The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purpo... more The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products. The findings of this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position, unless so designated by other authorized documents.
The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army positio... more The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents. The contents of this report are not to be used for 3dvertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commeicial products. Unglassified SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE O418 o04-* RPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION lb. RESTRICTIVE MARKINGS Lassi ied 2a. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY 3. DISTRIBUTION /AVAILABILITY OF REPORT
low, and supports abundant growths of submerged and emergent aquatic plants. The reservoir is ice... more low, and supports abundant growths of submerged and emergent aquatic plants. The reservoir is ice-covered Verkhne Viiskii Reservoir (surface area ϭ 6.0 km 2 ; volume ϭ from October or early November through April or early 36.0 hm 3), one of two water supply reservoirs for the City of Nizhnii May, and approximately 70% of the annual water bud-Tagil, is located in a forested watershed (drainage area ϭ 272 km 2) in the Ural Mountain region of the Russian Federation. This study, get is associated with snow melt and spring runoff (Oleg conducted in August 1999, provides a benchmark limnological assess-Khorolskii, Manager, Verkhne Viiskii Water Treatment ment against which to gauge future change. While currently meeting Plant, personal communication, 1999). The water supply local water quality requirements for drinking water sources, the reserintake structure features a central wet-well and a series voir exhibits moderately eutrophic characteristics, including elevated of gated ports at depths from 12 to 16 m. However, the epilimnetic nutrient (total P ϭ 0.048-0.115 mg L Ϫ1 ; total N ϭ upper gates are currently inoperable and all water is 0.421-0.508 mg L Ϫ1) and chlorophyll (4-8.4 g L Ϫ1) concentrations, withdrawn from a depth of 16 m. The Verkhne Viiskii and a high rate of hypolimnetic oxygen depletion (4.07 g m Ϫ3 mo Ϫ1). Water Treatment Plant provides disinfection by chlorination; however, construction is underway to add conventional treatment (coagulation and flocculation, fil-Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Devel-Hydrolab H 2 O water quality sonde (Hydrolab Corp., Austin, opment Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180. Re-TX). These data were also recorded at Stations 1 and 2 on 5 ceived 8 June 2001. *Corresponding author (rkennedy@usardsguk. August during a preliminary survey and again on 11 August army.mil). at Station 1. In situ measurements of pH and chlorophyll concentration (fluorometric determination) were recorded at
Towed vehicles have been used extensively for marine surveys, yielding the advantages of rapid da... more Towed vehicles have been used extensively for marine surveys, yielding the advantages of rapid data collection in three dimensions. Similar application in fieshwaters could yield similar advantages but the limitations of such application in freshwater lakes and reservoirs have not been studied extensively. We employed a towed sensor array to conduct spatially-referenced in-situ water quality investigations in the forebay region of 1. Strom Thurmond Lake, SCIGA. The vehicle was computer controlled from the surface and was capable of either programmed or manual control of depth as well as ascent and descent rate. The vehicle was fitted with a sensor array which allowed internal log,oing of in-situ data. GPS positions were logged separately and the resultant datasets were merged to form a comprehensive three-dimensional descriptive dataset. The use of the towed vehicle and the technological limits imposed by sensors on the water quality sonde were studied for strengths and weaknesses.
This Digital Resource was created from scans of the Print Resource, Jul 1, 1994
The contents of this report are not to be used for adverising, publication, or promotional purpos... more The contents of this report are not to be used for adverising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade nanes does not constiute an official endorsement or approval for the we of such commercial products. vi Objectives Objectives of this study were to (1) describe current cutrophicationrelated water quality conditions in West Point Lake as a basis for assessing future change, (2) assess spatial patterns in these conditions as they may relate to loading and lake characteristics, and (3) describe selected water quality processes in the tailwater below West Point Dam. 2 2 Site Description Lake and Watershed West Point Dam is located on the Chattahoochee River, 324 km above it's mouth, approximately 5 km north of West Point, Georgia, and 44.8 km downstream from Buford Dam (Figure 1). The reservoir impounded by the dam, West Point Lake, lies primarily in Troup County, GA and Chambers County, AL. The drainage area controlled by the reservoir (8754 sq km) represents about 40 percent of the Chattahoochee River basin and about 18 percent of the Apalachicola River basin. Major tributaries to the reservoir include Yellowjacket and Wehadkee Creeks,and New River. The reservoir has a shoreline of 845 kin, is nearly 56 km long, and has a surface area of 10,482 hectares (25,900 acres) at an elevation of 193.5 m NGVD (National Geodetic Vertical Datum). Total volume of the reservoir is 45.7 million cubic meters; estimated retention time is 55 days. Geologic features of the area are dominated by mica schist, gneiss, and granite derived from sedimentary and igneous rocks. The preva!ent soils in the area are well-drained, often strongly acid, shallow, and highly weathered. Major land uses in the watershed include forest lands fot pulpwood and timber and pasture land for livestock. Approximately 20% of the land in the project area is suitable for crops such as cotton, peanuts, corn, and hay.
Practical Considerations for Routine Chlorophyll Measurements: Precautions and Comparison of Extraction Methods
Journal of Freshwater Ecology, Dec 1, 1985
Page 1. Practical Considerations for Routine Chlorophyll Measurements: Precautions and Comparison... more Page 1. Practical Considerations for Routine Chlorophyll Measurements: Precautions and Comparison of Extraction Methods John J. Hains Richard 5. Russell Limnological Laboratory USAE Waterways Experiment Station PO Box 533 Calhoun Falls. South Carollna 29628 ...
San Juan Bay and Estuary Study: Water Quality Data Collection
Abstract : San Juan, Puerto Rico, a metropolitan area with a population of approximately one mill... more Abstract : San Juan, Puerto Rico, a metropolitan area with a population of approximately one million people, is located on the northeastern coast of the island of Puerto Rico. The metropolitan area encompasses five municipalities, all of which are located within the San Juan Bay and Estuary (SJBE) system. The SBJE consists of five major water bodies (see Figure 1): Bahia de San Juan, Laguna del Condado, Laguna San Jose, Laguna la Torrecilla, and Laguna de Pijiones. The bay and lagoons are connected by narrow channels. Laguna San Jose (San Jose Lagoon), the most interior of the lagoons, is characterized by poor flushing. Much of the SBJE system has been significantly modified by dredging, sand mining, channelization, and sedimentation. In addition, anthropogenic influences from metropolitan areas of San Juan markedly impact water quality. Water quality problems of concern include high concentrations of coliform bacteria, low dissolved oxygen concentrations, eutrophication, and the presence of toxic substances.
The Effect of Pump-Storage Power Generation on Water Column Optical Features and Plankton Dynamics in the Forebay of Richard B. Russell Reservoir
Lake and reservoir management, Dec 1, 1995
Optical properties and phytoplankton ecology appear to be altered by pump-storage power generatio... more Optical properties and phytoplankton ecology appear to be altered by pump-storage power generation in Richard B. Russell Reservoir, the newest impoundment on the Savannah River on die South Carolina-Georgia border. Downwelling vertical attenuation and spectral attenuation coefficients increased with pump-storage power testing. Areal productivity values increased with pump-storage activity when compared with control stations and die previous year. Productivity sustained values in excess of 50 mg m hr during die summer of 1993 with a shift of die maximum from metalimnetic chlorophyll layers to die surface. However, areal chlorophyll a concentrations decreased during pump-storage testing when compared with the previous year. These data suggest that large-scale mixing caused by pump-storage activities lead to increases in plankton productivity and light attenuation coefficients. However, the unusually hot, dry conditions during the summer of 1993 could also contribute to alterations of optical properties and depths of convective mixing.
Spatial and temporal land cover changes can reduce or accelerate lake sedimentation. This study w... more Spatial and temporal land cover changes can reduce or accelerate lake sedimentation. This study was conducted to examine morphometry and bathymetry, and the long-term changes (over 75 years) in sedimentation in the Lake Issaqueena reservoir, South Carolina. The watershed and catchment areas were delineated using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) based data. Trends in lake surface area and riparian buffer condition (vegetated or unvegetated) were determined from historical aerial photography. From 1938 to 2009, the lake experienced a decrease in surface area of approximately 11.33 ha while catchment area increased by 6.99 ha, and lake volume decreased by 320,800.00 m 3. Lake surface area decreased in years corresponding to equal coverage or largely unvegetated riparian buffers. Surface area and average annual precipitation were not correlated; therefore other factors such as soil type, riparian buffer condition and changes in land use likely contributed to sedimentation. Shift from agricultural land to forestland in this watershed resulted in a decrease in sedimentation rates by 88.28%.
The Upper Savannah River watershed has numerous impoundments, and the three largest hydroelectric... more The Upper Savannah River watershed has numerous impoundments, and the three largest hydroelectric reservoirs, from north to south, are Hartwell, Richard B. Russell, and J. Strom Thurmond Lakes. During the summer months, these reservoirs undergo thermal and chemical stratification, which results in the formation of cool, hypoxic/anoxic hypolimnia and warm, oxic epilimnion. To maintain fisheries habitat, the United States Army Corps of Engineers operates a hypolimnetic oxygenation system in the forebay of Richard B. Russell Lake. The purpose of this system is to improve the water quality of the releases from Richard B. Russell Dam by maintaining a dissolved oxygen concentration of 5 to 6 ppm. Under anoxic conditions in the hypolimnion, some metals and nutrients become soluble, and as water is released from the reservoir during hydroelectric generation, these dissolved nutrients can be transported downstream. During fall mixing, nutrients that have been dissolved in hypolimnion and not...
SUMMARY AND COMMENT: The linking of models of physical-chemical drivers (engineer-ing models) to ... more SUMMARY AND COMMENT: The linking of models of physical-chemical drivers (engineer-ing models) to models of biotic response (ecological models) is an exercise that must carefully address the issues of hierarchy, scale (in time and space), frameworks of reference, and curren-cies used by the candidate models. To understand the hurdles that must be surmounted in creat-ing model linkages and to be a contributor to the model linkage effort, practitioners should have a basic understanding of ecosystem modeling and the ecosystem concept. The literature review and bibliography provided here are intended as an entry point for gaining an introductory grounding and a basic appreciation for this topic. In well-conditioned situations, it is clearly possible and beneficial to link engineering models of drivers (the physical-chemical environment) to higher-level models of ecological response. Two examples (Peoria Lake and Richard B. Russell Lake) where this was successful for specific, restricted ...
BACKGROUND: Limnological studies traditionally involve collecting water samples or in situ measur... more BACKGROUND: Limnological studies traditionally involve collecting water samples or in situ measurements at discrete depths at a limited number of sampling locations assumed to be representative of regions of a lake or reservoir. In small reservoirs, a single location may be used, usually at the deepest location or in front of the dam. Large systems demand more sampling locations, which are sometimes selected using statistical design criteria (Thornton et al. 1982; Gaugush 1986, 1987). Regardless of the approach followed, there is an implicit assumption that each sample location characterizes a region of the reservoir whose extent is limited by half the distance to the next sample location, often on the scale of kilometers.
The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purpo... more The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products. The findings of this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position, unless so designated by other authorized documents.
The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army positio... more The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents. The contents of this report are not to be used for 3dvertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commeicial products. Unglassified SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE O418 o04-* RPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION lb. RESTRICTIVE MARKINGS Lassi ied 2a. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY 3. DISTRIBUTION /AVAILABILITY OF REPORT
low, and supports abundant growths of submerged and emergent aquatic plants. The reservoir is ice... more low, and supports abundant growths of submerged and emergent aquatic plants. The reservoir is ice-covered Verkhne Viiskii Reservoir (surface area ϭ 6.0 km 2 ; volume ϭ from October or early November through April or early 36.0 hm 3), one of two water supply reservoirs for the City of Nizhnii May, and approximately 70% of the annual water bud-Tagil, is located in a forested watershed (drainage area ϭ 272 km 2) in the Ural Mountain region of the Russian Federation. This study, get is associated with snow melt and spring runoff (Oleg conducted in August 1999, provides a benchmark limnological assess-Khorolskii, Manager, Verkhne Viiskii Water Treatment ment against which to gauge future change. While currently meeting Plant, personal communication, 1999). The water supply local water quality requirements for drinking water sources, the reserintake structure features a central wet-well and a series voir exhibits moderately eutrophic characteristics, including elevated of gated ports at depths from 12 to 16 m. However, the epilimnetic nutrient (total P ϭ 0.048-0.115 mg L Ϫ1 ; total N ϭ upper gates are currently inoperable and all water is 0.421-0.508 mg L Ϫ1) and chlorophyll (4-8.4 g L Ϫ1) concentrations, withdrawn from a depth of 16 m. The Verkhne Viiskii and a high rate of hypolimnetic oxygen depletion (4.07 g m Ϫ3 mo Ϫ1). Water Treatment Plant provides disinfection by chlorination; however, construction is underway to add conventional treatment (coagulation and flocculation, fil-Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Devel-Hydrolab H 2 O water quality sonde (Hydrolab Corp., Austin, opment Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180. Re-TX). These data were also recorded at Stations 1 and 2 on 5 ceived 8 June 2001. *Corresponding author (rkennedy@usardsguk. August during a preliminary survey and again on 11 August army.mil). at Station 1. In situ measurements of pH and chlorophyll concentration (fluorometric determination) were recorded at
Towed vehicles have been used extensively for marine surveys, yielding the advantages of rapid da... more Towed vehicles have been used extensively for marine surveys, yielding the advantages of rapid data collection in three dimensions. Similar application in fieshwaters could yield similar advantages but the limitations of such application in freshwater lakes and reservoirs have not been studied extensively. We employed a towed sensor array to conduct spatially-referenced in-situ water quality investigations in the forebay region of 1. Strom Thurmond Lake, SCIGA. The vehicle was computer controlled from the surface and was capable of either programmed or manual control of depth as well as ascent and descent rate. The vehicle was fitted with a sensor array which allowed internal log,oing of in-situ data. GPS positions were logged separately and the resultant datasets were merged to form a comprehensive three-dimensional descriptive dataset. The use of the towed vehicle and the technological limits imposed by sensors on the water quality sonde were studied for strengths and weaknesses.
This Digital Resource was created from scans of the Print Resource, Jul 1, 1994
The contents of this report are not to be used for adverising, publication, or promotional purpos... more The contents of this report are not to be used for adverising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade nanes does not constiute an official endorsement or approval for the we of such commercial products. vi Objectives Objectives of this study were to (1) describe current cutrophicationrelated water quality conditions in West Point Lake as a basis for assessing future change, (2) assess spatial patterns in these conditions as they may relate to loading and lake characteristics, and (3) describe selected water quality processes in the tailwater below West Point Dam. 2 2 Site Description Lake and Watershed West Point Dam is located on the Chattahoochee River, 324 km above it's mouth, approximately 5 km north of West Point, Georgia, and 44.8 km downstream from Buford Dam (Figure 1). The reservoir impounded by the dam, West Point Lake, lies primarily in Troup County, GA and Chambers County, AL. The drainage area controlled by the reservoir (8754 sq km) represents about 40 percent of the Chattahoochee River basin and about 18 percent of the Apalachicola River basin. Major tributaries to the reservoir include Yellowjacket and Wehadkee Creeks,and New River. The reservoir has a shoreline of 845 kin, is nearly 56 km long, and has a surface area of 10,482 hectares (25,900 acres) at an elevation of 193.5 m NGVD (National Geodetic Vertical Datum). Total volume of the reservoir is 45.7 million cubic meters; estimated retention time is 55 days. Geologic features of the area are dominated by mica schist, gneiss, and granite derived from sedimentary and igneous rocks. The preva!ent soils in the area are well-drained, often strongly acid, shallow, and highly weathered. Major land uses in the watershed include forest lands fot pulpwood and timber and pasture land for livestock. Approximately 20% of the land in the project area is suitable for crops such as cotton, peanuts, corn, and hay.
Practical Considerations for Routine Chlorophyll Measurements: Precautions and Comparison of Extraction Methods
Journal of Freshwater Ecology, Dec 1, 1985
Page 1. Practical Considerations for Routine Chlorophyll Measurements: Precautions and Comparison... more Page 1. Practical Considerations for Routine Chlorophyll Measurements: Precautions and Comparison of Extraction Methods John J. Hains Richard 5. Russell Limnological Laboratory USAE Waterways Experiment Station PO Box 533 Calhoun Falls. South Carollna 29628 ...
San Juan Bay and Estuary Study: Water Quality Data Collection
Abstract : San Juan, Puerto Rico, a metropolitan area with a population of approximately one mill... more Abstract : San Juan, Puerto Rico, a metropolitan area with a population of approximately one million people, is located on the northeastern coast of the island of Puerto Rico. The metropolitan area encompasses five municipalities, all of which are located within the San Juan Bay and Estuary (SJBE) system. The SBJE consists of five major water bodies (see Figure 1): Bahia de San Juan, Laguna del Condado, Laguna San Jose, Laguna la Torrecilla, and Laguna de Pijiones. The bay and lagoons are connected by narrow channels. Laguna San Jose (San Jose Lagoon), the most interior of the lagoons, is characterized by poor flushing. Much of the SBJE system has been significantly modified by dredging, sand mining, channelization, and sedimentation. In addition, anthropogenic influences from metropolitan areas of San Juan markedly impact water quality. Water quality problems of concern include high concentrations of coliform bacteria, low dissolved oxygen concentrations, eutrophication, and the presence of toxic substances.
The Effect of Pump-Storage Power Generation on Water Column Optical Features and Plankton Dynamics in the Forebay of Richard B. Russell Reservoir
Lake and reservoir management, Dec 1, 1995
Optical properties and phytoplankton ecology appear to be altered by pump-storage power generatio... more Optical properties and phytoplankton ecology appear to be altered by pump-storage power generation in Richard B. Russell Reservoir, the newest impoundment on the Savannah River on die South Carolina-Georgia border. Downwelling vertical attenuation and spectral attenuation coefficients increased with pump-storage power testing. Areal productivity values increased with pump-storage activity when compared with control stations and die previous year. Productivity sustained values in excess of 50 mg m hr during die summer of 1993 with a shift of die maximum from metalimnetic chlorophyll layers to die surface. However, areal chlorophyll a concentrations decreased during pump-storage testing when compared with the previous year. These data suggest that large-scale mixing caused by pump-storage activities lead to increases in plankton productivity and light attenuation coefficients. However, the unusually hot, dry conditions during the summer of 1993 could also contribute to alterations of optical properties and depths of convective mixing.
Spatial and temporal land cover changes can reduce or accelerate lake sedimentation. This study w... more Spatial and temporal land cover changes can reduce or accelerate lake sedimentation. This study was conducted to examine morphometry and bathymetry, and the long-term changes (over 75 years) in sedimentation in the Lake Issaqueena reservoir, South Carolina. The watershed and catchment areas were delineated using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) based data. Trends in lake surface area and riparian buffer condition (vegetated or unvegetated) were determined from historical aerial photography. From 1938 to 2009, the lake experienced a decrease in surface area of approximately 11.33 ha while catchment area increased by 6.99 ha, and lake volume decreased by 320,800.00 m 3. Lake surface area decreased in years corresponding to equal coverage or largely unvegetated riparian buffers. Surface area and average annual precipitation were not correlated; therefore other factors such as soil type, riparian buffer condition and changes in land use likely contributed to sedimentation. Shift from agricultural land to forestland in this watershed resulted in a decrease in sedimentation rates by 88.28%.
The Upper Savannah River watershed has numerous impoundments, and the three largest hydroelectric... more The Upper Savannah River watershed has numerous impoundments, and the three largest hydroelectric reservoirs, from north to south, are Hartwell, Richard B. Russell, and J. Strom Thurmond Lakes. During the summer months, these reservoirs undergo thermal and chemical stratification, which results in the formation of cool, hypoxic/anoxic hypolimnia and warm, oxic epilimnion. To maintain fisheries habitat, the United States Army Corps of Engineers operates a hypolimnetic oxygenation system in the forebay of Richard B. Russell Lake. The purpose of this system is to improve the water quality of the releases from Richard B. Russell Dam by maintaining a dissolved oxygen concentration of 5 to 6 ppm. Under anoxic conditions in the hypolimnion, some metals and nutrients become soluble, and as water is released from the reservoir during hydroelectric generation, these dissolved nutrients can be transported downstream. During fall mixing, nutrients that have been dissolved in hypolimnion and not...
SUMMARY AND COMMENT: The linking of models of physical-chemical drivers (engineer-ing models) to ... more SUMMARY AND COMMENT: The linking of models of physical-chemical drivers (engineer-ing models) to models of biotic response (ecological models) is an exercise that must carefully address the issues of hierarchy, scale (in time and space), frameworks of reference, and curren-cies used by the candidate models. To understand the hurdles that must be surmounted in creat-ing model linkages and to be a contributor to the model linkage effort, practitioners should have a basic understanding of ecosystem modeling and the ecosystem concept. The literature review and bibliography provided here are intended as an entry point for gaining an introductory grounding and a basic appreciation for this topic. In well-conditioned situations, it is clearly possible and beneficial to link engineering models of drivers (the physical-chemical environment) to higher-level models of ecological response. Two examples (Peoria Lake and Richard B. Russell Lake) where this was successful for specific, restricted ...
BACKGROUND: Limnological studies traditionally involve collecting water samples or in situ measur... more BACKGROUND: Limnological studies traditionally involve collecting water samples or in situ measurements at discrete depths at a limited number of sampling locations assumed to be representative of regions of a lake or reservoir. In small reservoirs, a single location may be used, usually at the deepest location or in front of the dam. Large systems demand more sampling locations, which are sometimes selected using statistical design criteria (Thornton et al. 1982; Gaugush 1986, 1987). Regardless of the approach followed, there is an implicit assumption that each sample location characterizes a region of the reservoir whose extent is limited by half the distance to the next sample location, often on the scale of kilometers.
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