self-talk takes form in verbalizations addressed to the self, overtly or covertly, characterized by interpretative elements associated to their content, and it either (a) reflects dynamic interplays between organic, spontaneous and goal-directed cognitive processes or (b) conveys messages to activate responses through the use of predetermined cues developed strategically, to achieve performance related outcomes.
This study was designed to test the theorized link between reinvestment, motor chunks, and consci... more This study was designed to test the theorized link between reinvestment, motor chunks, and conscious processing, to provide a thorough examination of reinvestment theory. We measured electroencephalographic power and connectivity alongside self-reported conscious processing and behavioral indices of chunking in a 2 (group) × 5 (block) mixed-model design. Fifty-five individuals acquired a motor sequence (blocks: A1, A2 A3, A4) via relatively explicit (errorful) or implicit (errorless) paradigms. Then they performed in a pressure condition (block: T). Results confirmed that chunking characterizes both modes of acquisition. However, explicit acquisition resulted in quicker chunking, reduced conscious processing, and increased cortical efficiency (lefttemporal high-alpha power). In support of reinvestment theory, self-reported conscious processing tended to increase under pressure among explicit trainees only. In contrast to reinvestment theory, this had no adverse effect on performance. Our results endorse explicit acquisition as an effective mode of training and provide a new neurophysiological explanation why. Keywords: chunking; cortical efficiency; explicit learning; high-alpha power; motor learning; verbal-analytic processing; 3 A COMPREHENSIVE TEST OF REINVESTMENT THEORY Chunking, conscious processing, and EEG during sequence acquisition and performance pressure: A comprehensive test of reinvestment theory Acquired motor skills, ranging from everyday life actions, such as keyboard typing, to skilled and specialized maneuvers typical of sport stars or expert surgeons, are essentially sequences of elementary movements which with practice are progressively organized in efficient memory units (Sakai, Kitaguchi, & Hikosaka, 2003). For instance, the elementary components of a golf swing include gripping the shaft, initiating the backswing, rotating the hips, transferring weight from one foot to the other. With practice, this sequence of separate elements is organized into a single efficient technique. Indeed, classical models of motor learning (Fitts & Posner, 1967) describe the progression from a verbal-analytic stage, supporting the performance of novices, to an autonomous stage, which supports the performance of experts. At the verbal-analytic stage, movements are performed with a high degree of conscious processing since the different components of the skill need to be held in working memory (Baddeley, 2012) while the performer tries to find a set of verbal-analytic rules to guide movement execution. The resulting performance is jerky and errors are numerous. At the automatic stage, the elementary movement components are integrated (i.e., chunked) in a single memory unit and stored in a procedural and non-verbalizable format in long-term memory (Willingham, 1998). At this stage, performance is effortless and consistent. In sum, practice allows a progressively quicker and more accurate execution at a reduced cognitive cost (e.g., Willingham, 1998). However, even after automatization, skill execution is not flawless; from time to time, socalled choking (i.e., movement failures under pressure) can occur even in the most skilled professionals (Baumeister, 1984). A motor learning-based explanation for choking under pressure is offered by reinvestment theory (Masters & Maxwell, 2008). It contends that contingencies such as increased psychological pressure, social evaluation, and errors during execution may prompt, in some individuals, explicit action monitoring via reinvestment of the verbal-analytic rules that supported skill acquisition during the early stages of learning. This results in the de-automatization
This study examined the effectiveness of a logbook and paperclip technique on awareness of the us... more This study examined the effectiveness of a logbook and paperclip technique on awareness of the use and content of negative self-talk as well as the motivation to change negative self-talk. Participants (n = 73) completed a questionnaire measuring these variables, and were assigned to either a control, paperclip or logbook group. Participants performed three typical training sessions over a three-week period. The logbook group completed a self-talk logbook after each session whereas the paperclip group carried out a paperclip exercise during each session. Upon completion of the training sessions, the questionnaire was readministered. ANCOVAs revealed no significant differences between the groups for motivation to change and awareness of the content of negative self-talk. However, the logbook group had significantly greater awareness of their use of negative self-talk compared with the control group. A qualitative analysis of the logbook group’s use of negative self-talk provided insi...
This study examined the effectiveness of a logbook and paperclip technique on awareness of the us... more This study examined the effectiveness of a logbook and paperclip technique on awareness of the use and content of negative self-talk as well as the motivation to change negative self-talk. Participants (n = 73) completed a questionnaire measuring these variables, and were assigned to either a control, paperclip or logbook group. Participants performed three typical training sessions over a three-week period. The logbook group completed a self-talk logbook after each session whereas the paperclip group carried out a paperclip exercise during each session. Upon completion of the training sessions, the questionnaire was readministered. ANCOVAs revealed no significant differences between the groups for motivation to change and awareness of the content of negative self-talk. However, the logbook group had significantly greater awareness of their use of negative self-talk compared with the control group. A qualitative analysis of the logbook group’s use of negative self-talk provided insi...
While organizational psychology attests to the multidimensional nature of team effectiveness, ins... more While organizational psychology attests to the multidimensional nature of team effectiveness, insight regarding the most important factors contributing to the effectiveness of sports teams, especially elite teams, is lacking. An abductive method of qualitative enquiry was adopted to capture participants' construal of team effectiveness, drawing on the extant literature in both sport and organizational psychology. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 players, coaches, and psychologists involved in elite cricket, with resultant data analyzed inductively initially, before being reanalyzed deductively. Although, the narratives endorsed the value of many of the deductively derived factors, other constructs more prominent in organizational psychology (e.g., trust and intra-group conflict) appeared to be more important than traditional sport psychology group factors. The results revealed six broad themes; culture and environment, values, communication, understanding, leadership, and unique individuals, with some gender differences apparent throughout. Based on our elite sample's construal of team effectiveness, we propose a new model representing a practical, parsimonious, and novel conceptualization of the most important attributes of team effectiveness in cricket, with conceivable transferability to other team sports.
The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with p... more The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden.
The psychobiological model of endurance performance proposes that endurance performance is determ... more The psychobiological model of endurance performance proposes that endurance performance is determined by a decision-making process based on perception of effort and potential motivation. Recent research has reported that effort-based decision-making during cognitive tasks can be altered by non-conscious visual cues relating to affect and action. The effects of these non-conscious visual cues on effort and performance during physical tasks are however unknown. We report two experiments investigating the effects of subliminal priming with visual cues related to affect and action on perception of effort and endurance performance. In Experiment 1 thirteen individuals were subliminally primed with happy or sad faces as they cycled to exhaustion in a counterbalanced and randomized crossover design. A paired t-test (happy vs. sad faces) revealed that individuals cycled significantly longer (178 s, p = 0.04) when subliminally primed with happy faces. A 2 × 5 (condition × iso-time) ANOVA als...
International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2006
The present study focused on the examination of four group norms (communication, support, effort,... more The present study focused on the examination of four group norms (communication, support, effort, and attendance) in an exercise setting. The purpose of the investigation was twofold: (a) to examine, through the determination of group consensus and strength, whether group norms were present in an exercise setting and (b) to assess the relationship between perceptions of group norms and task
This study's primary purpose was to examine the degree to which individual perceptions of coh... more This study's primary purpose was to examine the degree to which individual perceptions of cohesiveness reflect shared beliefs in sport teams. The secondary purposes were to examine how the type of cohesion, the task interactive nature of the group, and the absolute level of cohesion relate to the index of agreement. Teams (n = 192 containing 2,107 athletes) were tested on the Group Environment Questionnaire. Index of agreement values were greater for the group integration (GI) manifestations of cohesiveness (GI-task, rwg(j) = .721; GI-social,rwg(j) = .694) than for the individual attractions to the group (ATG) manifestations (ATG-task, rwg(j) = .621; ATG-social, rwg(j) = .563). No differences were found for interactive versus coactive/independent sport teams. A positive relationship was observed between the absolute level of cohesiveness and the index of agreement. Results were discussed in terms of their implication for the aggregation of individual perceptions of cohesion to r...
The purpose of the study was to examine how the exclusion of teams failing to meet varying statis... more The purpose of the study was to examine how the exclusion of teams failing to meet varying statistical criteria for consensus on cohesiveness influences the magnitude of the cohesion– team success relationship. The index of agreement was calculated for 78 teams (N = 1,000 athletes) that had completed the Group Environment Questionnaire. Results showed that excluding teams because they fail to satisfy various criteria for consensus leads to changes in the magnitude of the cohesion–team success relationship. The magnitude of the relationship between team success and the individual attractions to group-task manifestation of cohesion showed progressive decreases as criteria required to demonstrate consensus became more stringent. Conversely, the magnitude of the relationship between team success and the group integration–task and group integration–social manifestations of cohesion showed progressive increases as criteria required to demonstrate consensus became more stringent. The resul...
In the present study, a heterogeneous sample of 105 athletes (mean age = 21.4 years) was used to ... more In the present study, a heterogeneous sample of 105 athletes (mean age = 21.4 years) was used to gain insight into the potential negative consequences of high team cohesion. Athletes were asked open-ended questions relating to the potential disadvantages of high task and high social cohesion. It was found that 56% of athletes reported possible disadvantages to high social cohesion, whereas 31% of athletes reported possible disadvantages to high task cohesion. Furthermore, data analyses revealed multiple dimensions of negative consequences for both high task and social cohesion. More specifically, analysis of responses revealed both group- and personal-level consequences. The findings contrast with the popularly held view that high cohesion is always beneficial for teams and team members. It was suggested that future research assess the prevalence and importance of the disadvantages of high cohesion.
In this cross-sectional study, we examined a mediational model whereby transformational leadershi... more In this cross-sectional study, we examined a mediational model whereby transformational leadership is related to task cohesion via sacrifice. Participants were 381 American (M age = 19.87 years, SD = 1.41) Division I university athletes (188 males, 193 females) who competed in a variety of sports. Participants completed measures of coach transformational leadership, personal and teammate inside sacrifice, and task cohesion. After conducting multilevel mediation analysis, we found that both personal and teammate inside sacrifice significantly mediated the relationships between transformational leadership behaviors and task cohesion. However, there were differential patterns of these relationships for male and female athletes. Interpretation of the results highlights that coaches should endeavor to display transformational leadership behaviors as they are related to personal and teammate inside sacrifices and task cohesion.
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